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Yolk sac edema (indicates with red arrow) in D. rerio embryos after glyphosate exposure at 48 hpf. a Control. b 5 mg/l
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Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is an active substance of many herbicides. According to literature studies, glyphosate residues and their metabolites have been commonly detected in surface waters and toxicological reports confirmed negative effects on living organisms. In this study, the acute embryo toxicity of glyphosate into two differen...
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Citations
... They can serve as vectors for various pollutants and emerging contaminants in marine organisms [9,4a]. Chemical additives used in plastic manufacturing, environmental contaminants absorbed on plastic surfaces, and heavy metals can have harmful effects on marine biota, including disruption of metabolic and reproductive activity, weakened immune response, oxidative stress, cellular toxicity, inflammation, and even cancer [5,[10][11][12][13][14]. ...
This study provides a comprehensive overview of the occurrence, distribution, and extraction methods of microplastics in marine organisms to present current data on the presence and distribution of microplastics in marine environments worldwide in a bid to understand the extent of microplastics pollution and their potential effects in marine ecosystems while discussing the pros and cons of different extraction methods of MPs in marine organisms. The widespread presence of microplastics in marine environments has become a significant concern. This chapter reviews the pressing issue of microplastic pollution, its impact on ecosystems, and potential human health risks. Specifically, it addresses the urgent issue of microplastic pollution in marine ecosystems and its potential ramifications for both the environment and human health, providing an overview of the current status of microplastic prevalence, distribution, and extraction methods within marine organisms. Microplastics are recognized as a major environmental problem due to their detrimental effects on ecosystems and their potential risks to human health. These particles enter marine environments 165 through runoff and atmospheric deposition, contaminating beaches and posing threats to marine life. The proliferation of microplastics in aquatic environments represents a multifaceted and pressing environmental challenge. Its repercussions extend well beyond immediate marine ecosystems, impacting the entire ecological food chain and potentially posing risks to human health. Despite the seriousness of this issue, research on the prevalence and distribution of microplastics in marine organisms remains limited. This review seeks to fill this knowledge gap by thoroughly examining the prevalence, distribution, and various extraction methods used to detect microplastics in marine organisms. It stresses the urgent need for targeted measures to manage microplastic pollution, highlights the significant role of human activities in exacerbating this problem, and emphasize the importance of reducing human-induced pollution to protect marine ecosystems. While this review enhances our understanding of microplastic pollution in marine environments and emphasizes the critical need for action to safeguard marine organisms and preserve our oceans for future generations, it also highlights that effectively addressing the microplastic issue requires a well-coordinated approach. This approach should involve research initiatives, policy adjustments, public engagement, and innovative technologies. Crucially, prompt and decisive actions are necessary to counteract the growing threat posed by microplastics to the oceans and the global environment.
... However, the management of herbicides in developing countries often falls short. Across the globe, natural water bodies are rapidly deteriorating due to run-offs and underground water leachates resulting from the application of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides to bolster agricultural production (Fiorino et al., 2018;Stara et al., 2019). This concerning trend in water quality, accompanied by its adverse effects on biological systems and human health, has evolved into a significant public and environmental issue . ...
This research investigates the impact of atrazine, a widely used herbicide, on the reproductive capabilities of adult Clarias gariepinus, a freshwater catfish of ecological and economic significance. Twelve months old specimens of C. gariepinus comprising of twenty (20) males and twenty (20) females with mean average weight of 1024 ± 88.4g and 1100 ± 97.4g respectively and mean total length of 52.8 ± 2.3cm and 52.7 ± 1.1cm respectively, were exposed to exposed to four different sub-lethal concentrations of atrazine (40µg/L, 60µg/L, 80µg/L, and 100µg/L) in a semi-static renewal assay. Atrazine exposure was found to significantly diminish fecundity in exposed individuals, resulting in a marked reduction in the number of viable eggs produced. Furthermore, the herbicide exhibited a detrimental influence on hatchability, leading to a decreased percentage of successfully hatched embryos. Subsequent examination of larval survival revealed that atrazine exposure hindered the normal development and viability of the offspring. The findings of this study underscore the reproductive hazards associated with atrazine exposure in C. gariepinus, highlighting the potential ecological consequences for the species and the ecosystems they inhabit. Understanding the adverse effects of atrazine on key reproductive parameters is crucial for informing conservation and management strategies, as well as for developing policies aimed at mitigating the environmental impact of widespread herbicide use.
