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Zambia is vastly endowed with a wide range of energy resources. Yet, to date, Zambia has not fully exploited its potential in solar energy utilisation for electricity generation due to various reasons such as lack of understanding of the distribution of solar energy potential in the country and limitation of access to solar energy resource informat...
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... The generated results also show that none (0) of the solar milling plant operators were either of the view that at maximum production power, the solar milling plant processed (25kg-50kg) or (50kg-75kg) of maize. (20) of the cooperative leaders strongly agreed that (2) operators were employed to run the milling plant. The generated results also show that none of the cooperative leaders strongly agreed that ZCF had employed (5) operators to run the milling plant. ...
In 2015, the Zambian government embarked on a proactive endeavor to enhance the accessibility of economical maize meal through the inception of the Solar Powered Milling Plants (SMPs) Project. The Chinese Government and the Government of the Republic of Zambia jointly provided co-financing, supporting this audacious initiative with a significant financial commitment of US$200 million. However, there have been no documented results on the technical and economic performance of the solar milling plants. To this effect, this study aimed to establish the technical and economic performance of the milling plants installed by the Zambia Cooperative Federation. To achieve this, the study sought to: (1) establish the technical operational characteristics of the installed SMPS; (2) establish the factors that influenced the sitting of the plants; (3) determine the economic benefits of the SMPs; and (4) benchmark the technical operating conditions of the installed SMPs. The study employed a mixed methods approach, where benchmarking observations and semi-structured questionnaires were used as data collection instruments. The sample size of the study was 168, comprising cooperative leaders, solar milling plant operators, and community members from the 12 sites in Masaiti, Chikankata, Solwezi, and Kapiri Mposhi districts where the milling plants were installed. The field observations and questionnaires that were used for the study showed that all twelve sites in the Solwezi, Masaiti, Kapiri Mposhi, and Chikankata Districts needed the same amount of power to run, which was between 7.5 kW and 9.0 kW. However, only Site 3 in Solwezi and Sites 4 and 5 in Masaiti Districts strictly followed the standard operation time of 8 hours. The study has also shown that the two main factors that influenced the placement of the solar milling plants were proximity to the main roads of the communities and the availability of land near the Food Reserve Agency(FRA) shades. With regards to economic benefits, the generated results showed that the installed milling plants brought about employment creation as two operators were employed for each of the 12 sites. However, the revenues generated by the solar milling plants were not economically viable for loan repayment. The study recommended that predictive and corrective maintenance, in addition to project management training for cooperatives and operators, be carried out to improve the technical and economic performance of the solar milling plants.
... This lack of access to electricity is negatively affecting the development of the district and it is ranked amongst the poorest districts in Zambia (Masumbu and Mahrt 2014). However, according to the Government of Zambia Rural Electrification Master Plan, the government intends to increase the electricity access levels from the current less than 7% to 51% by 2030 (EAA 2017; Mwanza et al. 2017;EPRI 2015). In essence, this means that the electricity consumption will rise from the current 1030.70 ...
... None renewable energy involves generation of power using fossil fuel materials that diminish and are not widely available throughout the country. Currently, reasonable fossil fuel deposits are found in Maamba district of Southern Province of Zambia [1,5,8]. The country has been using electricity since the early century and since then hydropower generation has evolved greatly such that, the total generation by 2021 generation was at 2,704.5 MW [28,36]. ...
... MW [3,28]. Additionally, Zambia has an untapped hydropower potential of about 6000MW [1,36]. However, in recent past decades poor rainfall patterns, have been affecting the country's hydrological pattern [2,6,26,39]. ...
... Electricity consumption in Zambia has been rising steadily estimated at approximately 6% per year 150-200MW [1]. For the past decades, the country has been experiencing energy deficit (figure 2) due to lower generation from hydropower plants caused by global warming effects. ...
