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X-ray diffraction patterns for the clinker. Abbreviations: C 3 S, tricalcium silicate; C 2 S, dicalcium silicate; ZrO 2, zirconium oxide.
Source publication
The Bio-C Sealer is a recently developed high-plasticity, calcium-silicate-based, ready-to-use material. In the present study, chemical elements of the materials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The biocompatibility of the Bio-C Sealer was inves...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... results of the XRD analysis of the clinker and setting material are shown in Figures 1 and 2. The XRD patterns of the clinker suggested that the mineral phase was composed largely of dicalcium silicate (C 2 S), tricalcium silicate (C 3 S), tricalcium aluminate (C 3 A), and zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ) as the contrast agent (Table 1) [19][20][21]. ...
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Citations
... These polymers have been already used for calcium hydroxide-based dental sealers, and several pCSC products are known to contain PEG and PG [15][16][17] . In previous biocompatibility studies, a PEG-containing pCSC sealer induced the formation of calcium hydroxide and matrix mineralization of the human periodontal tissue, suggesting its antimicrobial and osteogenic activities 18,19) . A PG-containing pCSC sealer also exhibited a potential for hard tissue formation in the dorsal connective tissue of rats 20) . ...
Premixed calcium silicate cements (pCSCs) contain vehicles which endow fluidity and viscosity to CSCs. This study aimed to investigate the effects of three vehicles, namely, polyethylene glycol (PEG), propylene glycol (PG), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), on the physicochemical properties and biocompatibility of pCSCs. The setting time, solubility, expansion rate, and mechanical strength of the pCSCs were evaluated, and the formation of calcium phosphate precipitates was assessed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The effects of pCSC extracts on the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were investigated. Finally, the tissue compatibility of pCSCs in rat femurs was observed. CSC containing PEG (CSC-PEG) exhibited higher solubility and setting time, and CSC-DMSO showed the highest expansion rate and mechanical strength. All pCSCs generated calcium phosphate precipitates. The extract of CSC-PG induced the highest expressions of osteogenic markers along with the greatest calcium deposites. When implanted in rat femurs, CSC-PEG was absorbed considerably, whereas CSC-PG remained relatively unaltered inside the femur.
... Bio-C® Sealer and MTA Repair HP®, based on tricalcium silicate, have a variety of clinical applications, ranging from vital pulp therapy to filling the root canal system, and they may come into contact with pulp tissue and periradicular tissues (14,17,18). So, the present study aimed to evaluate and compare the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of hDFN treated with different sealers. ...
Bioactive cements based on tricalcium silicate have been introducedto the market for use in dentistry, with a variety of clinical applications. These cements are in contact with vital tissues such as dental pulp or periodontium in cases of unintentional extrusion; thus, it is important to know the genotoxicity and cytoxicity of these materials. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of bioactive sealers, Bio-C® Sealer and MTA Repair HP®, in human fibroblasts. Discs of bioactive sealers Bio-C® Sealer, and MTA Repair HP®, were prepared and set for 24h under sterile conditions. The discs were placed in culture medium at 2.5mg/mL inside a SRT6D roller mixer (Stuart, UK) at 60rpm for 24h. The eluates obtained were incubated for 24h with previously activated and cultured ATCC cell line fibroblasts at 80% confluence. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by Alamar Blue® and LIVE/DEAD assays, as well as the analysis of the Tunel and Mitotracker assays to evaluate genotoxicity using the confocal laser-scanning microscope. In the Alamar Blue® assay, the Bio-C® Sealer presented a cell proliferation of 87%, while the MTA Repair HP® Sealer was 72%. A statistically significant difference was found between the MTA Repair HP® Sealant and the negative control (p=<0.001). Regarding the genotoxicity tests, in the Tunel assay, both materials stain the nucleus of the fibroblast cells exposed to the eluates, while in the Mitotracker assay, the MTA Repair HP® Sealer showed greater mitochondrial function than the Bio-C® Sealer. Calcium silicate-based sealers, Bio-C® Sealer and MTA Repair HP®, are not cytotoxic and have low genotoxicity.
... The low bond strength will result in lesser sealing ability and thereby explaining the result of this study. Bio-C is a novel bioceramic, non-resin which stimulates tissue regeneration 19 and the only ready-to-use cement with Tricalcium aluminates, providing the same biological interaction as MTA [53,54] although with improved manipulation and insertion, known to induce osteo-promotive and boneremembering and thought to contribute to the mineralization process of the periapical tissue [55][56][57][58]. They are biocompatible have appropriates setting time, flow and radiopacity besides alkalinization capacity reaching pH of 10 in 21 days [56,59]. ...
