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Zearalenone degradation by 5 bacterial isolates in liquid medium, maize, dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), and swine complete feed.
Source publication
Zearalenone (ZEA) and its derivatives are mycotoxins that can cause oestrogenic effects and impair the reproductive physiology of animals, especially in female swine. Strategies to reduce or eliminate ZEA contamination in foods and feeds are very much needed. Among 36 bacterial isolates obtained from a variety of animal intestinal chyme, mouldy foo...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... colonies were preliminarily isolated from all samples cultured in LB medium and passed through heat treatment. 5 out of the 36 isolates showed an ability to reduce more than 50% of ZEA in a liquid medium with the ANSB01G isolate reducing ZEA levels the most, by 88.65% (Figure 1). ...
Context 2
... 5 isolates were further tested for their ability to degrade ZEA in naturally contaminated maize, DDGS and swine complete feed under simulated intestinal tract conditions. The ANSB01G isolate exhibited the greatest ability to degrade ZEA among all the isolates tested (Figure 1), reducing ZEA levels by 84.58, 66.34 and 83.04% in the naturally contaminated maize, DDGS, and swine complete feed, respectively. The ANSB01G isolate was chosen for further study. ...
Citations
... Cho et al. (2010) reported that 95% of ZEN (0.25 mg/kg) could be degraded in 2 days by Bacillus subtilis subspecies. Lei et al. (2014) successfully screened Bacillus subtilis ANSB01G isolates from ordinary broiler intestinal chyme, which demonstrated the ability to degrade 88.65% ZEN in a liquid medium. In addition, researchers have discovered that some lipolytic enzymes, laccases, proteases, and peroxidases can degrade ZEN , and by studying the structure and properties of these enzymes, searching for the gene that degrades ZEN, and successfully amplifying the gene fragment for active expression, which are promising applications (Igawa et al., 2007). ...
... In contrast to the above methods, the major advantage of biodegradation in this study is its relatively lower raw material costs, making it more feasible for industrial-scale applications. It has been found that Bacillus subtilis ZENL09 shows a higher efficiency in degrading ZEN compared to other reported microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis168 and Bacillus subtilis ANSB01G (Lei et al., 2014;Tinyiro et al., 2011). Bacillus subtilis ZENL09 was able to degrade 88% of ZEN within 12 h using the fermentation supernatant. ...
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a fungal toxin produced by Fusarium that widely occurs in various types of grains and feed. It has strong reproductive toxicity and a wide range of distribution, which will impact food and feed safety. In this study, Bacillus subtilis ZENL09, which is capable of transforming ZEN was investigated. By optimizing the fermentation conditions, the supernatant of Bacillus subtilis ZENL09 fermentation can achieve about 88% degradation rate of ZEN after reacting with ZEN for 12 h. The degradation product was collected by high-performance liquid chromatography, followed by LC-Q-TOF and MS/MS analysis to identify the changes in molecular mass and compound structure. The possible structure of the degradation product was also tentatively determined. Further evaluation of the degradation products’ cytotoxicity was conducted using HepG2 cells, and the results indicated a significant reduction in toxicity compared to ZEN. Detoxification experiments on corn steep liquor showed that the fermentation supernatant of Bacillus subtilis degraded 87% of ZEN within 12 h, which further validates its potential application for detoxification in food and agricultural products.
... ZEN is a xenoestrogen that binds to estrogen receptors of cells, leading to a hormonal imbalance in the body, which may in consequence lead to numerous diseases such as prostate or ovarian cancers. ZEN pollution generates significant economic losses and poses a substantial health risk to humans and cattle [1][2][3]. Research on ZEN removal procedures is an important topic that has garnered serious attention. Currently, there are three types of methods for degrading ZEN: physical degradation, chemical degradation, and biodegradation. ...
... Table 2. Energy analysis of NbZHD and its mutants, D45A and R139A. NbZHD(1) stands for the firsttime calculation with D45A; NbZHD(2) stands for the second-time calculation with R139A; NbZHD is the average of NbZHD(1) and NbZHD (2). The below data are reported in the unit of kcal/mol. ...
