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The use of antibiotics has been, and continues to be the main control strategy for avian salmonellosis, as well as typhoid and paratyphoid fevers in humans. Resistance of Salmonella to commonly used antimicrobials is increasing both in the veterinary and human health sectors and has emerged as a global problem. This resistance has been linked to th...
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... bark, differences were observed at the level of their yields as well as their physical features. Table 2 shows the yields, the color and physical appearance of the various extracts of C. schweinfurthii: yields varied from 0.396 to 1.843, while the color varied from brown to dark. As far as the physical appearance is concerned, the extracts were tender, powder or crystal. ...
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Citations
... According to Kuete scale, an extract have a significant activity when MIC is lower than 100 μg/ml, moderate activity when 100 < CMI ≤ 625 µg/ml and weak activity when MIC is higher than 625 μg/ml. [19] The 95% ethanol extracts and hydroethanolic 70% were the most active showing the same MIC (128 µg/ml) vis-à-vis STS and ST. The extracts of Khaya grandifoliola exhibited variable antisalmonellal activities against the tested pathogens (from 128 to 1024 µg/ml). ...
Salmonella infections remain a significant problem in the veterinary and human health sector. In addition, the inappropriate use of antibiotics as growth factor or against infectious diseases has led to resistance issues, especially in poultry farm. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antisalmonellal and antioxidant properties of Khaya grandifoliola in order to develop new control strategies against salmonellosis. The antisalmonellal properties of Khaya grandifoliola were evaluated (against two isolates and one strain of Salmonella) by serial dilution method while the antioxidant activities and phytochemical screening were performed using standard methods. The result showed that the 95% ethanol and hydroethanolic 70% extracts of Khaya grandifoliola were the most active against Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Typhi, having the same MIC (128 µg/ml). For the DPPH • radical scavenging activity, all the hydroethanolic extracts and decoction showed IC 50 ˂ 12.5 µg/ml while the IC 50 of infusion and the maceration were 39.57 µg/ml and 15.16 µg/ml, respectively. In the FRAP assay, the reducing power of the 70% ethanol extract is the highest of all the extracts (1.46) at a concentration of 50 μg/ml followed by 50% and 30% ethanolic extracts. At 200 µg/ml, the WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES SJIF Impact Factor 7.632 Yamako Konack et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 95% ethanol extracts, 70% and the infusion showed the strongest reducing power of iron (1.41). At the highest concentration (200 µg/ml), the anti-radical power of hydroxyl is highest for the 95% extracts (11.00), followed by maceration and 30% hydroethanolic extract. The overall results of this study showed that extracts of Khaya grandifoliola especially the 95% ethanol extract can be successfully used as alternative treatment against salmonellosis.
... According to Kuete scale, an extract have a significant activity when MIC is lower than 100 μg/ml, moderate activity when 100 < CMI ≤ 625 µg/ml and weak activity when MIC is higher than 625 μg/ml. [19] The 95% ethanol extracts and hydroethanolic 70% were the most active showing the same MIC (128 µg/ml) vis-à-vis STS and ST. The extracts of Khaya grandifoliola exhibited variable antisalmonellal activities against the tested pathogens (from 128 to 1024 µg/ml). ...
Salmonella infections remain a significant problem in the veterinary and human health sector. In addition, the inappropriate use of antibiotics as growth factor or against infectious diseases has led to resistance issues, especially in poultry farm. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antisalmonellal and antioxidant properties of Khaya grandifoliola in order to develop new control strategies against salmonellosis. The antisalmonellal properties of Khaya grandifoliola were evaluated (against two isolates and one strain of Salmonella) by serial dilution method while the antioxidant activities and phytochemical screening were performed using standard methods. The result showed that the 95% ethanol and hydroethanolic 70% extracts of Khaya grandifoliola were the most active against Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Typhi, having the same MIC (128 µg/ml). For the DPPH • radical scavenging activity, all the hydroethanolic extracts and decoction showed IC 50 ˂ 12.5 µg/ml while the IC 50 of infusion and the maceration were 39.57 µg/ml and 15.16 µg/ml, respectively. In the FRAP assay, the reducing power of the 70% ethanol extract is the highest of all the extracts (1.46) at a concentration of 50 μg/ml followed by 50% and 30% ethanolic extracts. At 200 µg/ml, the WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES SJIF Impact Factor 7.632 Yamako Konack et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 95% ethanol extracts, 70% and the infusion showed the strongest reducing power of iron (1.41). At the highest concentration (200 µg/ml), the anti-radical power of hydroxyl is highest for the 95% extracts (11.00), followed by maceration and 30% hydroethanolic extract. The overall results of this study showed that extracts of Khaya grandifoliola especially the 95% ethanol extract can be successfully used as alternative treatment against salmonellosis.
