Figure - available from: Environmental Geochemistry and Health
This content is subject to copyright. Terms and conditions apply.
Source publication
In order to understand the processes of stone formation, compositional, spectroscopic, mineralogical and crystallographic characteristics of human urinary stones collected from patients in Sri Lanka were investigated in detail. The data showed that the majority of urinary calculi were calcium oxalate, either whewellite or weddellite. Other solid ph...
Similar publications
Purpose:
This study aimed to predict the composition of urolithiasis using deep learning from urinary stone images.
Materials and methods:
We classified 1,332 stones into 31 classes according to the stone composition. The top 4 classes with a frequency of 110 or more (class 1: calcium oxalate monohydrate [COM] 100%, class 2: COM 80%+struvite 20%...
Citations
... While UTIs occur due to infections of bacteria, viz. Escherichia coli (3), Klebsiella pneumoniae (4), Pseudomonas aeruginosa etc. (5,6), kidney and urinary tract stones primarily occur due to accumulation of calcium, phosphate or oxalates (7). These stones might continue to grow indefinitely, creating secondary issues that could seriously harm the patient's life. ...
Natural products derived from plants have essential biological parts in contradiction of many pathogenic organisms and are considered a principal source of modern synthetic drugs. A thorough field survey of ethnomedicinal plants was conducted between the months of July, 2022 to December, 2022 in three districts of Assam, namely Nalbari, Sonitpur and Tinsukia. Indigenous knowledge of the traditional medicines used for Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), Urinary Tract stones or kidney stones were gathered based on personal interviews and questionnaires. Medicinal plants with their family, local names, parts used and target diseases were documented. A total of 51 species were documented; of which, amaranthaceae family showed the highest number of species (6), followed by malvaceae (4), fabaceae (3), euphorbiaceae (3), asteraceae (3) etc. This survey revealed several effective medicinal plants that have significant pharmacogenetic properties, especially for UTI and kidney diseases.
... The SEM morphology of kidney stones ( Figure 4B) consists of amorphous (green oval) phases as well as whewellite (purple oval) and weddellite (blue oval) crystal phases, consistent with the literature. 50,51 After photonic lithotripsy, significant microstructural changes including micrometer-scale cracks (yellow ovals) and surface restructuring (dashed yellow circles) were clearly visible. The sharp crystal features were no longer visible, and the surface appeared flattened, suggesting changes in crystal structure. ...
... The FTIR of a calcium oxalate kidney stone ( Figure 4D) shows three major peaks at 1611, 1313, and 778 cm −1 corresponding to C�O stretch, C−O stretch, and C−C stretch, respectively, and is consistent with the literature. 50,53,56,57 After photonic lithotripsy, the white surface was scraped for analysis and compared with standard calcium carbonate. The FTIR spectra clearly show three additional peaks at 1394, 872, and 712 cm −1 corresponding to calcium carbonate peaks. ...
Near-infrared activated nanomaterials have been reported for biomedical applications ranging from photothermal tumor destruction to biofilm eradication and energy-gated drug delivery. However, the focus so far has been on soft tissues, and little is known about energy delivery to hard tissues, which have thousand-fold higher mechanical strength. We present photonic lithotripsy with carbon and gold nanomaterials for fragmenting human kidney stones. The efficacy of stone comminution is dependent on the size and photonic properties of the nanomaterials. Surface restructuring and decomposition of calcium oxalate to calcium carbonate support the contribution of photothermal energy to stone failure. Photonic lithotripsy has several advantages over current laser lithotripsy, including low operating power, noncontact laser operation (distances of at least 10 mm), and ability to break all common stones. Our observations can inspire the development of rapid, minimally invasive techniques for kidney stone treatment and extrapolate to other hard tissues such as enamel and bone.
... If not treated appropriately, it might permanently damage the kidneys. The disease is more common in the Afro-Asian region [2]. ...