Aim
To compare and evaluate the sealing ability of four different commercially available sealers to provide seal against the dye penetration test using a stereomicroscope-an in-vitro study.
Material/Method
80 extracted single rooted mandibular premolar with single canal were used in this study. The samples were divided in 4 groups (20 in each) based on sealer. Group I (Diaproseal), Group II (apexit Plus), Group III (MTA Fillapex) and Group IV (Bio-C). The samples were analyzed using a stereomicroscope and data analysis was done with one-way Anova And post hoc Tukey’s test.
Result
The mean dye penetration score was 1.2400 ± 0.778 mm for Group I. 2.6000 ± 0.897 mm for Group II, 4.2000 ± 0.923 mm for Group III and 4.225 ± 2.055 mm for Group IV. One-way Anova analysis shows that intergroup comparison was statistically significant between the four groups. The post hoc Tukey’s test reveals that the difference was statistically non-significant between group III and group IV.
Conclusion
It was concluded that between the four groups the Group I (Diaproseal) showed the least dye penetration followed by Group II (Apexit Pus), Group III (MTA Fillapex) and then Group IV (Bio-C), where there was no significant difference between the Group III (MTA Fillapex) and Group IV (Bio-C).
... Characteristic bands indicating the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) were present in all the sealers, recognizable from ~900 to ~1200 cm -1 and at 1350 cm -1 , signifying Si-O combinations [23,24]. A minor absorption band around ~3640 cm -1 indicated calcium hydroxide formation [25][26][27], particularly evident in SPBC. The EDX analysis highlighted the presence of carbon, calcium (Ca), zirconium (Zr), silicon (Si), and oxygen peaks for all the CSBSs (Figure 2A-C). ...
... Characteristic bands indicating the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) were present in all the sealers, recognizable from~900 to~1200 cm -1 and at 1350 cm -1 , signifying Si-O combinations [23,24]. A minor absorption band around~3640 cm -1 indicated calcium hydroxide formation [25][26][27], particularly evident in SPBC. The spectrum also indicates the absorption intensities of carbonates at 878 and~1400 cm -1 [23,24,28]. ...
... Differences in ion release may influence the clinical sealing capacity or the characteristics of the mineral bond formed to the dentin substrate [32]. Our findings align with previous FTIR analyses of BR and BC, reaffirming the presence of phosphate ions [23,26,33]. ...
We investigated three calcium silicate-based sealers with respect to their chemical characterization, cytotoxicity, and attachment to RAW264.7 cells. BioRoot RCS (BR), Bio-C Sealer (BC), and Sealer Plus BC (SPBC) were assessed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) (n = 4) for elemental characterization, and using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate cell morphology and adhesion. Cytotoxicity was determined at different dilutions (1:1, 1:2, and 1:5) using the succinate dehydrogenase activity (MTT assay). Statistical analysis was performed for normal distribution using the Shapiro–Wilk test and for homoscedasticity using Levene’s test, and one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s/Dunnett’s post hoc tests for cell viability and XRF (α = 0.05). Calcium silicate hydrate and calcium hydroxide were detected by FTIR in all groups. EDX detected a higher calcium content for BR and SPBC and aluminum only in the premixed sealers. XRF detected the highest calcium release in BR (p < 0.05). The surface morphology showed irregular precipitates for all the sealers. SPBC at a 1:2 dilution resulted in the lowest cell viability compared to BR (p < 0.05) and BC (p < 0.05). The calcium silicate-based sealers produced a statistically significant reduction in cellular viability at a 1:1 dilution compared to the control group (p < 0.0001). All the sealers maintained viability above 70%.
... 24,26,27 The Si-O peak was associated with CO 3 at 873 cm À1 and showed a hump 26,28 with no changes in Si-O peaks of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) at 511 and 457 cm À1 . 26,28,29 When the sealer was submerged in PBS (green line), overall, there was more dipping of all peaks. The spectra of Endosequence ( Figure 5B) submerged in deionised water (pink line) showed humping of carbonate peaks at 1410 and 872 cm À1 26,28 and Si-O peaks of CSH at »500 and 450 cm À1 26,27,29 compared to the spectra of dry Endosequence (black line). ...
