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To establish seismic design criteria for buildings in Thailand, probabilistic hazard analysis requires estimation of ground motion intensity such as peak ground acceleration (PGA) or spectral acceleration. This estimation process needs to use an attenuation relationship, which provides PGA estimates as a function of earthquake magnitude, distance,...
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... the devastating Sumatra earthquake in December 2004, TMD has installed new digital broadband recording instruments at 15 stations throughout the country in 2006 (Figure 1a). Since then 163 earthquake ground motion records from 45 events (Figure 1b THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND Table 1. ...
Context 2
... the devastating Sumatra earthquake in December 2004, TMD has installed new digital broadband recording instruments at 15 stations throughout the country in 2006 (Figure 1a). Since then 163 earthquake ground motion records from 45 events (Figure 1b THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND Table 1. ...
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Citations
... Therefore, the earthquake is generally used as the maximum considered earthquake in many studies of earthquake engineering, such as those conducted by Mase (2022), Mase and Keawsawasvong (2022), and Mase et al. (2023). Chintanapakdee et al. (2008) and Boomer et al. (2010) mentioned that selecting ground motion is essential in earthquake engineering analysis. The analysis to justify the most suitable attenuation model for Bengkulu City has been presented by Mase (2018). ...
A great earthquake, called the Mw 8.6 Bengkulu-Mentawai Earthquake, occurred and damaged the capital city of Bengkulu Province, i.e., Bengkulu City. This study analysed the distribution of damage intensity levels during the earthquake based on ground motion prediction and site conditions in Bengkulu City. This study is initiated by collecting information related to the earthquake’s epicentre. Sites with their Vs30 based on previous studies are collected. The ground motion prediction on each site is calculated using the most suitable attenuation model for Bengkulu City. Furthermore, the damage intensity level is predicted based on ground motion prediction. Maps of damage intensity level and peak ground acceleration are presented. The results show that peak ground acceleration during the earthquake is observed to vary from 0.18 to 0.46 g. The earthquake’s damage could be defined as a scale of VIII to X. The prediction of damage intensity level is generally consistent with field evidence found during the earthquake. In general, this study’s results suggest that the local government enforce seismic design codes for buildings structures to minimise the earthquake impact in the study area.
... 4). The attenuation model can be applied to predict both horizontal and [59] vertical components of ground motions. However, in many cases, the vertical component of the ground motions is derived based on the established relationships for the ratio of vertical to horizontal spectral accelerations, as will be presented in Sect. 5. 4.4. ...
... Various types of attenuation relationships (mainly based on[59]) ...
To determine the location of an earthquake occurrence, two geometric notations, namely hypocenter
and epicenter, will be introduced first. Because the majority of earthquakes are caused by the rupture of the rock along a fault or multiple faults, and thousands of square kilometers of fault plane surface may be involved in this rupture, while it is important to define a location in a fault where the rupture initiates, this location is normally referred to as hypocenter or focus as shown in Fig. 3.1. From the hypocenter, the rupture spreads across the fault at velocities ranging from 2 to 3 km/s [1].
... Comparison of attenuation curves for active tectonic regions and 72 recorded PGA on rock sites in Thailand from shallow crustal earthquakes (Chintanapakdee et. al., 2008). ...
... ground surface. The epicenter of earthquake located at Mae Lao district, Chiang Rai province (latitude = 19.748, longitude = 99.692). The epicenter of 2014 Chiang Rai earthquake on the Mae Lao district show in Figure 2.22. In addition, the location of Phayao fault and adjacent active fault that cut through Chiang Rai province show in Figure 2.23. Chintanapakdee et. al. (2008) estimated appropriate attenuation models for Thailand by comparing PGA from estimation by each model. The estimation based on a total of 163 ground motions recorded by Thai Meteorological Department (TMD) from 45 earthquake events between July 2006 and July 2007. PGA estimated by attenuation models for earthquake magnitude ranging from ...
... 24 Comparison of attenuation curves for active tectonic regions and recorded PGA on rock sites in Thailand from shallow crustal earthquakes(Chintanapakdee et. al., 2008) 25 show method for model of propagation of seismic wave from earthquake epicenter: seismic hazard analysis and dynamic ground response analysis(Kramer, 1996). ...
