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XRD patterns of cockle shells powders before (a) and after (b) the addition of BS-12. The aragonite phase appeared in both XRD patterns.
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A simple and low-cost method for the synthesis of calcium carbonate nanoparticles from cockle shells was described. Polymorphically, the synthesized nanoparticles were aragonites which are biocompatible and thus frequently used in the repair of fractured bone and development of advanced drug delivery systems, tissue scaffolds and anticarcinogenic d...
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Context 1
... XRD patterns of cockle shells powders before (Figure 4(a)) and after adding 2 mL of BS-12 (Figure 4(b)) are demonstrated in Figure 4. The XRD patterns of cockle shells powders (Figure 4(a)) completely matched with the aragonite phase (JCPDS file no. ...Context 2
... XRD patterns of cockle shells powders before (Figure 4(a)) and after adding 2 mL of BS-12 (Figure 4(b)) are demonstrated in Figure 4. The XRD patterns of cockle shells powders (Figure 4(a)) completely matched with the aragonite phase (JCPDS file no. ...Context 3
... XRD patterns of cockle shells powders before (Figure 4(a)) and after adding 2 mL of BS-12 (Figure 4(b)) are demonstrated in Figure 4. The XRD patterns of cockle shells powders (Figure 4(a)) completely matched with the aragonite phase (JCPDS file no. ...Context 4
... XRD patterns of cockle shells powders before (Figure 4(a)) and after adding 2 mL of BS-12 (Figure 4(b)) are demonstrated in Figure 4. The XRD patterns of cockle shells powders (Figure 4(a)) completely matched with the aragonite phase (JCPDS file no. 00-003-0425). ...Citations
... The surface characteristics of the specimens were assessed using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM, Carl Zeiss: EVO40) operating at 20 kV following the application of a thin platinum layer via sputter coating (Sputter Coater: POLARONSC7640). After that, analysis was performed using an EDX (EDX, model 7,353, England), detector attached to the SEM which was directly interfaced with the VPSEM (Islam et al., 2012;Ghadami Jadval Ghadam and Idrees, 2013). ...
Calcium carbonate nanoparticles (CaCO3) have been found to exhibit unique properties that show their potential to be used in various therapies. Green synthesis of CaCO3 has been progressively gaining ac-ceptance due to its cost-effectiveness and energy-efficient nature. In the current study, different extracts of Ailanthus altissima were used to synthesize the calcium carbonate nanoparticles the synthesis and characterization of CCNPs were confirmed by using Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The antioxidant activities (hydrogen peroxide, phosphomolydbenum, and ferric reducing) of calcium carbonate nanoparticles were affirmed by a good range of percentages of inhibition against free radical scavenging. The antidebate assays of CCNPs were observed by in-vitro and in silico approaches in a range at various concentrations while maximum inhibition occurred. In conclusion, the current study depicted that conjugated CaCO3 with A. altissima has a good potential to cure oxidative stress and Type II diabetes and could be used in the future as biogenic nanomedicine for the treatment of other metabolic diseases.
... Calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) occurs in three different polymorphs: calcite, aragonite, and vaterite (Bala et al., 2007). Aragonite is one of the most common biogenic polymorphs of calcium carbonate, widely used as a biomaterial for fracture bone healing (Islam et al., 2012). Due to their biocompatible characteristics, substantial research has been carried out on aragonites (Chen & Xiang, 2009).The aragonite polymorphs have many desirable properties for a biomedically important material . ...
... In accordance with the previously published article (Islam et al., 2012(Islam et al., , 2013, CaCO 3 bone paste was made. In brief, cockle shells were oven-dried at 50 • C for seven days after being cleaned, scoured to eliminate dirt, boiled, and then rinsed with distilled water. ...
... Based on this, the nano-drug delivery system based on CaCO3 can be obtained by further drug encapsulation and surface modification [29]. In addition, it is also possible to directly use bio-based materials containing CaCO3 such as cockle shells present in nature for the preparation of CaCO3 nanoparticles [30]. Given below is the description of the synthesis process of the CaCO3 nanoparticles in terms of different preparation methods. ...