... The toxic effects of glyphosate and its formulations have been studied in numerous aquatic organisms, such as various algae species [51,52], crustaceans (e.g., Daphnia magna) [53], mollusks [54], fish [55], and amphibians [56]. Based on the results of ecotoxicological testing performed on a wide range of aquatic plant and animal organisms, the damage to different physiological and behavioral functions was demonstrated [20]. ...
The occurrence of the market-leading glyphosate active ingredient in surface waters is a globally observed phenomenon. Although co-formulants in pesticide formulations were considered inactive components from the aspects of the required main biological effect of the pesticide, several studies have proven the high individual toxicity of formulating agents, as well as the enhanced combined toxicity of the active ingredients and other components. Since the majority of active ingredients are present in the form of chemical mixtures in our environment, the possible combined toxicity between active ingredients and co-formulants is particularly important. To assess the individual and combined phytotoxicity of the components, glyphosate was tested in the form of pure active ingredient (glyphosate isopropylammonium salt) and herbicide formulations (Roundup Classic and Medallon Premium) formulated with a mixture of polyethoxylated tallow amines (POEA) or alkyl polyglucosides (APG), respectively. The order of acute toxicity was as follows for Roundup Classic: glyphosate < herbicide formulation < POEA. However, the following order was demonstrated for Medallon Premium: herbicide formulation < glyphosate < APG. Increased photosynthetic activity was detected after the exposure to the formulation (1.5–5.8 mg glyphosate/L and 0.5–2.2 mg POEA/L) and its components individually (glyphosate: 13–27.2 mg/L, POEA: 0.6–4.8 mg/L), which indicates hormetic effects. However, decreased photosynthetic activity was detected at higher concentrations of POEA (19.2 mg/L) and Roundup Classic (11.6–50.6 mg glyphosate/L). Differences were demonstrated in the sensitivity of the selected algae species and, in addition to the individual and combined toxicity of the components presented in the glyphosate-based herbicides. Both of the observed inhibitory and stimulating effects can adversely affect the aquatic ecosystems and water quality of surface waters.
... However, various authors have documented that pure glyphosate may be relatively less toxic to aquatic organisms (Bridi et al., 2017). However, its formulations are often more toxic to aquatic organisms because of the addition of surfactants which are used to improve its penetration into plants (Fiorino et al., 2018). This confirmed that shrimp were highly sensitive to glyphosate-based herbicide formulations. ...
Glyphosate, a widely used agricultural herbicide, poses a risk of aquatic contamination. This study assessed the acute toxicity of glyphosate in the shrimp Palaemon adspersus (Decapoda, Palaemonidae). The sublethal (LC10 and LC25) and lethal (LC50 and LC90) concentrations were estimated after 24 and 96 hours of exposure. The compound was added to rearing water at LC25 and LC50– for 96 hours during the exposure phase (24, 48, 72, and 96 hours). Shrimp were then transferred to clean seawater and collected during the recovery phase (24, 48, 72, and 96 hours). Enzymatic activities in shrimp heads and flesh fragments were measured for acetylcholinesterase, gluthatione S-transferase, and malondialdehyde, followed by lipid quantification. Toxicological data indicated the toxicity of glyphosate against shrimp, exhibiting a dose-response effect. Lethal concentrations LC10, 25, 50, 90 were 1.15, 1.25, 1.35, 1.59 mg/L after 24 hours and 0.99, 1.06, 1.14, 1.31 mg/L after 96 hours. Two-way ANOVA during the treatment phase showed significant (P < 0.05) effects of glyphosate concentration and treatment time on all the biomarkers. During the recovery phase, shrimp compensated for herbicide effects, demonstrating acute toxicity that caused oxidative stress and neurotoxic effects at sublethal concentrations. Careful control is recommended to minimise the negative impacts on non-target aquatic organisms.