Objectives:
This study aimed to analyse the effect of using phosphate buffer solution (PBS) on the solubility, pH changes, surface structure, and elemental composition of a new bioceramic Cerafill sealer compared with Endosequence sealer and AH26 resin-based sealer.
Methods:
A fresh mixture of each sealer moistened with either deionised water or PBS was subjected to a setting time test. Set discs (n = 10) were submerged in either deionised water or PBS to evaluate pH changes and solubility at 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Surface characterisation of the sealers was done before and after solubility tests using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses.
Results:
An analysis of variance revealed a significant delay in setting of BC-Endosequence (P < .001) with no significant difference when each sealer was moistened with deionised water or PBS (P > .05). Both bioceramic sealers exhibited highly alkaline pH (range, 9.47-10.72). When the sealer was submerged in deionised water, Endosequence exhibited significantly greater solubility, whilst Cerafill and AH26 gained weight. When the sealers were submerged in PBS, both bioceramic sealers gained more weight, with significantly greater values for Endosequence (P < .001). Hydroxyapatite formation was revealed by SEM/EDX and FTIR.
Conclusions:
PBS promoted the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals that protect the bioceramic sealers from dissolving.
... Moreover, the potential formation of calcium hydroxide can account for the existence of strong O-H bands in all sealer groups in the range of 3000 cm −1 to 4000 cm −1 . It is plausible to predict that the sealer will interact with water molecules to create calcium silicate hydrate, which will solidify and produce Ca(OH) 2 [42]. The O-H bending seen in all bioceramic-based sealer groups is likewise projected to gradually diminish over time once the sealers are fully set [43]. ...
Background: Root canal sealers and repair materials should have the desirable physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, and an antibacterial effect if possible. There is little information available on the biocompatibility of new sealers on the market. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) can offer trustworthy data to examine chemical structures; another technique for revealing the elements in the constituents that may contribute to the cytotoxicity of these sealers is
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), with the goal of elemental mapping utilizing energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Methodology: All the root canal sealers were mixed as per the manufacturers’ instructions and allowed to set in molds for 24 h. Then, the samples were placed into an incubator (Memmert GmbH + Co. KG, Schwabach, Germany for 72 h, in a moist environment to allow complete chemical setting of the sealers. The organic and inorganic components of the sample were identified using FTIR with the wavelength length in the infra-red region measuring 400–450 nm. The finely crushed samples were coated with gold metal; following that, the sealer samples were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) at 5000�, 10,000�, and 20,000� magnification, followed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results: The surfaces of BioRoot and DiaRoot sealers revealed a relatively uniform distribution of irregular micro-sized particles aggregated in clusters, with the particle size ranging from 1 to 65 �m and 0.4 to 55 �m, respectively. OneFill, iRoot, and CeraSeal demonstrated irregularly shaped particles with particle sizes of 0.5 to 105 �m, 0.5 to 195 �m, and 0.3 to 68 �m, respectively. The EDX microanalysis revealed that oxygen, calcium, and carbon were found in all the tested sealer materials. Silicone and zirconium were absent in DiaRoot, but DiaRoot contained fluoride and ytterbium. Moreover, aluminum was noted in DiaRoot, One Fill, and CeraSeal, and chloride was only observed in BioRoot. FTIR analysis revealed strong absorption bands at 666 cm1 and 709 cm1 in BioRoot. Bands at 739 cm1, 804 cm1, 863 cm1, 898 cm1, and 1455 cm1 were observed in DiaRoot. Bands at 736 cm1 and 873 cm1 in OneFill suggested
the presence of C-H bending. Similarly, bands were observed at 937 cm1, 885 cm1, 743 cm1, and 1455 cm1 in iRoot, representing C-H stretching. Conclusions: All root canal sealers had diverse surface morphologies that contained irregular, micro-sized particles that were uniformly distributed, and they lacked heavy metals. All the experimental sealers comprised mainly calcium, oxygen,
and carbon.
... 1,2 The essential biological property of root canal filling materials is biocompatibility, and the use of these materials with bioactivity is expected to promote optimal periapical healing. 3,4 However, most traditional root canal filling materials were developed with a focus on their physical properties and they rarely possess bioactive properties. 2,5 Hydraulic calcium silicate-based (HCSB) materials were introduced as endodontic materials with high bioactivity. ...