Liquefaction is one cause of damages to structures in the 2014 Chiang Rai earthquake in Thailand, the liquefaction occurred scatteredly in the Quaternary sediment area in Mae Lao district where there were some damages to a shallow foundation. The purpose of this study is to do liquefaction assessment in Mae Lao district area. Basic soil properties of subsoils are obtained from 15 boreholes. The liquefaction susceptibility analysis shows that the soils are susceptible to liquefaction. Furthermore, a prediction of severity of liquefaction was assessed based on the characteristic of Phayao fault. The level of severity of liquefaction is judged using the liquefaction potential index (LPI). The result shows that the level of severity and area affected by liquefaction increases with an increase in the size of an earthquake. In addition, a liquefaction probabilistic assessment is made considering fluctuation of groundwater level and potential earthquakes from all active faults in a proximity of Mae Lao district. The assessment indicates that shallow footings with size larger more than 1 m will be safe from liquefaction. Finally, maps of annual probability of liquefaction and failure of shallows footing of Mae Lao district were produced.
... However, for regions where record of strong historical ground motion data is not profound, like Peninsular Malaysia, development of attenuation models is hindered. For countries having similar seismicity conditions to Malaysia, ground motion attenuation model was adopted among published equations (Allen 2010;Beauval et al. 2012a;Chintanapakdee et al. 2008). As adoption of existing ground motion attenuation model is a fast and economical method for subsequent seismic hazard assessment, a few researches have been conducted to determine the adoption of the best fitting attenuation model for Peninsular Malaysia (Adnan et al. 2004(Adnan et al. , 2010(Adnan et al. , 2012Azizan 2012;Pappin et al. 2011;Petersen et al. 2004). ...
Establishment of quality seismic hazard assessment is governed by capability of an attenuation model to produce closest predictions to the actual ground motion. Therefore, a robust ground motion attenuation model must be selected to feed a logic tree. The scarcity of historical strong ground motion data hinders the development of attenuation model for the low-seismicity area such as Peninsular Malaysia. This paper aims to determine an appropriate ground motion attenuation model for Peninsular Malaysia out of 28 pre-selected ground motion attenuation models. Evaluation of pre-selected models respective to actual weak ground motion records in Peninsular Malaysia resulted from Sumatra earthquakes was conducted. A total of 327 seismic records from 44 distant subduction and strike-slip Sumatra earthquakes with moment magnitude ranging from 5.2 to 9.1 spanning in a distance range of 284–1292 km were obtained from 19 seismic stations operated by Malaysian Meteorological Department. The multi-channel analysis of surface waves was conducted on all seismic stations to characterise the sites. Based on graphs plotting and calculation of quantification measure, the best fitting model for distant subduction earthquakes is Nabilah and Balendra (2012) with RMSE value as low as 0.182 and 0.107 for interface and intraslab events, respectively. Si and Midorikawa (2000) and Somerville et al. (2009) models give closest prediction to distant strike-slip earthquakes.
... In this study, all seismic sources were defined as the intraplate earthquake source. The model of Sadigh et al. (1997), shown in Equation (3), was proposed as the most suitable relationship for the intraplate active fault in Thailand and the adjacent areas (Chintanapakdee et al., 2008). ...
The seismic activity and hazard level in northern Thailand, including at the Mae Moh Coal Mine (MMCM), were clarified. For the probability of exceedance (POE), Chiang Mai, Lamphun, and Lampang provinces have a 70–90% and 20–40% POE of a MW-5.0 and MW-6.0 earthquake, respectively, in the next 50 y. In the case of a MW-7.0 earthquake, the POE is less than 10% in the whole study area. Regarding the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, the ground shaking maps indicated that the southeastern part of the MMCM and northwestern part of Phayao provinces were high hazard areas, with an earthquake ground shaking of around 0.28–0.32g and 0.18–0.24g for a POE of 2% and 10%, respectively, in the next 50 y. In addition, the probability maps revealed that these high hazard areas showed a 60–80% and 30–40% POE of a modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) level III and IV, respectively, in the next 50 y. The low hazard areas of Chiang Mai and Uttaradit provinces had a ground shaking level for a 2% and 10% POE in the next 50 y of around 0.16 and 0.08, respectively, with a POE of a MMI level III or IV of less than 20% each.