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), a natural common inorganic material with good biocompatibility, low toxicity, pH sensitivity, and low cost, has a widespread use in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. In recent years, an increasing number of CaCO3-based nano-drug delivery systems have been developed. CaCO3 as a drug carrier and the utilization of CaCO3 as an efficient Ca2+ and CO2 donor have played a critical role in tumor diagnosis and treatment and have been explored in increasing depth and breadth. Starting from the CaCO3-based nano-drug delivery system, this paper systematically reviews the preparation of CaCO3 nanoparticles and the mechanisms of CaCO3-based therapeutic effects in the internal and external tumor environments and summarizes the latest advances in the application of CaCO3-based nano-drug delivery systems in tumor therapy. In view of the good biocompatibility and in vivo therapeutic mechanisms, they are expected to become an advancing biomedicine in the field of tumor diagnosis and treatment.
... In addition, the broad peak in between 1600 to 1400 cm -1 was related to the C-O stretching of carbonate group with prominent peak at 1474 cm -1 . The broad peak at 3402 cm -1 was assigned to surface O-H stretching vibration while peaks present at 1790 and 2522 cm -1 were assigned to amide and carboxylic stretching vibration [20]. The peaks present at 1474, 1081 to 1083, 860 and 713 cm -1 explicitly specify the aragonite phase of calcium carbonate in accordance with other studies [21][22]. ...
Continuous cockle shell dumping in open areas has become a global problem which generate major environmental issues. The conversion of the wastes into value-added products is highly desirable and economic. This work aimed to investigate the influence of sol-gel processing parameter on the properties of the synthesized calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ). In this study, cockle shell waste was used as calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) precursor in the preparation of Ca(OH) 2 via sol-gel method and the processing parameter varied was hydrochloric acid (HCl) concentration (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 M). The cockle shell based CaCO 3 and the prepared Ca(OH) 2 powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra-Red (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (FESEM-EDX), X-ray fluorescent (XRF) and particle size analyzer (PSA). The XRD analysis indicates that the calcium carbonate obtained from cockle shell was mainly in the form of aragonite polymorph. Upon sol-gel processing, the analysis of the sample shows the presence of portlandite and small traces of aragonite in all samples suggesting an incomplete reaction of the hydrolysis process. Ca(OH) 2 powder prepared using 1M HCl yields the smallest particle size.
... Using nanotechnology to produce CaCO3NPs from natural materials provides numerous advantages. Natureidentical aragonite crystals are developed, and most of the distinct characteristics are retained (46,50) . SEM Fig.(2) and TEM Fig.(3) were used to uncover CaCO3NPs morphologies in plain and rhBMP-2 loaded forms. ...
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) has a significant function in the formation of cartilage and bones. Notably, dosing of only BMP-2 protein intravenously is ineffective. Persistent transportation of the stabilized BMP-2 through a carrier has been seen to be essential for enhancing the osteogenesis im pact of BMP-2. The current research built a new system of drug delivery by utilising cockle shell derived calcium carbonate nanoparticles (CaCO3NPs) and studied the efficacy of the delivery system on the recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP-2). rhBMP-2-CaCO3NPs nanoparticles were synthesised by means of a modest precipitation procedure along with mechanical grinding. Fourier-tran sform infrared spectroscopy, UV–Vis spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscope, X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscope, and zeta potential were u tilised for characterising the conjugated rhBMP-2-CaCO3NPs . Cytotoxicity of rhBMP-2, CaCO3NPs and rhBMP-2-CaCO 3NPs was studied by utilising methylthiazol tetrazolium assay against fibroblast (Rat-1) cells in comparison to rhBMP-2 and CaCO3NPs. The outcomes signified bio-stability of CaCO3NPs and lower toxicity for Rat-1 cells. In summary, CaCO3NPs were prepared by a simp le precipitation process. The ensuing nanoparticles could competently entrap rhBMP-2 and generated stable rhBMP-2-CaCO3NPs. A sustained discharge of rhBMP-2 from t he CaCO3NPs was seen. CaCO3NPs loaded with r hBMP-2 demonstrated reasonable bio-compatibility. The outcomes indicated that CaCO3NPs may have significant ability as carrier of therapeutic proteins within bone tissue en gineering.
