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In this investigation, we decided to prepare efficient aerogel for loading and releasing drug in vitro situation. Here we introduced the synthesis of gelatin-based cross-linking poly vinyl acetate/acrylic acid aerogel and nanoclay aerogel, which synthesized by free radical condition and called gelatin-g-VA–AA (A) and gelating-VA–AA/MMT (B), respect...
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... Many other studies have been published on the influence of different types of clay and their effects on the drug-release profiles of diverse hydrogels for different therapies: hydrotalcite clay intercalated with different kind of drugs [99]; influence of laponite exfoliation on the release profile of thermo-sensitive hydrogels [100]; magnetic-dependent drug release due to immobilized Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles on laponite clays [101]; LDH clay and montmorillonite influence on vitamin B12 release [102] and in artificial gastric fluid (AGF) and artificial intestinal fluid (AIF) [103]; laponite's influence on the sustained controlled release of DOX for cancer therapy in a physiological environment [104]; laponite claypolymer microbeads for anti-inflammatory effect in rats by oral controlled drug delivery of diclofenac sodium [105]; the encapsulation and release behavior of inorganic organoclay MMT-based hydrogels for three different model drugs, and the clay's influence on cytotoxicity and biodegradation rates in different conditions [106]; antimicrobial and pH-responsive nanocomposite hydrogels based on sepiolite clays for the delivery of ceftriaxone sodium antibiotic used in the treatment of infections [107] and preparation of gelatin-based aerogels reinforced with MMT for diltiazem delivery, a drug used to reduce blood pressure [108]. Table 4. Clay nanoparticles in hydrogel nanocomposites for drug delivery applications. ...
In recent decades, new and improved materials have been developed with a significant interest in three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds that can cope with the diverse needs of the expanding biomedical field and promote the required biological response in multiple applications. Due to their biocompatibility, ability to encapsulate and deliver drugs, and capacity to mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM), typical hydrogels have been extensively investigated in the biomedical and biotechnological fields. The major limitations of hydrogels include poor mechanical integrity and limited cell interaction, restricting their broad applicability. To overcome these limitations, an emerging approach, aimed at the generation of hybrid materials with synergistic effects, is focused on incorporating nanoparticles (NPs) within polymeric gels to achieve nanocomposites with tailored functionality and improved properties. This review focuses on the unique contributions of clay nanoparticles, regarding the recent developments of clay-based nanocomposite hydrogels, with an emphasis on biomedical applications.
Clay minerals have a long history of being used as a curing agent to treat different ailments. The advent of nanotechnology widens the use of clays in nanoscale due to their enhanced properties. Nanoclays (NCs) are naturally occurring stacked layers of silicates with at least one of its dimensions in 1–100 nm. Montmorillonite, kaolinite, laponite, halloysite, bentonite, hectorite, and vermiculite are some of the common nanoclay types. High swelling capacity, cation exchange capacity, and plasticity of NCs and their composites allow them to be used in different forms as bone cements, for tissue engineering, wound healing, enzyme immobilization, and as therapeutic agents. Also, bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties of certain types make them more ideal as antibacterial agents. In addition, their easiness to engineer as nanocarriers for controlled and sustained release of drugs create them more promising contenders in drug delivery. Henceforth, these natural nanomaterial‐like NCs are becoming a leading applicant as curing agents. However, the structure and functional properties of NCs play a significant role, where they can be modified and integrate as nanohybrids, and nanocomposites based on the target requirement. Therefore, understanding the structure and functions of NCs is important. Hence, this chapter will highlight on the structural and functional properties of NCs in biomedical applications as healing clays.
Biopolymers-based aerogels have gained the attention of many scientists in medical and pharmaceutical applications. Biopolymers-based aerogels are utilized extensively in the delivery of various types of therapeutic agents such as antibiotics, antibacterial, and anticancer substances for different types of drugs. Many negative issues associated with conventional delivery systems are successfully overcome with the use of biopolymer based aerogels. The unique chemical and physical properties coupled with the structure of biopolymers based aerogels are used in oral delivery of insulin, therapeutics, and prolonged anticancer chemo-drug release. Furthermore, biopolymers based aerogels have also been evaluated for vaccine and genes delivery because of their ability to condense, interact with nucleic acids, and undergo chemical modifications of target cells. This critical review presents a comprehensive discussion on the properties and utilization of biopolymers-based aerogels in the delivery of various drugs, vaccines, and genes. In this study, a critical functionality analysis of the problem associated with conventional drug delivery systems is discussed in association with the solutions provided using a biopolymer-based aerogel drug delivery system. Furthermore, the challenges related to the use of biopolymers based aerogels and future research in term of the biological barriers of the body is proposed.