Zearalenone (ZEN) is one of the most prevalent estrogenic mycotoxins, is produced mainly by the Fusarium family of fungi, and poses a risk to the health of animals. Zearalenone hydrolase (ZHD) is an important enzyme capable of degrading ZEN into a non-toxic compound. Although previous research has investigated the catalytic mechanism of ZHD, information on its dynamic interaction with ZEN remains unknown. This study aimed to develop a pipeline for identifying the allosteric pathway of ZHD. Using an identity analysis, we identified hub genes whose sequences can generalize a set of sequences in a protein family. We then utilized a neural relational inference (NRI) model to identify the allosteric pathway of the protein throughout the entire molecular dynamics simulation. The production run lasted 1 microsecond, and we analyzed residues 139–222 for the allosteric pathway using the NRI model. We found that the cap domain of the protein opened up during catalysis, resembling a hemostatic tape. We used umbrella sampling to simulate the dynamic docking phase of the ligand–protein complex and found that the protein took on a square sandwich shape. Our energy analysis, using both molecular mechanics/Poisson–Boltzmann (Generalized-Born) surface area (MMPBSA) and Potential Mean Force (PMF) analysis, showed discrepancies, with scores of −8.45 kcal/mol and −1.95 kcal/mol, respectively. MMPBSA, however, obtained a similar score to that of a previous report.
... ZEN is a xenoestrogen that binds to estrogen receptors of cells, leading to a hormonal imbalance in the body, which may in consequence lead to numerous diseases such as prostate or ovarian cancers. ZEN pollution generates significant economic losses and poses a substantial health risk to humans and cattle [1][2][3]. Research on ZEN removal procedure is an important topic that has garnered serious attention. Currently, there are three types of methods for degrading ZEN, physical degradation, chemical degradation, and biodegradation. ...
... Through alanine scanning, we obtained the binding free energy of NbZHD twice and listed them in Table 2. Table 2. Energy analysis of NbZHD and its mutants D45A and R139A. NbZHD(1) stands for the first time calculation with D45A; NbZHD (2) stands for the second time calculation with R139A; NbZHD is the average of NbZHD(1) and NbZHD (2). The below data is reported in the unit of kcal/mol. ...
... Through alanine scanning, we obtained the binding free energy of NbZHD twice and listed them in Table 2. Table 2. Energy analysis of NbZHD and its mutants D45A and R139A. NbZHD(1) stands for the first time calculation with D45A; NbZHD (2) stands for the second time calculation with R139A; NbZHD is the average of NbZHD(1) and NbZHD (2). The below data is reported in the unit of kcal/mol. ...
Zearalenone is one of the most prevalent estrogenic mycotoxins produced mainly by Fusarium family fungi, and harmed the heath of animals. Zearalenone hydrolase is an important enzyme capable of degrading zearalenone into a non-toxic compound. Although previous research has investigated the catalytic mechanism of zearalenone hydrolase, information on its dynamic interaction with zearalenone remains unknown. This study aimed to develop a pipeline for identifying the allosteric pathway of zearalenone hydrolase. Using an identity analysis, we identified hub genes whose sequences can generalize a set of sequences in a protein family. We then utilized a neural relational inference (NRI) model to identify the allosteric pathway of the protein throughout the entire molecular dynamics simulation. The production run lasted 1 microsecond, and we analyzed residues 139-222 for the allosteric pathway using the NRI model. We found that the cap domain of the protein opened up during catalysis, resembling a hemostatic tape. We used umbrella sampling to simulate the dynamic docking phase of the ligand-protein complex and found that the protein took on a square sandwich shape. Our energy analysis using both MMPBSA and PMF analysis showed discrepancies, with scores of -8.45 kcal/mol and -1.95 kcal/mol, respectively. MMPBSA, however, obtained a similar score to that of a previous report.