... Acids tiricullane constitute the main compounds present in Canarium species (Billet et al. 1971;Ragasa et al. 2014;Maffo et al. 2019). Previous work on antisalmonellal activity of Canarium schweinfurthii showed that its hydro-ethanolic extract was active both in vitro and in vivo against several serotypes of Salmonella (Sokoudjou et al. 2018;. In the course of our continuing search for secondary metabolites with antisalmonellal activity, we investigated the chloroform soluble fraction from crude hydro-ethanolic extract of Canarium schweinfurthii and isolated one new tirucallane triterpene and three known analogues whose structures and antisalmonellal activity are discussed in the present work. ...
One new tirucallane triterpene named as canarimoic acid (1), and
three known analogues: 3b-hydroxytirucalla-8,24-dien-21-oic acid (2),
3a-acetyltirucalla-8,24-diene-21oic acid (3) and 3-oxotirucalla-8,24-
dien-21-oic (4) were isolated from the hydro-ethanolic crude extract
of Canarium schweinfurthii. Their structures were established by
extensive analysis of 1 D and 2 D NMR data in conjunction with
mass spectrometry and by comparison with those reported in the
literature. The evaluation of their antisalmonellal activity using broth
microdilution method showed that compound 3 was the most
active (MIC ¼16 mg/mL) against Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella
Typhimurium followed by compound 1 (MIC¼ 32 mg/mL) against
Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Enteritidis.
... The large majority of salmonellosis in humans is carried by foodstuffs; mainly those of avian origin [10,20,21], therefore controlling avian salmonellosis by using plant could significantly reduce the prevalence of human gastroenteritis [20]. Several studies have focused on medicinal plants as new control strategies for human salmonellosis [22,23] or avian salmonellosis [24][25][26][27][28]. But, to our knowledge, no phytomedicine has yet been formulated to control avian salmonellosis. ...
... This plant is mainly found in equatorial forest regions from Cameroon, Central African Republic, Gabon to Congo [30] and is used in folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases including malaria, diarrhea and Typhoid fever [31,32]. Previous studies of Sokoudjou et al. [20,28] showed that the hydroethanolic extracts of Canarium schweinfurthii were active both in vitro and in vivo against several serotypes of Salmonella. The objective of this work was to isolate, characterise the bioactive compounds of Canarium schweinfurthii; and evaluate their anti-salmonellal activity. ...
... Plant extracts as well as traditionally improved drugs are one of the promising ways to combat human salmonellosis [23,47,49]. Several authors [22,23,28,[50][51][52][53] have shown that plant extracts depending on their concentrations are active both in vitro and in vivo against several Salmonella serotypes. Most of these extracts treat salmonellosis in the same range of time as conventional medicines. ...
... The large majority of salmonellosis in humans is carried by foodstuffs; mainly those of avian origin [10,20,21], therefore controlling avian salmonellosis by using plant could significantly reduce the prevalence of human gastroenteritis [20]. Several studies have focused on medicinal plants as new control strategies for human salmonellosis [22,23] or avian salmonellosis [24][25][26][27][28]. But, to our knowledge, no phytomedicine has yet been formulated to control avian salmonellosis. ...
... This plant is mainly found in equatorial forest regions from Cameroon, Central African Republic, Gabon to Congo [30] and is used in folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases including malaria, diarrhea and Typhoid fever [31,32]. Previous studies of Sokoudjou et al. [20,28] showed that the hydroethanolic extracts of Canarium schweinfurthii were active both in vitro and in vivo against several serotypes of Salmonella. The objective of this work was to isolate, characterise the bioactive compounds of Canarium schweinfurthii; and evaluate their anti-salmonellal activity. ...
... Plant extracts as well as traditionally improved drugs are one of the promising ways to combat human salmonellosis [23,47,49]. Several authors [22,23,28,[50][51][52][53] have shown that plant extracts depending on their concentrations are active both in vitro and in vivo against several Salmonella serotypes. Most of these extracts treat salmonellosis in the same range of time as conventional medicines. ...
Background
Bacteria belonging to the Salmonella genus are major concern for health, as they are widely reported in many cases of food poisoning. The use of antibiotics remains a main stream control strategy for avian salmonellosis as well as typhoid and paratyphoid fevers in humans. Due to the growing awareness about drug resistance and toxicities, the use of antibiotics is being discouraged in many countries whilst advocating potent benign alternatives such as phyto-based medicine. The objective of this work was to isolate, characterise the bioactive compounds of Canarium schweinfurthii ; and evaluate their anti-salmonellal activity.
