Fig 9 - uploaded by Jérôme Barbut
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à 12. – Rachiplusia, genitalia ♀. – 1, R. nu (Guenée, 1852) ; – 2, R. ou (Guenée, 1852) ; – R. grisea n. sp., paratype ; 4 R. virgula (Blanchard, 1852).
Source publication
Le genre Rachiplusia Hampson, 1913, est révisé : une nouvelle espèce du Pérou est décrite ; l'habitus et les genitalia des espèces sont illustrés. Une clé de détermination des habitus est proposée. Summary. – Revision of the genus Rachiplusia Hampson, 1913 (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Plusiinae). The genus Rachiplusia Hampson, 1913, is revised : a new...
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Citations
... NOCJB064-08 and GU800490, MF679181 and MF679182, respectively) may have been incorrectly assigned to R. nu, whether due to species misidentifications or typing errors, as R. nu is not known to inhabit those territories. Indeed, the referenced COI sequences have <95% identity to other published R. nu sequences and up to 99.9% to those of R. ou (a species distributed from Canada to northern South America) (Barbut, 2008), with which they clustered in the phylogenetic tree. The five most frequent haplotypes described here occurred throughout different locations and host plants with no apparent distribution pattern. ...
Rachiplusia nu (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Plusiinae) is a defoliator of soybean ( Glycine max L., Fabaceae), sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L., Asteraceae), alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L., Fabaceae), and horticultural crops in temperate southern South America; however, there is little genetic information available about this pest insect. Recently, concerns about this insect have increased because of its suspected resistance to Bt soybean and its spread to tropical regions. To better understand pest dynamics, and therefore implement suitable management strategies, a thorough knowledge of the genetic variability and spatial structuring of populations is required. In this paper, R. nu larvae were sampled from various crops and locations in central Argentina (where the pest is endemic) to assess diversity and population structure through mtDNA sequence analysis. In addition to the analysis of the standard cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) ‘barcode’ fragment, a new set of primers was developed to explore genetic variation in the cytochrome b (Cytb) gene. COI and Cytb concatenated sequences revealed an overall high haplotype diversity (mean ± SD = 0.798 ± 0.037) and low nucleotide diversity (0.00137 ± 0.00013). The haplotype network showed a total of 19 haplotypes, separated by at most five mutational steps. A main central haplotype and four additional frequent haplotypes (accounting for 80% of the specimens examined) were distributed across populations with no obvious pattern related to host plant or geographic origin. Analysis of molecular variance further supported a weak population structure, where genetic variation within populations was the main source of total variation (ca. 96%). Pairwise comparisons showed only minor genetic differentiation among some of the populations studied. Implications of these findings in the context of R. nu control are discussed.
... Species identification used the reference collection of the Embrapa Cerrados and specialized bibliography (e.g. Eichlin and Cunningham, 1978;Lafontaine and Poole, 1991;Barbut, 2008). ...
Studies have reported the presence of certain Plusiinae species in both natural and agricultural landscapes, but their turnover in association with agricultural activities remains unexplored. Aiming to understand how the assemblages of Plusiinae are structured by agricultural occupation and climate, this study used automated light traps sampled moths in 18 sites in Brazil, across a broad latitudinal gradient. Our data has demonstrated that climate variables prevails as the most important variables influencing both the composition of Plusiinae and the abundance of its dominant species Chrysodeixis includens. On the other hand, the lack of significance found for the effect of variables representing agricultural occupation evidences that pest species are present both in agricultural and natural ecosystems, also sharing similar abundances at those locations. In other words, instead of following a gradient of agricultural occupation (e.g. crop sizes around sample sites) the composition of these extremely polyphagous insects is more clearly shaped by the latitudinal gradient, in which temperature and precipitation are better predictors. Thus, in contrary to our expectations, pest species inhabits both natural and agricultural landscapes at similar latitudinal sites, probably due to their wide polyphagy spectrum. These results can be used in management and monitoring programs of pest species in South America, since the local abundance variation and species composition can be more reliable predicted by changes in climate conditions.