... ZEN activity is regulated by its ability to bind to estrogen receptors, which are present in reproductive organs such as the uterus and mammary glands (Hueza et al. 2014). Thus, animals that consume ZEN experience reproductive disorders (Lei et al. 2014) leading to decreased livestock yield and economic losses. The fiscal effect of ZEN and other mycotoxins cost billions of dollars annually as crop yield decreases, reduced animal performance, and increased spending on fungicides (Loi et al. 2017). ...
Zearalenone (ZEN) is an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by the Fusarium species and induces severe reproductive disorders in animals thus a major concern in the livestock industry. Probiotic bacteria treatments have been shown to inactivate mycotoxins, therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of two commercial probiotic feed additives on the sequestration of ZEN. Commercial probiotic blends containing clay-based binder with Aspergillus niger, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus pumilus, and Bacillus subtilis at various proportions from BioMatrix International were incubated with ZEN in a time-dependent manner and then analyzed by ELISA to quantify unbound ZEN. Sequestration of ZEN was further verified by using MCF-7 cell-based cytotoxicity and/or cell proliferation assays. ZEN or probiotic mix was nontoxic to MCF-7 cells. Probiotic blends decreased ZEN concentration by 45% (∼100 µg L-1) and prevented ZEN from inducing MCF-7 cell proliferation (20-28% reduction). The probiotic feed supplements tested show a potential utility in ZEN neutralization.
... The Bacillus subtilis also degraded ZEN in the laboratory setting. The B. subtilis ANSB01G strain from the broiler intestinal chime could decrease the ZEN by 88.64% (Lei et al. 2014). The B. subtilis ANSB01G strain removed the ZEN at 84.57, 66.33, and 83.05% in polluted maize, DDGS, and pig complete feeds, respectively (Zhao et al. 2015). ...
Zearalenone (ZEN) contamination of various foods and feeds is an important global problem. In some animals and humans, ZEN causes significant health issues in addition to massive economic losses, annually. Therefore, removal or degradation of the ZEN in foods and feeds is required to be done. The conventional physical and chemical methods have some serious issues including poor efficiency, decrease in nutritional value, palatability of feed, and use of costly equipment. Research examined microbes from diverse media for their ability to degrade zearalenone and other toxins, and the findings of several investigations revealed that enzymes produced from microbes play a significant role in the degradation of mycotoxins. In established bacterial hosts, genetically engineered technique was used to enhance heterologously produced degrading enzymes. Then, the bio-degradation of ZEN by the use of microorganisms or their enzymes is much more advantageous and is close to nature and ecofriendly. Furthermore, an effort is made to put forward the work done by different scientists on the biodegradation of ZEN by the use of fungi, yeast, bacteria, and/or their enzymes to degrade the ZEN to non-toxic products.
... S1 100.00% [145] Eggerthella sp. DII-9 100.00% [146] Aspergillus (NJA-1) 94.40% [147] Bacterial isolates LS100 & SS3 100.00% [148] Bacterial strain BBSH 797 - [149] Strain E3-39 100.00% [150] ZEN Bacillus subtilis 100.00% [151] Bacillus natto 87.00% [151] Bacillus pumilus ES-21 95.70% [152] Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ZDS-1 95.70% [153] Bacillus subtilis ANSB01G 88.65% [154] FB 1 Bacterial consortium SAAS79 100.00% [155] Strain NCB 1492 100.00% [156] Saccharomyces cerevisiae IS1/1 and SC82 22%-50% [157] Bacillus spp. S9, S10 and S69 43%-83% [158] a AFB 1 Aflatoxin B 1 , DON deoxynivalenol, ZEN zearalenone, FB 1 fumonisin B 1 -means the biotransformation efficiency did not reported ...