Methods
The hydro-ethanolic extract of Canarium schweinfurthii was fractionated and tested for their anti-salmonellal activity. The most active fractions (i.e. chloroform and ethyl acetate partition fractions) were then explored for their phytochemical constituents. Fractionation on normal phase silica gel column chromatography and size exclusion chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 led to the isolation of four compounds (maniladiol, scopoletin, ethyl gallate and gallic acid) reported for the first time in Canarium schweinfurthii .
Results
Result indicated that scopoletin and gallic acid had greater activity than the crude extracts and partition fractions. Among the isolated compounds, scopoletin showed the highest inhibitory activity with a MIC of 16 μg/ml against Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis.
Conclusions
The overall results of this study indicates that the hydro-ethanolic extract as well as some of isolated compounds have interesting anti-salmonellal activities that could be further explored for the development of potent therapy for salmonellosis. Furthermore, the study adds credence to the folkloric applications of the plant.
... Since plants are reservoirs of many bioactive compounds, their exploration could help in the development of new and more effective drugs. Our previous study [23] revealed that the hydroethanolic extract of Canarium schweinfurthii (C. schweinfurthii) exhibited a crucial antibacterial activity against Salmonella Typhimurium, a non-typhoidal Salmonella having a public health significance. ...
... The residues which constitute the crude extract were recovered in flasks and then left in an oven at 40 曟 until complete evaporation of the solvent. In our previous study [23], the hydroethanolic extract (HEE50/50) of C. schweinfurthii showed the best antimicrobial activity against Salmonella Typhimurium, that was why this extract was used to assess its in vivo therapeutic effect. ...
... The in vivo antisalmonellal efficacy of hydroethanolic extract of C. schweinfurthii could be explained by the presence of phenols, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and terpenoids in this extract as previously assessed [23]. Indeed, some compounds belonging to certain classes of these secondary metabolites (terpenoids and flavonoids) are well known for their antisalmonellal activities [40,41]. ...
Objective: To evaluate the anti-infectious and antioxidant activities of hydroethanolic extract of Canarium schweinfurthii on broiler chickens infected by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, known to be threatening public health.
Methods: Animals were divided into six groups of eight animals per group: the normal control group, negative control group, positive control group and three test groups receiving the plant extract at 5, 19 and 75 mg/kg bw, respecively. The evolution of the disease as well as the effectiveness of the treatment were monitored by stool culture from the second day post infection until the end of the treatment. In addition, the effects of treatment on growth performances and feed conversion efficiency of broilers were evaluated. For the assessment of antioxidant status, enzymatic and non-enzymatic biomarkers such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide were evaluated in the serum and tissues of animals.
Results: The infected chickens treated with oxytetracycline recovered on day 7 after treatment, while animals treated with 19 and 75 mg/kg of Canarium schweinfurthii extract recovered on day 9 and those with 5 mg/kg of the extract on day 10. Salmonella infection caused a decrease on catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities; the administration of various doses of Canarium schweinfurthii extract increased these enzymatic activities. Animals receiving the extract at 5 mg/kg showed a significant increase in catalase activity in serum, heart and lungs while all concentrations of the extract significantly increased glutathione peroxidase activity in the serum, liver and spleen. Concerning non-enzymatic biomarkers, Salmonella infection caused a significant increase of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde concentration in the liver and lungs. Treatment with 75 mg/kg of the extract significantly reduced nitric oxide concentration in the heart and lungs while each dose of the extract reduced and normalized the malondialdehyde level in the serum. Additionally, malondialdehyde production was significantly decreased in the liver, heart and lungs after administration of Canarium schweinfurthii extract at all doses.
Conclusions: The hydroethanolic extract of Canarium schweinfurthii attenuates oxidative stress, and is effective in the treatment of avian salmonellosis.
... The incidence of salmonellosis caused by Salmonella which cause damage both in humans and animals has increased considerably in recent decades [1,2]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 21 million cases of disease and approximately 161,000 deaths due to typhoid fever occur each year worldwide [3]. ...
... These results are in agreement with those of Kushwah, et al. [34], Prakash, et al. [23] who had obtained similar antioxidant activities with methanol extracts of T. grandis. However, these studies are in agreement with those of Kodjio, et al. [35], Djoueudam, et al. [36 ] and Sokoudjou, et al. [2] who showed the mixed anti-salmonellal and antioxidant activity of some medicinal plants. ...