... Сyprinid fishes include more than 2900 species [2]. However, it is common carp that has a share of 14% among commercial fish grown in aquaculture conditions worldwide [3,4]. Nevertheless, one of the factors directly affecting the productivity and meat quality of fish is their diseases caused by parasites. ...
Tne main goal of this research was to determine the ultrastructural characteristics of Paradilepis scolecina (Rudolphi, 1819) metacestode, which was first recorded in the territory of Azerbaijan in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758), and the pathological changes occurring in the ultrastructure of the parasite due to the effect of ZnO nanoparticles on the helminth. For this, light, electron microscopic methods and statistical analyses were used. Nanoparticles (ZnO) at 10 mg were used in vivo against parasites localized in the body cavity of common carp. The helminths collected from both control and experimental groups were studied by preparing araldite-epon blocks and taking semi-and ultrathin sections. Parasite and its capsule ultrastructure of were determined and main taxonomic features compared with the data of other researchers. It was found that due to the effect of nanoparticles (ZnO), numerous destructive changes occur in the fat tissue of intestinal mesentery where the parasite is localized, in all three layers (serous, fibrillar and hyalin layers) of the capsule of helminth, and in different layers of the parasite's body wall (tegument). It was determined that at higher magnifications (>100 000) on Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) under experimental conditions ZnO nanoparticles used are bioaccumulated in the wall of the capsule and in the body of the parasite and their size is 10-15 nm. The zinc oxide nanoparticles used have antiparasitic properties and in the future it can be used for different fish helminthiasis.
... They can serve as vectors for various pollutants and emerging contaminants in marine organisms [9]. Chemical additives used in plastic manufacturing, environmental contaminants absorbed on plastic surfaces, and heavy metals can have harmful effects on marine biota, including disruption of metabolic and reproductive activity, weakened immune response, oxidative stress, cellular toxicity, inflammation, and even cancer [5] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]. ...
The pervasive presence of microplastics in marine environments has raised significant concerns. This review addresses the pressing issue of microplastic pollution in marine ecosystems and its potential implications for both the environment and human health. It outlines the current state of microplastic occurrence, distribution, and extraction methods within marine organisms. Microplastics have emerged as a significant environmental concern due to their harmful effects on ecosystems and their potential human health risks. These particles infiltrate marine environments through runoff and atmospheric deposition, ultimately contaminating beaches and posing threats to marine life. Despite the gravity of this issue, there has been limited research on the presence and distribution of microplastics in marine organisms. This review aims to bridge this knowledge gap by comprehensively examining the occurrence, distribution, and various extraction methods used to detect mi-croplastics in marine organisms. It emphasizes the urgent need for targeted measures to manage microplastic pollution, highlights the significant role of human activities in contributing to this problem, and underscores the importance of reducing human-induced pollution to safeguard marine ecosystems. While this paper contributes to the understanding of microplastic pollution in marine environments and underscores the critical importance of taking action to protect marine organisms and preserve our oceans for future generations, it also emphasizes that, in effectively tackling the microplastic problem, a well-coordinated approach is essential, involving research initiatives, policy adjustments, public involvement, and innovative technologies. Crucially, prompt and resolute responses must exist to counteract the escalating peril posed by microplastics to the oceans and the global environment.
... Few studies have evaluated the toxicity of glyphosate on freshwater organisms [36][37][38]. In this study, glyphosate median lethal concentration value for 96 h was 748.92 µg.L -1 . ...