Contradictory results are existed in the literature regarding the impact of trace elements on the pathogenesis of calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone patients. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the effect of Cu and Zn on biochemical and molecular characteristics of CaOx stones. Plasma and urine concentrations of Cu and Zn in 30 CaOx stones patients and 20 controls were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Urinary levels of citric acid and oxalate were measured by commercial spectrophotometric kits. Blood levels of glutathione reduced (GSH) and catalase (CAT) were determined as markers of antioxidant activity, while blood malondialdehyde (MDA) and urine level of nitric oxide (NO) were used to assess oxidative stress. Gene expression of MAPk pathway (ERK, P38, and JNK) were estimated. The plasma and urine levels of Cu were significantly increased in the patient group compared to those of controls, while the levels of Zn were decreased. Excessive urinary excretion of citric acid and oxalate were found among CaOx stone patients. The GSH and CAT concentration were significantly reduced in CaOx stones patients compared to healthy group. The plasma MDA and urine NO concentration were significantly increased in CaOx stones patients compared to control group. The expressions of the studied genes were significantly increased in CaOx stones patients. These findings suggest that alteration in Cu and Zn might contribute to pathogenesis of CaOx patients through oxidative stress and MAPK pathway genes (ERK, P38 and JNK).
... Its worldwide prevalence has increased over the past decades (Wang et al., 2021). There are four major types of kidney stones (Abboud, 2008;Chandrajith et al., 2019): (1) calcium oxalate (CaOx) or calcium phosphate (CaP); (2) struvite (infection) or magnesium ammonium phosphate; (3) uric acid stones or urate; and (4) cystine stones. The most common of these is calcium oxalate (Alelign & Petros, 2018;Hesse, 2009). ...
... The most common of these is calcium oxalate (Alelign & Petros, 2018;Hesse, 2009). To date, kidney stones have been studied for their mineralogy (e.g., Bhatt & Paul, 2008;Mukherjee, 2014;Orlando et al., 2008), micromorphology (e.g., Abboud, 2008;Chandrajith et al., 2019;Didenko et al., 2014;Khan, 2021;Racek et al., 2019), geochemistry (e.g., Keshavarzi et al., 2015;Silva et al., 2010), epidemiology (distribution in human populations), physiopathology (processes) and etiology (causes) (e.g., Afaj & Sultan, 2005;Evan, 2010;Grases et al., 1998;Knoll, 2010;Romero et al., 2010;Sarıkaya et al., 2020). Analysis and examination of kidney stones are important in the diagnosis and initial treating of a patient with urolithiasis (Grases et al., 1998). ...
This study describes the primary characteristics of the selected kidney stones surgically removed from the patients at the Mersin University Hospital in the southern Turkey and interprets their formation via petrographic, geochemical, XRD, SEM–EDX, and ICP-MS/OES analyses. The analytical results revealed that the kidney stones are composed of the minerals whewellite, struvite, hydroxyapatite, and uric acid alone or in different combinations. The samples occur in staghorn, bean-shaped composite, and individual rounded particle shapes, which are controlled by the shape of the nucleus and the site of stone formation. The cross-section of the samples shows concentric growth layers due to variations in saturation, characterizing the metastable phase. Kidney stone formation includes two main stages: (i) nucleation and (ii) aggregation and/or growth. Nucleation was either Randall plaque of hydroxyapatite in tissue on the surface of the papilla or a coating of whewellite on the plaque, or crystallization as free particles in the urine. Subsequently, aggregation or growth occurs by precipitation of stone-forming materials around the plaque or coating carried into the urine, or around the nucleus formed in situ in the urine. Urinary supersaturation is the main driving force of crystallization processes; and is controlled by many factors including bacterially induced supersaturation.
... One of the most difficult medical problems, kidney stones have spread over the world and have been linked to irreversible kidney damage and a decline in renal function [13]. Some of the reasons why kidney stones occur, however, are still a mystery [14].The four most prevalent forms of kidney stones are calcium phosphate stones, calcium oxalate stones, uric acid stones, and struvite stones [15]. Kidney stones can be composed of a variety of substances, but the most frequent are calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. ...