Aim: Study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antisalmonellal and antioxidant properties of Tectona grandis, a medicinal plant commonly used in traditional Cameroonian medicine for the treatment of typhoid fever. Study Design: In vitro Antimicrobial and antioxidant analyses of plant extract using established protocols. Place and Duration of Study: Plant materiel collection at Loum (Moungo Division, Littoral region of Cameroon), identification at the National Herbarium of Cameroon, extraction of plant and all analyses at the Research Unit of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang-Cameroon, between August 2018 and April 2019. Methodology: In vitro antisalmonellal activity of Tectona grandis extracts was evaluated by the liquid microdilution method as well as their antioxidant activity using by standard methods of H2O2 trapping, FRAP, DPPH radical trapping and OH radical trapping. Quantification test of total phenols and flavonoids and phytochemical screening of extract were also done. Results: The results showed that most of the Tectona grandis extracts had minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 64 to 1024 μg/mL. Ethanolic extract, 70% ethanol extract and aqueous decoction are the most effective compared to aqueous extracts with activities between 64 and 128 μg/mL on the bacteria tested. Antioxidant tests showed that all extracts except macerated and aqueous infused extracts exhibited high DPPH trapping activities. The antioxidant activities of the extracts are proportionally linked in most cases to their flavonoid and total phenol contents at a concentration of 200 µg/mL. Aqueous decoction showed better H2O2 trapping activity at concentrations less than or equal to 25 µg/mL. Conclusion: These results show that the ethanolic extract and decocted aqueous of Tectona grandis leaves can be used as an alternative to treat salmonellosis.
... Since plants are reservoirs of many bioactive compounds, their exploration could help in the development of new and more effective drugs. Our previous study [23] revealed that the hydroethanolic extract of Canarium schweinfurthii (C. schweinfurthii) exhibited a crucial antibacterial activity against Salmonella Typhimurium, a non-typhoidal Salmonella having a public health significance. ...
... The residues which constitute the crude extract were recovered in flasks and then left in an oven at 40 曟 until complete evaporation of the solvent. In our previous study [23], the hydroethanolic extract (HEE50/50) of C. schweinfurthii showed the best antimicrobial activity against Salmonella Typhimurium, that was why this extract was used to assess its in vivo therapeutic effect. ...
... The in vivo antisalmonellal efficacy of hydroethanolic extract of C. schweinfurthii could be explained by the presence of phenols, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and terpenoids in this extract as previously assessed [23]. Indeed, some compounds belonging to certain classes of these secondary metabolites (terpenoids and flavonoids) are well known for their antisalmonellal activities [40,41]. ...
Objective: To evaluate the anti-infectious and antioxidant activities of hydroethanolic extract of Canarium schweinfurthii on broiler chickens infected by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, known to be threatening public health.
Methods: Animals were divided into six groups of eight animals per group: the normal control group, negative control group, positive control group and three test groups receiving the plant extract at 5, 19 and 75 mg/kg bw, respecively. The evolution of the disease as well as the effectiveness of the treatment were monitored by stool culture from the second day post infection until the end of the treatment. In addition, the effects of treatment on growth performances and feed conversion efficiency of broilers were evaluated. For the assessment of antioxidant status, enzymatic and non-enzymatic biomarkers such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide were evaluated in the serum and tissues of animals.
Results: The infected chickens treated with oxytetracycline recovered on day 7 after treatment, while animals treated with 19 and 75 mg/kg of Canarium schweinfurthii extract recovered on day 9 and those with 5 mg/kg of the extract on day 10. Salmonella infection caused a decrease on catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities; the administration of various doses of Canarium schweinfurthii extract increased these enzymatic activities. Animals receiving the extract at 5 mg/kg showed a significant increase in catalase activity in serum, heart and lungs while all concentrations of the extract significantly increased glutathione peroxidase activity in the serum, liver and spleen. Concerning non-enzymatic biomarkers, Salmonella infection caused a significant increase of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde concentration in the liver and lungs. Treatment with 75 mg/kg of the extract significantly reduced nitric oxide concentration in the heart and lungs while each dose of the extract reduced and normalized the malondialdehyde level in the serum. Additionally, malondialdehyde production was significantly decreased in the liver, heart and lungs after administration of Canarium schweinfurthii extract at all doses.
Conclusions: The hydroethanolic extract of Canarium schweinfurthii attenuates oxidative stress, and is effective in the treatment of avian salmonellosis.
