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Xylaria tentaculata. A, Natural habitat of X. tentaculata; B, Mature specimen (KA14-0730); C, Swollen region at the base of the tentacle-like appendages when immature (indicated by arrow); D, Stromata surface under a microscope; E, F, Perithecia (stained with 1% phloxine and 1% Congo red solutions); G~I, Asci with ascospores; J, Ascospores; K, Conidiophores; L, Conidia; M, Sclerotium-like structures on oatmeal agar media (after ca. 3 months; KA13-1324C) (scale bars: A, B = 1 cm, C = 5 mm, D, I~L = 10 µm, E = 200 µm, F = 100 µm, G, H = 20 µm, M = 15 mm).
Source publication
During a Korean mushroom diversity survey from 2011 to 2014, we found one new Xylaria species (X. ripicola sp. nov.) and one Xylaria species that had not been previously observed in Korea (X. tentaculata). To confirm the phylogenetic placement of the new species, we conducted a phylogenetic investigation based on internal transcribed spacer regions...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... not observed on stromata. Culture not obtained. Xylaria tentaculata Ravenel ex Berk., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 10: 381 (1869) (Fig. ...
Context 2
... is clearly distinct in the context of morphology and phylogeny (Fig. 2) [25][26][27][28]. Interestingly, anamorphic structures are difficult to find in mature X. tentaculata, which was also mentioned by Callan and Rogers [5] and Roger et al. [24]. Additionally, this species produces sclerotium-like structures in OA medium after ca. 3 months (see Fig. 5), but we did not observe anamorphic and teleomorphic structures in culture, even after prolonged incubation ...
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Citations
... Many species in this genus exhibit significant changes in their stromata morphology at different development stages [4]. They are generally characterized by cylindrical or filamentous upright stromata with a pale interior, asci with amyloid apical rings that turn blue in an iodine solution, eight brown unicellular ascospores with germ slit, and geniculosporiumlike conidiophores [2,[5][6][7]. To date, most reported Xylaria species grow on wood and branches, few grow on fallen fruits and seeds, termite nests and soil, and fallen leaves and petioles [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Fallen leaves and petioles are one of the growth substrates of Xylaria species. ...
Xylaria is a widely distributed genus in the Ascomycota phylum that can decompose wood. It is an essential decomposer in ecosystems and a source of bioactive secondary metabolites. Based on morphological characteristics and molecular evidence, this article thoroughly describes two new species discovered on the fallen leaves in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, along with illustrations and comparisons with similar species. Xylaria diaoluoshanensis is characterized by filamentous stromata with long infertile apexes, ascospores sometimes with non-cellular appendages. Xylaria fulvotomentosa differentiates itself from other Xylaria species that grow on fallen leaves by its stroma surface, being yellow tomentose. These two new species of the genus Xylaria were found by phylogenetic analysis using the ITS-β-tubulin-RPB2 sequence dataset. Furthermore, a species first discovered in China, X. petchii, is described. Finally, a search table for 44 species related to fallen leaves and petioles in the world is established.
... The Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) is the conserved region and usually has been targeted for fungal identification due to being highly conserved inside the same species and variable among species in this region. (Kim et al., 2016;Raja et al., 2017). However, in several fungal taxa, molecular identification using ITS alone could not be certain. ...
An ascomycete morphologically similar to the genus Xylaria Hill ex Schrank (Xylariaceae, Ascomycota) associated with the infected roots and crop debris of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and corn roots collected from the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Morpho-anatomical, cultural, and molecular work revealed it to be a new species. Illustrated morphological description, phylogenetic analysis and comparison with similar species, are also presented.
Background:
Xylaria collections from termite nests with dichotomously branched stromata have been identified as X. furcata. However, Léveillé's original material is no longer available, and the modern interpretation of X. furcata is based on a 1908 collection made by von Höhnel from termite nests at Buitenzorg Botanical Garden in Java. A packet of this von Höhnel material at FH was designated as the neotype by Rogers et al. in 2005.
Results:
We reexamined the neotype from FH and its duplicates from various herbaria and found that three different species were mixed in these specimens. Despite that all of them have dichotomously branched stromata and tiny ascospores, only one fits the 2005 neotypification of X. furcata, where exposed perithecial mounds on the stromatal surface were unambiguously indicated. This portion of material is redesignated as the neotype, while the other two species with immersed perithecia are described as new: X. hoehnelii and X. robustifurcata. The ITS sequence obtained from the neotype helped us designate a specimen with cultures obtained from it as the epitype. From specimens identifiable as X. furcata, we describe four new species: X. brevifurcata, X. furcatula, X. insignifurcata, and X. tenellifurcata. Additionally, we recognize X. furcata var. hirsuta at the species level as X. hirsuta and consider X. scoparia a distinct species rather than a synonym of X. furcata. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on three protein-coding loci showed that X. furcata and resembling species were grouped into two clusters: the X. furcata cluster with half-exposed to fully exposed perithecial mounds and the X. hoehnelii cluster with largely immersed perithecial mounds.
Conclusion:
Ten species are recognized for X. furcata and resembling species, all of which could have been identified as X. furcata in the past. Its diversity has been overlooked primarily due to the small and similar stromata. Several additional species have been confirmed to be related to X. furcata by DNA sequences but are yet to be described due to the lack of mature stromata. While the species diversity of macrotermitine termites is equally high in Africa as in Asia, all of the species are primarily found in Asia, with X. hirsuta as the only exception. This suggests that there may be many more undiscovered species for this fungal group.
The soil-inhabiting X. guepini was originally described from France in the early 19th century but has since been collected only infrequently. A collection of X. guepini in excellent condition was made, allowing us to study its sexual morph closely and to obtain cultures, from which we describe its Xylocladium-like asexual morph for the first time. Molecular phylogenetic analyses confirmed X. guepini belonging to Xylaria subg. Pseudoxylaria, within which it formed a subclade together with two other soil-inhabiting species, X. coprinicola and X. terricola.
Three new species of Xylaria on fallen leaves in Hainan Province of China are described and illustrated, based on morphological and molecular evidence. Xylaria hedyosmicola is found on fallen leaves of Hedyosmum orientale and featured by thread-like stromata with a long sterile filiform apex. Phylogenetically, X. hedyosmicola is closely related to an undescribed Xylaria sp. from Hawaii Island, USA and morphologically similar to X. vagans. Xylaria lindericola is found on fallen leaves of Lindera robusta and characterised by its subglobose stromata and a long filiform stipe. It is phylogenetically closely related to X. sicula f. major. Xylaria polysporicola is found on fallen leaves of Polyspora hainanensis , it is distinguished by upright or prostrate stromata and ascospores sometimes with a slimy sheath or non-cellular appendages. Xylaria polysporicola is phylogenetically closely related to X. amphithele and X. ficicola. An identification key to the ten species on fallen leaves in China is given.
The diversity of Xylaria species associated with termite nests in northeast Thailand was investigated. Among the 14 taxa included in this study, 11 species and one variety were described as new, and another two species resemble the existing taxa, X. escharoidea and X. nigripes. The newly described taxa are X. chaiyaphumensis, X. conica, X. fulvescens, X. ischnostroma, X. margaretae, X. minima, X. reinkingii var. microspora, X. siamensis, X. sihanonthii, X. subintraflava, X. thienhirunae, and X. vinacea. Their morphological and cultural characteristics are described and illustrated, and their ITS, α-actin and β-tubulin sequences were analysed. A dichotomous key to the 17 species of Xylaria occurring in Thailand is provided.