Sustainable hydropower development provides a basis for a reliable and stable power source that is economical and environmentally friendly. Zambia is heavily dependent on hydropower whose hydrological pattern is facing serious threats from frequent droughts and severe weather conditions affecting power generation. However, Zambia’s hydropower is characterized by larger water reservoirs (Mulungushi, Itezhi Tezhi, Kafue Gorge and Kariba North) receiving high solar energy exceeding 2000 kWh/m2 per year. Hence, integration of floating solar PV systems with hydropower could help boost hydropower production during dry periods and save loss of water through vapor. The paper aims at assessing the technical potential of integrating floating solar PV systems for electricity generation on the existing larger hydropower water reservoirs. The findings indicate that larger hydropower reservoirs have a total surface area of 11,146 km2 equivalent to an annual theoretical solar energy potential of 25,610TWh.At 10% of the total coverage of all the surface areas, the technical potential is estimated at 172.76 GWP (Monocrystalline), 141.44 GWP (CIS) and 116.10 GWP (CdTe) equivalent to an annual solar electricity generation potential of 304 TWh, 244 TWh and 211TWh respectively. In short, Zambia has huge potential for integration of floating solar with hydropower using the existing power grid infrastructure to increase on the electricity generation for the nation. Additionally, the solar energy profile fits well with the electricity demand profile for Zambia which makes it a better alternative for the energy mix of the country. These findings are vital to providing a guide to decision-makers for the inclusion of floating solar energy in the future national energy mix and conservation of land.
... Zambia [123] ArcGIS Software ...
Southern Africa has a huge potential for renewable energy sources such as hydro, solar, wind, biomass, and geothermal. However, electricity access remains a key policy issue for most member states, with a global average access to electricity of only 54% in 2019. This low electrification rate is a strong motivation for member states to increase renewable energy use and improve access to electricity for all. The goal of this paper was to present a literature review of methodologies, energy plans, and government programs that have been implemented by the Southern African Development Community member states to address the region’s low average electrification rate and greenhouse gas emission reduction targets. The study presents the most commonly used methodologies for the integration of renewable energies into electrical systems, considering the main grid and distributed generation systems. LCOE minimization methodologies and software options, such as GIS, HOMER, LEAP, and EnergyPLAN, are the most common among the identified studies. The traditional method of electrifying by expanding the grid has not contributed to the eradication of energy poverty in rural areas. Therefore, to improve electricity access in Southern Africa, it is essential to consider off-grid solutions based on renewable energy sources.
... Determine Battery Operated Hours Climatemps (2019) reported that Lusaka, the capital city of Zambia at latitude 15°25'S and longitude 28°27'E receives a minimum of 5 h, an average of 7:35 h and a maximum of 09:42 h sunshine per day. This is in agreement with the results obtained by (Mwanza et al., 2017). We determined the battery operated hours using Equation 1: ...
Maize is the main food crop that meets the nutritional needs of both humans and livestock in the sub-Saharan African region. Maize crop has in the recent past been threatened by the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda, J.E Smith) which has caused considerable maize yield losses in the region. Controlling this pest requires knowledge on the time, location and extent of infestation. In addition, the insect pest's abundance and environmental conditions should be predicted as early as possible for integrated pest management to be effective. Consequently, a fall armyworm pheromone trap was deployed as a monitoring tool in the present study. The trap inspection is currently carried out manually every week. The purpose of this paper is to bring automation to the trap. We modify the trap and integrate Internet of Things technologies which include a Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ microcomputer , Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller, 3G cellular modem and various sensors powered with an off-grid solar photovoltaic system to capture real-time fall armyworm moth images, environmental conditions and provide real-time indications of the pest occurrences. The environmental conditions include Geographical Positioning System coordinates, temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction. The captured images together with environmental conditions are uploaded to the cloud server where the image is classified instantly using Google's pre-trained InceptionV3 Machine Learning model. Intended users view captured data including prediction accuracy via a web application. Once this smart technology is adopted, the labour-intensive task of monitoring will reduce while stakeholders shall be provided with a near real-time insight into the FAW situation in the field therefore enabling pro-activeness in their management of such a devastating pest.
