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In recent years, due to increasing use of electrical apparatuses, industrial needs for electricity, flexibility of electrical energy and its easy production and distribution, this energy has been called the superior energy. Because of energy security, lack of fossil fuels and global concern for environmental pollution, renewable energy sources are...
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Starting from the equation of Einstein (E = m·c 2), the chapter proposes a simple and fundamental presentation of the fission and fusion principles, together with some of their applications: nuclear reactors and nuclear propulsion vessels and submarines. Fission and fusion are chosen between the multiple forms of energy, as being the most important...
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... Solar energy [2,6] is clean, sustainable, highly available and environmentally friendly renewable energy source. The mean solar radiation that reaches the surface of the our plant's is 8000 times greater than the mean power utilization at the global level [7]. There are numerous methods of exploiting solar energy, but the authors focused only on PV solar energy in this review. ...
... PV solar power is one of the most mature, costcompetitive, and fastest-growing non-conventional energy technologies [5]. It is a reliable, long-lasting, and maintenance-free source of energy [7,10]. The essential characteristic of PV solar energy is generating the maximum energy during mid-day, which means the electricity demand is higher at this time, So it can simply replace natural gas at a time of maximum demand [11]. ...
PV solar energy is the upcoming king of the energy source in the world, which is the fastest growing, most available, sustainable, clean, and environmentally friendly renewable energy. The essential characteristic of PV solar energy is generating the maximum power at mid-day. At the same time, the energy demand is high during the daytime. Due to this, PV solar energy replaces the conventional energy demand at peak periods. The sun is the source of PV solar energy, and it changed into electricity directly by using solar cells, which are made from semiconductor materials called silicon. Therefore, PV solar energy plays a crucial role in providing usable energy, and as well as reducing carbon dioxide emissions. However, the solar energy generation systems not achieved the desired efficiency yet, because of many unsolved problems like weather conditions, losses, materials made by and so on. The aims of this paper is to review the current literature on the improvement of the PV solar energy generation system's overall performance. First, to figure out the existing challenges, like environmental factors and natural phenomena that affect the PV solar modules efficiency. Then it presents the techniques that are used to enhance the PV solar modules overall performance. Finally, to propose the best ways and techniques to improve the PV modules efficiency and suggest to further studies.
... Average relative humidity, precipitation, and average wind speed were the selected parameters for this study. Additionally, sine value of the declination angle was calculated by considering earth's rotation around the sun in the elliptical trajectory using following equation (S. A. Mousavi et al.,2018) (Duffie and Beckman, 1991) since it explains the sun's location in the sky, which affects the amount of solar radiation available to a particular location of the earth at a particular day (Scharmer and Greif, 2000) í µí»¿ = −23.45í µí±í µí±í µí± ( 360 365 (í µí± + 10)) (Eq: 01) ...
Najaf city, Iraq currently has no integrated solar power plant to produce electricity, so we seek in this work to design a small, inexpensive solar power plant equipped with cleaning and tracking systems to produce electricity for individual residences. We first review the currently available dual-axis solar tracking systems and simulate the same. A dual-axis solar tracking system increases the output energy of solar panels by tracking the sunlight with the photovoltaic panels. Combining this with a cleaning arm that further increases the output of the solar panels by keeping their surface free of dirt and environmental waste. In the present work, we simulate the proposed system using MATLAB and SolidWorks software and study the weather conditions of Najaf in Iraq, including sunlight intensity, temperature, wind speed, and cloud density. Based on the simulation results and field tests during 2019 and 2020, we conclude that the solar panels tracking is sufficiently stable throughout the year since the cloud density is moderate in Najaf, so the angle of incidence of the sunlight is stable. These results indicate that the use of the Open Loop Sun-tracking system, as opposed to the Closed Loop model, is appropriate for Najaf because the system is less complex and less costly.
Local climate in an area is significantly affected by the extent of urbanization. The microclimatic parameters such as wind speed (W), relative humidity (RH) and temperature (T) are affected due to modifications in natural surfaces and land use. With increasing interest in urban microclimate research, factors such as energy conversation, environmental sustainability, and urban design with thermal comfort are researched extensively. The current study attempts to model T, W and RH in an urban landscape of Nagpur City by solving the microclimate governing equations using python and ArcGIS. Numeral field measurements are carried out during summer and winter seasons for validation of modeled data. The results show a statistically positive and significant correlation between modeled and monitored data (p < 0.001 at CI 95%) for T and RH with R² ranging from 92.5–97.7% and 82.2–88.7%, respectively. However, the model underpredicts T by an average of 4–7% in winter and summer, respectively, while RH is overpredicted by an average of 2% overall. W shows moderate correlation between modeled and monitored data with an average variation of 0.02–0.1 m/s for two seasons. Holistically, the modeled data are significantly correlated with ground data, and variations between surface points are captured well by the model, indicating that python and ArcGIS can be used for the measurement of microclimate parameters, forming the basis of sustainable urban design. Evaluating the urban microclimate parameters for both greenfield and brownfield projects can assist the landscape designers, planners to effectively control the temperature and wind conditions and improve the outdoor thermal conditions in an urban area.
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