... R. nu is distributed in Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay (Barbut, 2008) and the United States (Gen-Bank accession numbers: MF679181 and MF679182), and is considered an important defoliator pest in South Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, and Bolivia (Barrionuevo et al., 2012). The sunflower looper is adapted to regions with lower temperatures in Brazil, feeding on soybeans (de Moraes et al., 1991), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) (Specht et al., 2006) and sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) (Camargo & Amabile, 2001). ...
• The Plusiinae subfamily has many polyphagous species, many of which occur in South America. Chrysodeixis includens and Rachiplusia nu are two representatives that mainly occurs in soybeans, cotton, common beans, sunflower and alfalfa.
• A population genetic study of C. includens and R. nu collected in the Southern Cone of America was performed using a partial COI gene sequencing data and compared with specimens from other American countries.
• Six haplotypes were identified in C. includens populations of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay, organized within a star‐like haplotype network, with the most common haplotype identified as Chin_MC.
• R. nu populations are more diverse and stable in comparison to C. includens. Populations from Argentina and Uruguay had the highest haplotype diversity, sharing five haplotypes and putatively indicating haplotype exchange.
• Demographic change analysis suggested a recent population expansion of C. includens over the American continent.
• Some C. includens haplotypes were country‐specific, suggesting population expansion in the countries where specimens were collected.
... Chrysodeixis includens is found all across the Americas and prefers soybean as host plants ( Lafontaine and Poole 1991, Kidd and Orr 2001, Baldin et al. 2014, Barrionuevo and San Blás 2015, Formentini et al. 2015, Palma et al. 2015). Rachiplusia nu is restricted to southern South America (Barbut 2008) and is reported to feed on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), and soybean ( Ruffinelli 1942, Pastrana 2004, Specht et al. 2006, Barrionuevo et al. 2012, Rimoldi et al. 2015). Trichoplusia ni is cosmopolitan (Eichlin andCunningham 1978, Lafontaine andPoole 1991) and prefers cabbages (Brassica oleracea var. ...
Loopers such as Chrysodeixis includens (Walker), Rachiplusia nu (Guenée), and Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) are important defoliators in soybean, sunflower, and crucifer crops, respectively, in countries of the Americas. The biotic potential of these polyphagous species of Plusiinae was comparatively examined considering crop rotation and succession scenarios in which crucifer crops are cultivated during or after Brazilian winter. All the species developed and reproduced on soybean (BRS 133 Embrapa) and forage turnip (Cati AL 1000, Wolf Seeds do Brasil). The development of C. includens was similar on both host plants. The survival of R. nu was lower on forage turnip than on soybean. In contrast, T. ni performance (survival, fecundity, pupal weight) was better on forage turnip than on soybean. This suggests that in crop rotation and succession scenarios of soybean after brassicacea, C. includens is likely to have a higher number of generations per year and could be potentially more harmful.
... A subfamília Plusiinae é reconhecidamente monofilética, composta por aproximadamente 400 espécies (Barbut, 2008), cujas lagartas são conhecidas como "falsas-medideiras", normalmente polífagas ou oligófagas. As lagartas de algumas espécies danificam plantas cultivadas e, quando suas populações aumentam, tornam-se nocivas ou atingem nível de dano econômico, tornando-se pragas de importância em culturas como alfafa, soja e hortaliças, sobretudo nas crucíferas (Lafontaine & Poole, 1991). ...
... Os adultos de R. nu foram coletados no município de Bento Gonçalves, localidade de Tuiuty (29º05'002''S; 51º31'448''W, 650m altitude) em outubro de 2011, com armadilha luminosa modelo "Luiz de Queiroz" (Azevedo Filho & Prates Júnior, 2005). Os insetos foram identificados segundo Barbut (2008) Montezano et al. (2013) sob condições controladas (25 ± 1ºC, 70 ± 10% UR e fotofase de 14 horas). A alimentação larval foi realizada exclusivamente por dieta artificial (Greene et al., 1976) e os adultos foram alimentados com dieta líquida artificial, descrita em Hoffmann-Campo et al. (1985) composta de mel (10g), ácido sórbico (1g), metil parabeno P.A. (1g), sacarose (60g) e água destilada (1000 ml). ...