Exposure to heavy metals is the most serious threat to human health and biological system,Too much and too little of it does a great deal of harm, including toxicity. Recently, an increase in the incidence of renal failureIt was observed in Al-Sadr Teaching Hospital in Al-Najaf Governorate and it is a major driver for measuring the concentration of heavy metals inHuman serum, urine, and gravel. In this study, 20 (10 men and 10 women) patients with renal failure were taken against 20 (10 men and 10 women) healthy subjects.Peoples Volunteers. It was found that the level of lead in blood serum, urine, and stones, respectively, ranged between (27.3992 PPM-0.4689 PPM ppm, Mean ±SD = 7.4731 ± 19.923 ppm), (1.2978-0.0000 mg/L). , Mean ±SD = 7.4731 ± 19.923 ppm,), (64.8876 MG/KG-0.0000 MG/KG) , Mean ±SD= 11.8699 ± 54.9193 MG/KG inKidney failure patients were found (128.186 ppm-0.3015 ppm, Mean ±SD = 11.255 ± 10.923 ppm,) in the healthy group. It was found that the value of cadmium in blood serum, urine and stones, respectively, ranged (26.4340-3.9280 PPM, Mean ±SD = 9.7437 ± 5.8836 ppm), (0.2439-0.0004 mg/ L , Mean ±SD = 9.7437 ± 5.8836 ppm,),(6.5469 MG/KG-0.0000 MG/KG, Mean±SD = 0.9731 ± 5.4970 MG/KG in patients with renal failure) but on her(22.7242-2.3568 PPM, Mean ±SD = 8.322 ± 5.88 ppm, in the healthy group). It was found that the value of copper ranges from (0.4092-0.7415 ppm, mean ± SD = 0.5362 ± 0.1023 ppm in the healthy group. It was found that the value of copper in blood serum, urine, and stones, respectively, ranged from (3.6553-0.1536 ppm, Mean ±SD = 1.6772 ± 1.5244 ppm), (1.2948-0.0523 mg/L, Mean ±SD = 1.6772 ± 1.5244 ppm), (65.8539 mg/kg-0.0034 mg/kg, Mean±SD = 13.4887 ± 52.40 mg/kg in patients with renal failure) find the value of copper present (3.0410-0.2765 ppm, Mean ±SD = 1.447 ± 0.830 ppm) in the healthy group. It was found that the value of calcium in blood serum, urine and stones, respectively, ranged ((114.587-0.6347 ppm , Mean ±SD = 9.6044 ± 8.0777 ppm), ((0.3248 0.0000 mg/L , Mean ±SD = 9.6044 ± 8.0777 ppm),(114.587 MG/KG-0.6347 MG/KG, Mean ±SD = 9.5762 ± 8.60 mg/k in patients with renal failure) found the value of calcium present (32.2354-1.2695 ppm , Mean ±SD = 4.514 ± 3.2759 ppm in the healthy group. It was found that the value of chromium in blood serum, urine and stones, respectively, ranged (72.6293-3.3157 ppm, Mean ±SD = 24.69 ± 21.36 ppm),(0.5676-0.0000 mg/L , Mean ±SD = 22.7585 ± 21.673 ppm), (9.4595 MG/KG-0.0000 MG/KG, Mean ± SD = 1.8303 ± 7.60 mg/kg in patients with renal failure) Find the value of chromium present (72.6293-3.3157 ppm, Mean ±SD = 24.69 ± 21.36 ppm) in the healthy group. This study concluded that the mean chromium concentrations are highest in serum samples, then co, then cd, then pb and lowest in serum samples. It was found that average carbon dioxide concentrations were highest in urine samples, then lead, then copper, then CR, and lowest in blood serum samples.Average copper concentrations are highest in the stone, then lead, then calcium, then chromium samples and lowest in the CD serum samples. Mean heavy metal concentrations are higher in the Cr and pb serum samples of healthy subjects, whereas the mean heavy metal Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 10(1)1910-1921 2023 1911 concentrations are present in the Ca and Pb serum samples of healthy subjects. Copper and cadmium are higher in patients.
... Furthermore, in some cases multiple nucleation is considered part of stone formation (Lieske et al. 1999). In addition, sources of oxalates become dangerous when normal ora of the gastrointestinal tract is disturbed by changes in environmental conditions, and may also be affected by type of dietary intake, gender and type of gastrointestinal ora (Chandrajith et al., 2019;Sadaf et al. 2017). Khan et al. (2002) observed that altered membrane lipids promote face selective nucleation and retention of calcium oxalate crystals, an abnormal process that becomes part of the growing crystals and stones. ...