... From the synthesis viewpoint, and in addition to the established physical 27,[29][30][31] and chemical 28,32,33 processes as well as the natural biomimicry for the fabrication of CaCO 3 34,35 , there is a fast growing methodology consisting of bio-engineering such a compound in a green and sustainable approach. As such, natural systems and natural extracts of plants have been successfully used as effective chelating agents [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46] . ...
This contribution reports, for the first time, on an entirely green bio-engineering approach for the biosynthesis of single phase crystalline 1-D nano-scaled calcite CaCO3. This was validated using H2O as the universal solvent and natural extract of Hyphaene thebaica fruit as an effective chelating agent. In this room temperature green process, CaCl2 and CO2 are used as the unique source of Ca and CO3 respectively in view of forming nano-scaled CaCO3 with a significant shape anisotropy and an elevated surface to volume ratio. In terms of novelty, and relatively to the reported scientific and patented literature in relation to the fabrication of CaCO3 by green nano-chemistry, the current cost effective room temperature green process can be singled out as per the following specificities: only water as universal solvent is used, No additional base or acid chemicals for pH control, No additional catalyst, No critical or supercritical CO2 usage conditions, Only natural extract of thebaica as a green effective chelating agent through its phytochemicals and proper enzematic compounds, room Temperature processing, atmospheric pressure processing, Nanoscaled size particles, and Nanoparticles with a significant shape anisotropy (1-D like nanoparticles). Beyond and in addition to the validation of the 1-D synthesis aspect, the bio-engineered CaCO3 exhibited a wide-ranging functionalities in terms of highly reflecting pigment, an effective nanofertilizer as well as a potential binder in cement industry.
... ZnO-NPs of 30 nm size were produced using HEBM from ZnO microcrystalline powder [86]. Dodecyl dimethylbetaine (BS-12) was used in the surfactant assisted HEBM method to prepare pure nanoparticles of Calcium Carbonate from cockle shells [87]. In two ways, HEBM was used to produce FePt nanoparticles. ...
Nature is still the main focus of scientific and technological research, particularly in nanotechnology and because of its remarkable properties; nanotechnology has acquired much interest in recent years. This review focuses on up-to-date overview of classification of nanoparticles, characterization, methods of preparation, characterization and application of nanoparticles. Initial section of the review gives insight on various techniques for the synthesis nanoparticles, encompassing both bottom-up and top-down approaches. Different methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles are discussed in details. Highlighting the importance of controlling shape, size, and composition to develop nanoparticles and enhance the properties of nanoparticles. These properties include enhanced surface area, unique optical, electronic, and magnetic characteristics, as well as improved mechanical properties. Understanding these attributes is essential for harnessing nanoparticles in different applications effectively. Broad spectrum of applications for nanoparticles is also discussed. Additionally, nanoparticles have found applications in catalysis, environmental remediation, and antimicrobial coatings, contributing to sustainable development and environmental protection. Overall, nanoparticles represent a progressive area of research with tremendous potential for innovation and societal impact. Our evaluation will serve as a solid reference, assisting the scientific community to comprehend the discussed topic better by showing the role of each technique in a comparable manner. As the field of nanoparticles is constantly evolving, this review incorporates the latest research, developments, and advancements up to the time of its publication. A comprehensive understanding of their properties, synthesis and applications is decisive for realizing the full potential of nanoparticles in various scientific and industrial domains.
... Among them, cockle shell is a rich source of CaCO 3 (95% to 99%) in the form of amorphous aragonite, which has excellent bioavailability [20]. Several studies have reported that denser aragonite is more suitable for biomaterials because it can be more easily incorporated and resorbed by bone tissue [21][22][23]. For this reason, the CPC composites formed by cockle shell and β-TCP exhibited favorable properties for cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation and bone tissue regeneration due to their bone-like components [14,24]. ...