Urban and agricultural runoffs can transport contaminants and pesticides into freshwater ecosystems, particularly in the developing tropics. For instance, organophosphate and pyrethroids pesticides like glyphosate, malathion, and permethrin have been found in tropical streams. The uncontrolled application of these pesticides has become a growing concern due to their adverse effects on various non-targeted organisms. Unfortunately, most studies have focused on a few selected model species, ignoring the effects on other nontarget organisms, which may play an important role in tropical lotic ecosystems. In addition, the biological characteristics of aquatic crustaceans, including their morphology, physiology, and behavior, make them susceptible to toxic chemicals. For this reason, this study used the widely distributed freshwater shrimp Xiphocaris elongata as a model organism to determine the acute toxicity of permethrin, malathion, and glyphosate. Our results show that the proportion of mortality of X. elongata in each concentration group became progressively higher as the concentration of exposure increased. We also found that the synthetic pyrethroid permethrin is the most toxic pesticide tested, followed by organophosphate malathion and glyphosate. Experiments with this freshwater shrimp showed a good control performance and reproducibility for the tested pesticides. This study demonstrated that X. elongata is a suitable test organism that can be a representative bioindicator of pesticide toxicity in tropical streams.
... (increase of enzyme superoxide dismutase), 10 fish (increase in mortality, decrease in cell viability, inhibited mitochondrial complex enzymatic activity, and ultrastructural changes in the ovarian follicular), [11][12][13] amphibians (morphogenesis abnormalities, micronuclei formation, and erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities), 14,15 rats (decrease in total counting sperm and the weight of seminal vesicle), 16,17 and humans (sperm motility). 18,19 Among these organisms, fish are considered bioindicators of aquatic environments, and because they are subject to various toxic compounds, they can ingest or accumulate them through feeding. ...
Glyphosate‐based herbicides (GBH) have been commonly used in agriculture to inhibit weed growth and increase yields. However, due to the high solubility of these herbicides in water, they can reach aquatic environments, by infiltration, erosion, and/or lixiviation, affecting non target organisms. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the toxicity of GBH Roundup WG® (RWG®) during the embryonic and larval development of Danio rerio . Embryos (3 hours post fertilization, hpf–until hatching) and larvae (3 days post fertilization, dpf to 6 dpf) were exposed to concentrations of 0.065 and 6.5 mg L ⁻¹ . They were evaluated for survival, hatching, spontaneous movements, heartbeat, morphology, and morphometry by in vivo photographs in microscope, cell proliferation and apoptosis by immunohistochemistry, and exploratory behavior and phototropism by video recording. Our results showed an increase in embryo and larvae mortality in those exposed to 0.065 mg L ⁻¹ , as well as a reduction in spontaneous embryo movements. The larval heartbeats showed a decrease at 4 dpf in the group exposed to 0.065 mg L ⁻¹ and an increase at 5 and 6 dpf in both exposed groups. Cell proliferation was reduced in both groups exposed in embryos and only in the 0.065 mg L ⁻¹ group in larvae, while cell death increased in embryos exposed to 6.5 mg L ⁻¹ . These results demonstrated the toxic effect of low concentrations of the herbicide RWG® during embryonic and larval development of non target organisms, as well as the importance of constantly reviewing acceptable limits for exposure in natural environments.
... The toxic effects of this xenobiotic involve different biological aspects and are not limited only to survival but extend to alterations in metabolism [14]. Fiorino et al. [15] reported acute concentration of glyphosate as an active substance of many herbicides addition to the hatching retardation of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and zebrafish (Danio rerio), led to a significant reduction in the survival rate and growth. Also, there were significant correlations between acute concentrations of glyphosate and their physical structure changes, including eye diameter and heartbeat in early life stages. ...
... The International Agency for Research on Cancer reports on glyphosate's ability to induce cancerogenesis in humans [18]. For years, numerous studies have been conducted to assess the effects of this herbicide on different animal populations [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. The toxic effects of glyphosate were studied on different classes of vertebrates. ...