... However, as mentioned above, the other choices of attenuation models for the Mainland Southeast Asia are also available in the CU-PSHA software. For instance, the models of Sadigh et al. [1997] and Crouse [1991] proposed by Chintanapakdee et al. [2008] are suitable for Thailand region and the neighborhood areas. ...
... Prediction equation models developed from other regions of the world can be adopted if there is no reliable ground motion prediction equation as analyzed by many researchers [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. The chosen of ground motion prediction equation must represent the geological and seismological attributes of the region with containing a wide range of magnitude and source-to-site distance. ...
The common features in establish seismic design criteria for buildings, probabilistic seismic hazard analysis requires estimation of ground motion such as peak ground acceleration (PGA). This estimation process needs to use a ground motion prediction equation (GMPE) which provides PGA estimates incorporating a number of earthquake magnitude, distance and other seismic parameters. On the other hand, it is not always easy to assess inside GMPE since they mostly have all reliable parameters of ground motion records to develop a GMPE. Thus, the objective of this paper is to find the suitable existing models four international GMPEs that provide significant estimates at large source-to-site distance evaluated against comprehensive set of PGA compiled. The dataset of 41 observations of earthquake ground motions recorded provided by Malaysian Meteorological Department (MMD) specifically considered from earthquake with magnitude MW 2.9 to 7.3, fault distance from 10 to 1350 km were plotted and compared to the field records. It was found that the best fitting model of prediction equation proposed by Fukushima and Tanaka (1990) suitable for magnitude 5.0 and above whereas Atkinson and Boore (1997) and Campbell (2003) are suitable for magnitude less than 5.0.
... However, as mentioned above, the other choices of attenuation models for the Mainland Southeast Asia are also available in the CU-PSHA software. For instance, the models of Sadigh et al. [1997] and Crouse [1991] proposed by Chintanapakdee et al. [2008] are suitable for Thailand region and the neighborhood areas. ...
... For the subduction-related earthquakes, Chintanapakdee et al. [2008] compared 55 strong ground-motion data with some candidate attenuation models and concluded that the model of Crouse [1991], shown in Eq. (4), was the most suitable relationship for the Sumatra-Andaman Subduction Zone. ...
In this study, the seismic hazards of Myanmar are analyzed based on both deterministic and probabilistic scenarios. The area of the Sumatra–Andaman Subduction Zone is newly defined and the lines of faults proposed previously are grouped into nine earthquake sources that might affect the Myanmar region. The earthquake parameters required for the seismic hazard analysis (SHA) were determined from seismicity data including paleoseismological information. Using previously determined suitable attenuation models, SHA maps were developed. For the deterministic SHA, the earthquake hazard in Myanmar varies between 0.1 g in the Eastern part up to 0.45 g along the Western part (Arakan Yoma Thrust Range). Moreover, probabilistic SHA revealed that for a 2% probability of exceedance in 50 and 100 years, the levels of ground shaking along the remote area of the Arakan Yoma Thrust Range are 0.35 and 0.45 g, respectively. Meanwhile, the main cities of Myanmar located nearby the Sagaing Fault Zone, such as Mandalay, Yangon, and Naypyidaw, may be subjected to peak horizontal ground acceleration levels of around 0.25 g.
Extensive documentation and research have highlighted the destructive impact of near-field earthquakes on underground structures, while the effects of far-field earthquakes remain relatively less explored. In regions such as Bangkok and Singapore, where active seismic faults are located at a significant distance, the influence of far-field motions on tunnels tends to be ignored. However, far-field earthquakes are generally less destructive than near-field motions due to their low peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and Arias intensity, resulting in lower energy. Conversely, far-field earthquakes tend to have a longer duration than near-field and a higher probability of containing long-period waves, which can lead to higher responses in the low-frequency region of the response spectrum. When these far-field ground motions are applied to thick layers of soft natural clays, a common geological feature in Bangkok, they can undergo significant amplification in the long-period range, resulting in large soil displacements and shear strains. Consequently, this induces significant forces in the tunnel lining comparable to those generated by near-field earthquakes. This paper presents a comprehensive study of this rarely investigated topic, using advanced numerical simulations to analyse the seismic behaviour of a shallow circular tunnel in Bangkok soft clays subjected to long-period earthquakes. The results show that far-field earthquakes have the potential to generate forces in the tunnel lining that are equally destructive as those induced by near-field motions. Therefore, these far-field effects should be accounted for in the seismic design of tunnels.