Kidney stones are precipitated when abnormal conditions within the urinary tract promotes local ions supersaturation, changes in the pH, and, in some cases, a differential bacterial influence. The most common minerals in kidney stones are calcium oxalates, followed by calcium phosphates, struvite, cystine and uric acid. In this study, the morphological and mineralogical characteristics of kidney stones were registered and applied to simplify their identification and facilitate the diagnosis. Furthermore, we performed isotopic analysis to verify the likelihood of external factors influencing kidney stones formation. In total, 160 samples of kidney stones from different patients above 18 years old were analyzed. We examined the morphological characterization macroscopically, based on features such as color, fabric and relative hardness. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) applied to mineral identification indicated that whewellite was present in 64% of the samples, followed by 14% uric acid stones and 10% struvite stones. The x-ray fluorescence (XRF) revealed that the majority of the kidney stones were formed by phosphates and calcium oxides, followed by magnesium, sodium and sulfur oxides. Isotopic analysis showed δ ¹³ C values from − 23 to -8‰ and δ ¹⁸ O values between − 12 and − 6‰ in different types of kidney stones. All the results have shown that it is possible to improve the discrimination of kidney stones based on some morphological features associated with chemical and isotopic composition. Furthermore, isotopic results have suggested that kidney stone formation can be associated with different diets and water intake.
... Chandrajith et al. [59] also investigated urinary stones using a combination of SEM-EDAX, XRD, FTIR, and ICP-MS. The authors have reported distinct morphologies of whewellite and weddellite crystals from the SEM micrographs. ...
... Taken into these experimental observations suggest that ED-XRF, including µ-XRF, are powerful analytical techniques applicable to diagnose nephrological and gastroenterological disorders. Lamelliform crystal structure [41] Rectangular or ovoid plates [43] Concentric rings plate-like [44,58] Bipyramidal crystals [45] Polyhedral crystal or pillar-like, bridge-like [53] Brick-shaped crystals [55] Laminated peripheral layered structure [59] Fans and dumbbell-like [60] Calcium oxalate dihydrate Ca, C, O, Na, Al, Cl, I, Fe, and Mn ...
... Tetragonal bipyramidal structure [43,59,60] Concentric ringsplate-like, bipyramidal structure [44,58] Polyhedral-shaped crystals [55] Brushite Ca, P, Ag, C, O, Na, Cl, Fe, and Mn ...
The genesis and growth of the stones formed inside the human body are imprinted in their structure. Thus, the pathogenesis of lithiasis must potentially be read using the proper analytical technique. Scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) is a highly suitable analytical technique that reveals a detailed description of the morphology and compositional structure and, to some extent, the formation cause of the stones such as gallbladder and kidney stones. In the present review article, we presented detailed spectroscopic investigations on the morphological and chemical compositional analysis of gallstones and kidney stones using the SEM–EDS technique. We also covered some fundamental principles of SEM techniques for understanding the new beginners in this vital field. The advanced use of SEM–EDS in gastroenterology and in nephrology is relatively new to other analytical techniques. SEM–EDS has not been used extensively in the aforementioned field. In addition to SEM–EDS, we have also highlighted using ED-XRF to analyze stone samples. This review paper will be highly beneficial to understanding the formation and growth of the stones inside the human body for its diagnosis, therapeutic strategies, and proper treatment management.
... Urinary stone formation happens in roughly 12% of the populace with a repeat rate of 70-80% in man and 47-60% in females (Kaleeswaran et al., 2018). It can likewise forever harm the kidneys, if not treated appropriately (Chandrajith et al., 2019). ...
The potential of Alhagi maurorum (Boiss.) aqueous extract (AME), used in traditional medicine for treatment or prevention of urolithiasis, to dissolve calcium oxalate stones in vitro was evaluated. In order to determine the litholytic potential of the extract, Calcium oxalate urinary stones were incubated during 12 weeks under continuous shaking in the presence of AME, Rowanix or NaCl 9 g/mL solution were used as controls. After the incubation period, the residual weight of the treated calculi was determined and the rate of dissolution was calculated. The medium pH variation was measured and changes in the calcium oxalate crystals at the stone surface were assessed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed a significant dissolution effect for the extract on the kidney calculi during the experimentation period. At the end of the experiment, the percentages of calculi weight decrease were 41.23, 4.97 and 55.67% for the extract, NaCl solution and Rowanix, respectively. Gas Chromatography analysis revealed mainly the presence of the following phyto-compounds: Cyclopropenone, 2,3-diphenyl; 1-Nonadecanol; methyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside; cis-9-Hexadecenal. These compounds unarguably play crucial roles in the health care system especially in cancer treatment and many other diseases including urolithiasis. The urinary stone dissolution, independent of medium pH, could be attributed to formation of complexes between the phytochemical compounds in the extract and the calculi.