Morphological characterization of immature stages of Rachiplusia nu (Guenée, 1852) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae) and host plants list.
Rachiplusia nu (Guenée, 1852) is a Noctuidae whose caterpillars are commonly known as “semi-looper”. The polyphagous habits and the voracious larvae of this species have become a major defoliators of herbaceous plants cultivated in southern Brazil and the Southern cone countries. This study aimed to characterize the morphology of immature stages of R. nu (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae) and provide an updated list of host plants. The insects were collected in the locality of Tuiuty, Bento Gonçalves (Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil) with a light trap. The rearing was conducted under controlled conditions 25 ± 1 º C, 70 ± 10% RH and photophase of 14 hours. The larvae were fed on artificial diet and adults with honey solution 10%. For morphological characterization were preserved vouchers of each developmental phase in 70% alcohol. It was found in the chaetotaxy L3 setae in the thoracic segments T1, T2, T3, the abdominal segments A1-A4 SD1 SD2 is present above the vertical D2, only the A10 L1, L2, L3 setae, not were located. We found 56 recorded natural host plants for R. nu belonging to 18 botanical families.
... S, 49Њ 39Ј12Љ W), from cotton plants; and A. gemmatalis in Sertanó polis, PR (23Њ 03Ј44Љ S, 51Њ 00Ј50Љ W), from soybean plants. The identiÞcation of the species was conÞrmed in adult specimens based on their genitalia morphology according to Eichlin and Cunningham (1978), Pogue (2002), and Barbut (2008). ...
The most important species of Lepidoptera that attack soybean, in descending order of importance, are Chrysodeixis includens (Walker), Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner, Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker), Spodoptera eridania (Stoll), and Spodoptera albula (Walker). In addition, Rachiplusia nu (Guenee) is one of the most common Plusiinae in the southern region of Brazil, encompassing the states of Parana , Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul. The correct identification of these species is essential for choosing the appropriate control measures, as they differ in their susceptibility to insecticides and biological control agents. To distinguish Lepidoptera species commonly found in Brazil, the eggshells of all these species were morphologically characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Diagnostic characters for differentiating species include shape of rosette petals, number of primary cells, number of secondary cells, number of ribs, and rosette diameter. Also, a molecular diagnostic method using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis was developed to distinguish noctuid species commonly found in Brazil. A 658-bp region of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene was ampli_ed using PCR and then sequenced. The five Lepidoptera species were distinguished by restriction enzymes Bpm I and MboI. RFLPs produced by Bpm I endonuclease were useful to discriminate species from within Spodoptera (S. cosmioides, S. eridania, and S. albula) and R. nu from C. includens. However, Bpm I did not digest the amplicons from S. eridania and C. includens, which were discriminated by RFLP patterns produced by the restriction enzyme MboI. PCR-RFLP can be performed in a short period, and it is useful to distinguish the most important Brazilian Lepidoptera soybean pests.
... A lagarta-do-linho, R. nu (sinonímia Plusia nu), é uma espécie polífaga (GAMUNDI; BUCHMANN, 1983;GRIOT, 1944) que se alimenta de várias oleaginosas (ABOT; ARAGON, 1987), com ampla distribuição na América do Sul, ocorrendo na Argentina, Bolívia, Brasil, Chile, Paraguai, Peru e Uruguai (ÂNGULO; WEIGERT, 1974;ARTIGAS, 1972;BARBUT, 2008). Sua identificação é relativamente difícil, porque as lagartas (Figura 7a) e as mariposas (Figura 7b) desta espécie são muito semelhantes às de C. includens (SOSA-GÓMEZ et al., 2010). ...