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of different species of fungi. Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) and fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ) are the main mycotoxins contaminating animal feedstuffs. These mycotoxins can primarily induce hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, consequently cause adverse effects on the health and performance of animals. Therefore, physical, chemical, biological and nutritional regulation approaches have been developed as primary strategies for the decontamination and detoxification of these mycotoxins in the feed industry. Meanwhile, each of these techniques has its drawbacks, including inefficient, costly, or impractically applied on large scale. This review summarized the advantages and disadvantages of the different remediation strategies, as well as updates of the research progress of these strategies for AFB 1 , DON, ZEN and FB 1 control in the feed industry.
... Due to its efficient, specific and environmentally protective characteristics and advantages, biodegradation has gained much attention [8,16,17]. A strain of B. subtilis ANSB01G was screened in our previous work, which could degrade 84.6%, 83.0%, and 66.3% of ZEA in naturally contaminated corn, pig feed, and distiller's dried grains with soluble, respectively [18,19]. Some studies had confirmed that Bacillus subtilis ANSB01G cultures can ameliorate the effects of ZEA toxicity in sexually-immature or prepubertal gilts [8,20]. ...
... The B. subtilis ANSB01G was isolated and confirmed to degrade ZEA efficiently [18,20]. It was from one batchfermented at 37°C for 24 h and then dried at 65°C. ...
Background
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a resorcylic acid lactone derivative derived from various Fusarium species that are widely found in food and feeds. The molecular structure of ZEA resembles that of the mammalian hormone 17β-oestradiol, thus zearalenone and its metabolites are known to compete with endogenous hormones for estrogen receptors binding sites and to activate transcription of oestrogen-responsive genes. However, the effect of long-term low-dose ZEA exposure on the reproductive response to Bacillus subtilis ANSB01G culture for first-parity gilts has not yet been investigated. This study was conducted to investigate the toxic effects of ZEA as an estrogen receptor selective modulator and the alleviating effects of Bacillus subtilis ANSB01G cultures as ZEA biodegraders in pregnant sows during their first parity.
Results
A total of 80 first-parity gilts (Yorkshire × Landrace) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments during gestation: CO (positive control); MO (negative control, 246 μg ZEA/kg diet); COA (CO + B. subtilis ANSB01G culture with 2 × 10 ⁹ CFU/kg diet); MOA (MO + B. subtilis ANSB01G culture with 2 × 10 ⁹ CFU/kg diet). There were 20 replications per treatment with one gilt per replicate. Feeding low-dose ZEA naturally contaminated diets disordered most of reproductive hormones secretion and affected estrogen receptor-α and estrogen receptor-β concentrations in serum and specific organs and led to moderate histopathological changes of gilts, but did not cause significant detrimental effects on reproductive performance. The addition of Bacillus subtilis ANSB01G culture to the diet can effectively relieve the competence of ZEA to estrogen receptor and the disturbance of reproductive hormones secretion, and then ameliorate toxicosis of ZEA in gilts.
Conclusions
Collectively, our study investigated the effects of feeding low-dose ZEA on reproduction in pregnant sows during their first parity. Feeding low-dose ZEA could modulate estrogen receptor-α and -β concentrations in specific organs, cause disturbance of reproductive hormones and vulva swelling, and damage organ histopathology and up-regulate apoptosis in sow models. Diet with Bacillus subtilis ANSB01G alleviated negative effects of the ZEA on gilts to some extent.
... have been reported to have the ability to convert a large number of toxic compounds to non-toxic derivatives (De Bellis et al., 2015), and thus play a significant role in the biodegradation of toxic molecules in contaminated soils. Microbes isolated from soil and small intestine of animals such as broilers intestinal chyme have been reported by Lei et al. (2014) to degrade up to 88.65% of ZEN. Zhao et al. (2015) evaluated the detoxification of ZEN using three strains of Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from fermented food. ...