The presence of pesticides and their potential toxic effects on fish can pose a threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of commercial formulations of glyphosate (Roundup) on the survival rate, hematological parameters, and tissues (gills and liver) of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). For these purposes, we exposed the fish to 0, 50, 100, and 150 mL L −1 of Roundup for 96 hr. Results showed a significant correlation between the fish's mortality rate and pesticide concentrations (p<0:01); the LC 50 96 hr of Roundup was 75.838 mL L −1 in the present study. The concentrations above 50 mL L −1 induced significant tissue lesions seen as lamellar aneurism, leukocyte infiltration, distal hyperplasia, cloudy swelling, macrophage aggregates, and necrosis in the gills and liver. We also reported a significant correlation between the severity of tissue damage and Roundup concentration. The hematocrit, hemoglobin, white, and red blood cell count significantly reduced after 96 hr of exposure to 100 and 150 mL L −1. The opposite trend was reported for concentrations of glucose, albumin, cholesterol, total protein, and triglycerides. Finally, the fish exposed to 100 and 150 mL L −1 of Roundup displayed some clinical signs, such as increasing operculum movement, darkening the skin, and swimming near the surface during the movement test. Overall, our results showed that concentrations of Roundup higher than 50 mL L −1 can induce various toxic effects and significantly reduce the survival chance of juvenile grass carp. Roundup altered fish behavior, tissue functioning, and biochemical processes. In this study, we provided some basic knowledge about the effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide on aquatic organisms and possible environmental management.
... Moreover, similar to the results reported here in planarians, non-lethality effects with pure glyphosate were often only seen at concentrations that also induced significant lethality (Sulukan et al, 2017;García-Espiñeira et al, 2018;Gaur and Bhargava, 2019;Lu et al, 2022). A few sublethal developmental effects, such as malformations and premature hatching (Fiorino et al, 2018), have been observed in some developing zebrafish studies, though in other studies these same phenotypes were either not present or only at lethal concentrations (Sulukan et al, 2017;de Brito Rodrigues et al, 2019;Gaur and Bhargava, 2019). Sublethal behavioral effects on head thrashing have also been observed after 24 h glyphosate exposure in nematodes (Wang et al, 2017). ...
Introduction: Glyphosate is a widely used, non-selective herbicide. Glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are considered safe for non-target organisms and environmentally benign at currently allowed environmental exposure levels. However, their increased use in recent years has triggered questions about possible adverse outcomes due to low dose chronic exposure in animals and humans. While the toxicity of GBHs has primarily been attributed to glyphosate, other largely unstudied components of GBHs may be inherently toxic or could act synergistically with glyphosate. Thus, comparative studies of glyphosate and GBHs are needed to parse out their respective toxicity.
Methods: We performed such a comparative screen using pure glyphosate and two popular GBHs at the same glyphosate acid equivalent concentrations in the freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica . This planarian has been shown to be a useful model for both ecotoxicology and neurotoxicity/developmental neurotoxicity studies. Effects on morphology and various behavioral readouts were obtained using an automated screening platform, with assessments on day 7 and day 12 of exposure. Adult and regenerating planarians were screened to allow for detection of developmentally selective effects.
Results: Both GBHs were more toxic than pure glyphosate. While pure glyphosate induced lethality at 1 mM and no other effects, both GBHs induced lethality at 316 μM and sublethal behavioral effects starting at 31.6 μM in adult planarians. These data suggest that glyphosate alone is not responsible for the observed toxicity of the GBHs. Because these two GBHs also include other active ingredients, namely diquat dibromide and pelargonic acid, respectively, we tested whether these compounds were responsible for the observed effects. Screening of the equivalent concentrations of pure diquat dibromide and pure pelargonic acid revealed that the toxicity of either GBH could not be explained by the active ingredients alone.
Discussion: Because all compounds induced toxicity at concentrations above allowed exposure levels, our data indicates that glyphosate/GBH exposure is not an ecotoxicological concern for D. japonica planarians. Developmentally selective effects were not observed for all compounds. Together, these data demonstrate the usefulness of high throughput screening in D. japonica planarians for assessing various types of toxicity, especially for comparative studies of several chemicals across different developmental stages.