Three-dimensional (3D) printed calcium phosphate cement (CPC) scaffolds are increasingly being used for bone tissue repair. Traditional materials used for CPC scaffolds, such as bovine and porcine bone, generally contain low amounts of calcium phosphate compounds, resulting in reduced production rates of CPC scaffolds. On the other hand, cockle shells contain more than 99% CaCO3 in the form of amorphous aragonite with excellent biocompatibility, which is expected to increase the CPC production rate. In this study, 3D-printed cockle shell powder-based CPC (CSP-CPC) scaffolds were developed by the material extrusion method. Lactic acid and hyaluronic acid were used to promote the printability. The characterization of CSP-CPC scaffolds was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectra, X-ray diffraction patterns, and scanning electron microscopy. The biocompatibility of CSP-CPC scaffolds was evaluated using cell viability, Live/Dead, and alkaline phosphatase assays. In addition, CSP-CPC scaffolds were implanted into the mouse calvarial defect model to confirm bone regeneration. This study provides an opportunity to create high value added in fishing villages by recycling natural products from marine waste.
... The biocompatible aragonite calcium carbonate polymorph from the mollusc shells has been shown to possess excellent physiochemical characteristics and cellular response as an ideal bone grafting material when formulated with alginate polymers. The ease of conversion of the cockle shell powder into a nano phase material (Islam et al., 2012) further adds to the advantages in regards to increase in surface modification and binding factors that could influence the efficiency of the nanobiocomposite bone scaffold designed as potent drug carrier. The ability to integrate drugs during its fabrication phase and its subsequent release would allow further exploration of the developed material into potential bone implant material with a drug delivery system with subsequent antibacterial properties. ...
Orthopedic implant infection is one of the most challenging issues in bone tissue engineering industry. Hence, local delivery of antibiotics incorporated into a fabricated bone scaffold possibly provides a more rapid bacteria inhibitory effect. In this study, pure ciprofloxacin loaded alginate/cockle shell powder nanobiocomposite bone scaffolds are fabricated with 5 wt% and 10 wt% ciprofloxacin respectively and tested for drug encapsulation, drug release and antibacterial properties towards common implant infecting bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Results from the studies showed a low drug encapsulation and drug release regardless of the concentration of drugs loaded with no significant differences noted (p<0.05). However, bacterial inhibition studies through direct contact and using eluted samples from drug release studies showed some inhibitory effects towards the growth of both bacterial strains tested. These findings were further justified with microscopy observations on biofilm and bacterial colony formation. Mineralization studies conducted additionally indicated that the scaffolds characteristics was not compromised due to drug loading. Although pure ciprofloxacin may not be the most suitable antibiotic to be incorporated into the nanobiocomposite bone scaffold, the study did provide some insight to the possible use of the scaffold for future drug delivery applications.
... There are studies which explore the preparation of calcium carbonate from different types of shells as fillers including mussel shells [6], eggshell [7][8], snails shells [9][10] and cockle shells. For calcium carbonate cockle shells, it's preparation can be done by grinding method [11][12][13], precipitation method [14][15], or high temperature heating method [16][17]. A few studies have been done in rubber filled with calcium carbonate from shells. ...
The purpose of this research is to study the preparation of calcium carbonate from cockle shells by precipitation method and compare it to calcium carbonate from high temperature heating, commercial calcium carbonate, and cockle shell powder. The properties of the vulcanized natural rubber mixed with different types of calcium carbonate were observed. It appeared that the precipitated calcium carbonate delivered the best properties (hardness, 300% modulus, tensile strength, elongation at break, tear strength, and abrasion resistance), followed by the high temperature heated calcium carbonate, the commercial calcium carbonate, and the cockle shell powder, respectively. This result corresponded to the morphology from the scanning electron microscope (SEM); the precipitated calcium carbonate had crystalline form and the most uniform particle size, followed by the high temperature heated calcium carbonate, the commercial calcium carbonate, and the cockle shell powder. In particular, the cockle shell powder was composed of large and small particles dispersed over a wide range, which brought about the weak point of vulcanized rubber and caused the lowest properties of the vulcanized rubber mixed with cockle shell powder.