Várias espécies de insetos e ácaros se alimentam de folhas de soja. Entre os artrópodes que causam desfolha direta, as lagartas (principalmente os noctuídeos) e os coleópteros (principalmente os crisomelídeos) são os mais importantes. Entre eles, destaca-se a lagarta-da-soja, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), por sua abundância e ocorrência frequente em todas as regiões do país onde a soja é cultivada. Alguns outros noctuídeos, como a lagarta-falsa-medideira, Chrysodeixis (= Pseudoplusia) includens (Walker, [1858]), e algumas espécies de Spodoptera têm também se destacado como desfolhadores importantes da cultura desde 2003, devido a alterações no manejo das lavouras. Entre elas, podemos destacar o uso crescente de agrotóxicos, que vem causando desequilíbrio de todo o agroecossistema.
BACKGROUND
Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) and Rachiplusia nu (Guenée) are major Plusiinae pests of soybean in the Southern Cone region of South America. In recent decades, C. includens was the main defoliator of soybean in Brazil, but from 2021 onwards, R. nu emerged as an important soybean pest in various regions of the country. Here, we characterize the differential susceptibility and resistance to insecticides in these Plusiinae pests from two soybean regions of Brazil.
RESULTS
Except for spinetoram and chlorfenapyr (comparable lethality against both species) and a Bt‐based biopesticide (more lethal for C. includens), the tested insecticides showed higher lethality against R. nu than against C. includens, but populations of the same species, even separated by long distances, presented similar resistance levels. For both species, the 90% lethal concentration (LC90) values of most insecticides were higher than the field‐recommended dose. Nevertheless, the field‐recommended doses of spinetoram, metaflumizone, emamectin benzoate, cyclaniliprole and chlorfenapyr showed comparable control efficacy against both species, whereas indoxacarb, chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide, teflubenzuron and chlorfluazuron were more lethal for R. nu, and methoxyfenozide and the Bt‐based insecticide were more lethal for C. includens. Thiodicarb, methomyl and lambda‐cyhalothrin showed low lethality against both species.
CONCLUSIONS
Large interspecific differences in the susceptibility to insecticides was found in major Plusiinae pests of soybean in Brazil. Furthermore, variations in susceptibility to insecticides occurred consistently among species and populations, regardless of the collection site and thus despite unequal temporal and spatial exposure to insecticides. These results demonstrate that accurate species identification is essential for effective control of Plusiinae in soybean. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Chrysodeixis includens (Walker 1858), also known as soybean looper, is a polyphagous pest with increasing economic significance in various crops. The rate of infestation and its distribution can be influenced by feeding through direct and indirect effects on their life cycles. Thus, this study aimed to examine the biological characteristics, food preference and leaf consumption of C.includens on soybean (BRS 284), cotton (FMT 701), sunflower (BRS 323) and common morning glory leaves (Ipomoea sp.) as possible host plants. The experiments were conducted with specimens obtained from mass rearing in the laboratory. C.includens larval and larval-adult stages were shorter in sunflower and longer in cotton. Also, larval preference was greater for sunflower and lower for cotton leaves. Soybean leaves were consumed the least in contrast to sunflower and common morning glory leaves, which were consumed the most. These results suggest that soybean, sunflower or common morning glory leaves were favourable hosts for C.includens development, whereas cotton leaves are less nutritionally adequate for insect development. In addition, sunflower leaves reduce C.includens development time and promotes a survival rate greater than 95%, and the leaves are more attractive to larvae when compared with the other tested hosts. This indicates sunflower is the most favourable host among the tested plants for C.includens.
Introdução Diversas espécies de Noctuideos são pragas importantes da cultura da soja entre elas Pseudoplusia includens, Rachiplusia nu, Spodoptera eridania e S. cosmioides. A diferenciação correta dessas espécies é de fundamental importância para se defi nir medidas de controle. Portanto, o objetivo do trabalho foi condensar as informações sobre genitálias desses lepidópteros para facilitar a diferenciação das espécies, principalmente quando os adultos perdem suas escamas. Materiais e Métodos Os espécimes foram obtidos da criação da Embrapa Soja. O abdômen das mariposas foi destacado e mantido em NaOH 10% durante 24 h. Após esse periodo foram dissecados em água, sobre uma camada de parafi na realizando um corte lateral conforme metodologia descrita por DIAS et al. (1976). A genitália foi removida com cuidado, usando uma pinça fi na, para não danifi car a bursa copulatrix.