Zearalenone (ZEN) is one of the major agricultural feed contaminants causing serious health hazards worldwide and its degradation by beneficial microbial agents is now being widely examined. In this study we investigated the degradation ability of Klebsiella pneumoniae strain GS7-1 isolated from corn field in Shandong province in China on ZEN. The effects of temperature, incubation time and pH were studied. Furthermore, it was examined if the washed cell pellet and the supernatant of fermented culture (SFC) of the bacterial cell components could detoxify ZEN. ZEN removal increased with increase in pH from 61.3% at pH 5–100% at pH 8. The minimum and maximum temperatures at which K. pneumoniae strain GS7-1 degraded ZEN were 28 °C and 60 °C, respectively. Increase in incubation time increased the degradation effect as ZEN was completely degraded at 96 hours. The SFC of strain GS7-1 reduced the ZEN content by 100%, while the first and second washed of the cell pellets in PBS reduced the ZEN content by 30% and 25%, respectively. The rate of SFC degradation significantly decreased after treatment with proteinase K, SDS and the combination of proteinase K and SDS. There exists a significant correlation between temperature, incubation time and pH regarding ZEN degradation by strain GS7-1. The results also suggest that enzymes present in the supernatant of Klebsiella pneumoniae GS7-1 were involved in ZEN degradation. The biodegradation of ZEN is a very feasible method for food and feed purification as physical and chemical methods may not only eliminate mycotoxins, but also nutrients and sensory-related compounds.
... Additionally, Lei et al. found that the extracellular enzymes produced by Bacillus subtilis had a detoxification effect on ZEA. The strain could degrade ZEA significantly in liquid culture medium, naturally moldy corn, lees, and pig feed (Lei et al., 2014). Studies have also shown that Bacillus natto and B. subtilis had significant degradation effect on ZEA in food (Ju et al., 2019). ...
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin frequently found in cereal crops and cereal‐derived foodstuffs worldwide. It affects plant productivity, and is also a serious hazard to humans and animals if being exposed to food/feed contaminated by ZEA. Studies over the last decade have shown that the toxicity of ZEA in animals is mainly mediated by the various stress responses, such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, and others. Accumulating evidence shows that oxidative stress and ER stress signaling are actively implicated in and contributes to the pathophysiology of various diseases. Biochemically, the deleterious effects of ZEA are associated with apoptosis, DNA damage, and lipid peroxidation by regulating the expression of genes implicated in these biological processes. Despite these findings, the underlying mechanisms responsible for these alterations remain unclear. This review summarized the characteristics, metabolism, toxicity and the deleterious effects of ZEA exposure in various tissues of animals. Stress response signaling implicated in the toxicity as well as potential therapeutic options with the ability to reduce the deleterious effects of ZEA in animals were highlighted and discussed.
... The Bacillus subtilis also degraded ZEN in the laboratory setting. The B. subtilis ANSB01G strain from the broiler intestinal chime could decrease the ZEN by 88.64% (Lei et al. 2014). The B. subtilis ANSB01G strain removed the ZEN at 84.57, 66.33, and 83.05% in polluted maize, DDGS, and pig complete feeds, respectively (Zhao et al. 2015). ...
Zearalenone (ZEN) contamination of various foods and feeds is an important global problem. In some animals and humans, ZEN causes significant health issues in addition to massive economic losses, annually. Therefore, removal or degradation of the ZEN in foods and feeds is required to be done. The conventional physical and chemical methods have some serious issues including poor efficiency, decrease in nutritional value, palatability of feed, and use of costly equipment. Research examined microbes from diverse media for their ability to degrade zearalenone and other toxins, and the findings of several investigations revealed that enzymes produced from microbes play a significant role in the degradation of mycotoxins. In established bacterial hosts, genetically engineered technique was used to enhance heterologously produced degrading enzymes. Then, the bio-degradation of ZEN by the use of micro-organisms or their enzymes is much more advantageous and is close to nature and ecofriendly. Furthermore, an effort is made to put forward the work done by different scientists on the biodegradation of ZEN by the use of fungi, yeast, bacteria, and/or their enzymes to degrade the ZEN to non-toxic products.
Key points
•Evolved microbial strains degraded ZEA more quickly
•Different degrading properties were studied