... Modified Simandoux Equation (18) where ( ) is tortuosity (assume = 1), ( ) is cementation factor (assume = 2), ( ) is saturation exponent (assume = 2), ( ) is formation of water resistivity ( = 0.065 Ω m), ( ) is shale resistivity, ( ) is formation resistivity, ( ) is water saturation and is formation porosity. The results of calculated water saturation models are listed in Table 3 and plotted as frequency histogram in Figure 3. ...
Lightning affects many aspects of our lives such as home appliances, machinery, transportation, electrical energy transmission, environment, agriculture, economy, social, entertainment, etc. Lightning occurrences on earth are a necessity as they fix nitrates into the soil, and the importance of nitrates to plants that are a source of food and energy to the animal kingdom cannot be overemphasized. For instance, bioenergy comes from plants and is one of the dependable renewable energy sources. However, lightning effects on our environment can also be devastating when it comes to energy management and sustainability as they cause electrical power blackouts resulting in poor reliability of energy delivery. Thus, this article shows how a good lightning protection program must be incorporated in the planning, design, installation, and operation of an energy supply system. It is a case study of a 640-kW mini-grid that supplies electrical energy to a rural community in the north-western part of Zambia. The simulation in ETAP is used to articulate how protection against lightning transients can be done by modeling the line, doing load flow analysis, short circuit analysis, and arc-flash analysis. The arc-flash (AF) simulation using IEEE 1584-2018 standard shows the margins that must not be exceeded when it comes to the safety of both equipment and personnel especially when lightning strikes the installation. The AF values set the approach boundaries, and the analysis of the case study results shows that the working distance is greater than the arc-flash boundary when typical conductor spacings are used.KeywordsEnergy managementLightning protectionLightning transientsPlanningSustainability
Renewable energy resources offer greater opportunities for energy diversification, promotion of sustainable biodiversity and a transition towards sustainable development. This chapter aims at providing the methodology for sizing a wind/solar PV hybrid power plant based on technical and economic analysis, capable of meeting the annual energy consumption of 1030.70 MWh for Shang’ombo district. The decision variables adopted in sizing the system include yearly system energy yield, system energy yield per land use, system capacity factor, unit cost of energy generation, system initial investment cost, payback period, net present value of the system, land use and amount of CO2 emission reduction. The results show that a 612 kWp wind/solar PV hybrid system can be adopted and utilized technically and economically to meet the current energy needs for Shang’ombo district while reducing greenhouse gas emission and supporting environmental sustainability. The proposed hybrid system will therefore help Shang’ombo to become more self-sustainable by decreasing the dependency on fossil fuels (diesel) as primary energy source for electricity generation. Hence, this will significantly affect the economy of the district positively by decreasing the electricity prices and greenhouse gas emissions while increasing access to clean and sustainable energy in the district leading to cleaner and greener societies and cities.KeywordsRenewable energyGreenhouse gasSustainabilityWind/solar PV hybrid systemShang’ombo-Zambia
This study develops an integrated modeling approach to analyze the effects of different scenarios compared to a baseline (2019) scenario on energy demand and supply in Zambia. Aiming at minimizing costs, the model combines available resources and technologies, adhering to technoeconomic and environmental limits. On the demand side, the study uses time series analysis to forecast future electricity demand in Zambia. The supply-side energy model identifies the optimal combination of resources and technologies needed to satisfy exogenously specified electricity demand levels at the least cost. The baseline scenario results revealed that the power outages in Zambia, especially at peak times, have been attributed to reliance on imported fuel for power generation, the slow-pacedintegration of renewableresources, andnotfullyutilizing resource potential for the supply side. To overcome the power outages and meet the electricity demand in 2035, a comprehensive scenario analysis was conducted, including the main scenarios of 30% integration of renewable energy, no coal power generation, and low emission targets (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% reduction from the baseline). The expected CO2 reductions from the renewable energy scenario, no coal scenario, and 50%lowemission target are estimated at 5222 kilotons in 2035, respectively.