... However, there are still questions about the etiology and element behaviors of kidney stone production [5,6]. Generally, pathological biomineralization causes kidney stones [7], and they are mixed by one or more complicated components, such as calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, and uric acid [8,9]. The formation of kidney stones is directly affected by geological conditions, diet habits, and hydrological circumstances such as water hardness by previous studies [1,[10][11][12][13]. ...
Kidney stone disease affects people globally, with its prevalence on the rise. Given the importance of elements’ function in formation of kidney stones, this study investigated major and trace element content in thirty kidney stone samples from patients in Beijing. The kidney stone samples included inorganic components (calcium oxalate and carbonate apatite) and organic components (uric acid). Results showed that Ca is much higher in inorganic components than organic components. Compared to inorganic components, uric acid has a very low content of elements except for Cu and Se, which may be derived from the liver. Carbonate apatite stones have a higher element content (such as Na, K, Sr, Zn, Rb, Ba, Li, and Ti) than calcium oxalate stones, especially enrichment of Mg. The principal components analysis (PCA) extracted three principal components (PCs) with total variances of 91.91%, including the PC1 (45.08%): Na-Li-Ti-Ba-Sr-Zn, PC2 (30.05%): Rb, K, Mg, and PC3 (16.78%): Cu-Se, indicating that there are co-precipitated processes of these elements by their specific properties. A different distribution of stone types in the three components indicates a significant discrepancy in their element content, which can be an essential reference for patient intake elements.
... As one of the most typical biominerals, the biomineralogy of human kidney stones (urinary calculi) has rapidly developed in recent years [1][2][3]. Kidney stones, regarded as one of the most challenging medical issues, have become a global scourge and can even result in the deterioration of renal function and permanent kidney damage [4][5][6][7]. However, some of the causes of kidney stone formation remain unknown [4,6,[8][9][10]. ...
... However, some of the causes of kidney stone formation remain unknown [4,6,[8][9][10]. Kidney stones can be classified according to mineral composition, which includes four most common types: calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate, uric acid, and struvite kidney stones [2,5]. Oxalates of calcium and calcium phosphate are regarded as the two most common types of Minerals 2021, 11, 1396 2 of 9 kidney stones, and a combination of both types is also included. ...
... Ba concentrations varied from 0.04 to15.4 µg/g with an average concentration of 2.5 µg/g. Concentra-tions of Pb, a toxic element, varied from 0 to 25.8 µg/g with an average concentration of 5.3 µg/g, which was significantly higher than concentrations observed in previous studies (0.8~2.6 µg/g) [2]. Concentrations of Ti, Cr, Mo, and Cd were relatively low with average concentrations of 0.67, 0.19, 0.44, and 0.30 µg/g, respectively. ...
The chemical composition of biominerals is essential to understand biomineral formation, and is regarded as an attractive subject in bio-mineralogical research on human kidney stones (urinary calculi). In order to obtain more geochemically interpreted data on biogenic minerals, mineralogical compositions, major and trace element contents of sixty-six kidney stone samples derived from stone removal surgeries were measured. Infrared spectroscopy results showed that calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) were two main mineral components of kidney stones. Geochemical results indicated that the major and trace element contents display in the order of Ca > Mg > Na > K > Zn >Fe > Pb > Ba > Cu > Ti > Mo > Cd > Cr. Except for Ca, Mg was regarded as the most abundant element. Zn exhibited higher concentrations relative to other trace elements, suggesting a potential substitution of calcium by metal ions with a similar charge and radius rather than by the metal in the formation of kidney stones. Pb showed much higher concentration than previous studies, indicating Pb enrichment in the environment. In order to discern multi-element relationships within kidney stones, the principal component analysis was applied. Three principal components (PCs, eigenvalues > 1) were extracted to explain 64.4% of the total variances. The first component exhibited positively correlated Na-Zn-Cr-Mo-Cd-Pb, while the second component represented more positively weighted Mg–K–Ba-Ti. Fe-Cu had a positive correlation in the third component. This study suggests that Ca has a preference of uptake by oxalates during human urinary stone crystallization, while other alkali metals and alkaline earth metals precipitate with phosphate.