Background/purpose
The mineralized tissue-inductive ability and anti-inflammatory properties of hydraulic calcium silicate-based (HCSB) sealers have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the HCSB sealers Bio-C sealer (BioC), Well-Root ST (WST), and EndoSequence BC sealer (BC), on osteoblastic differentiation/mineralization and proinflammatory cytokine synthesis by macrophages.
Materials and methods
Diluted extracts of set sealers or calcium chloride solutions of approximately equivalent Ca²⁺ concentrations were applied to a mouse osteoblastic cell line (Kusa-A1 cells) and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse macrophage cell line (RAW264.7 cells). Expressions of osteoblastic markers in Kusa-A1 cells and proinflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 cells were evaluated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Mineralized nodules were detected by Alizarin red S staining. Cell proliferation was assessed by WST-8 assay and cell attachment on set sealers was examined by scanning electron microscopy.
Results
The three sealer extracts significantly upregulated osteocalcin and osteopontin mRNA, and promoted significant mineralized nodule formation in Kusa-A1 cells. The three sealer extracts significantly downregulated the mRNA expressions of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and protein levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in RAW264.7 cells. Calcium chloride solutions induced osteoblastic differentiation/mineralization. AH Plus Jet (a control sealer) extract did not. The three HCSB sealers did not interfere with the growth and attachment of Kusa-A1 cells.
Conclusion
BioC, WST, and BC were biocompatible, upregulated osteoblastic differentiation/mineralization, and downregulated proinflammatory cytokine expression. Ca²⁺ released from HCSB sealers might be involved, at least in part, in the induction of osteoblastic differentiation/mineralization.
... At 7 days, the bioceramic cements showed greater mineralization than AH Plus and the control, which is in agreement with previous studies [24,30]. This result may be related to the release of calcium by calcium phosphate silicate-based sealers [31], increasing the pH of the medium and possibly regulating alkaline phosphatase activity and increasing mineralization [32]. ...
Background: This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and cell viability of two calcium silicate-based sealers. Material and Methods: Test specimens were made in a silicone matrix and divided into 4 groups (n=3) according to the sealer evaluated: control; Bio-C Sealer; EndoSequence BC and AH Plus. The sealers were weighed, sterilized with ethylene oxide, and cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum and 1% antibioticantimycotic for 24 h (37±1°C). MTT and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assays were performed in osteoblast-like SAOS-2 cells (Alizarin red staining). Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p<0,05). Results: The greater cell vitality was observed in the control group at 24 h and in AH Plus at 48 h. At 72 h, there was no significant difference in MTT assay results between the groups (p>0.05). At 7 days, the control group had the best ALP assay result. At 10 days, the best results were found for the control group, Bio-C Sealer, and AH Plus, with a significant difference from EndoSequence BC (p<0.05). Conclusion: AH Plus sealer had higher levels of cell viability and bioactivity similar to the calcium silicate-based sealers, EndoSequence BC and Bio-C Sealer at 24 and 48 h.
... Dental materials' bioactivity is a desired property for root canal sealers and is continually sought after by researchers and the dental materials industry to obtain a higher tissue repair rate, especially with the formation of mineralized tissue [70]. The term bioactivity has a broad definition, with the term bioactive referring to a material that was designed to induce a specific biological response [74]. ...
Introduction:
Bioceramic-based root canal sealers are novel materials with a bioactivity potential that stands out compared with conventional root canal sealers. However, the term bioactivity may be overused and is often misunderstood. Hence, the objective of this study was to synthesize and map key concepts related to the bioactivity analysis of bioceramic-based root canal sealers.
Methods:
The present scoping review is reported in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR Statement and is registered in the Open Science Framework. Two blinded reviewers carried out a comprehensive search in six databases up to January 10th, 2022: MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Lilacs/BBO. Eligibility was considered for in vitro and in vivo studies that evaluated the bioactivity potential of bioceramic-based root canal sealers.
Results:
A total of 53 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. In vitro bioactivity was evaluated through the mineralization potential, formation of carbonated apatite on the surface, and the gene expression related to proteins involved in the mineralization process. Meanwhile, for in vivo studies, staining techniques associated with immunohistochemical tests were mainly used to detect mineralization on the material-host tissue interface.
Conclusions:
According to the methodology used, the most prevalent methods to assess bioactivity in acellular form were the immersion of the material in Hank's balanced salt solution, followed by surface observation with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray. In cell cultures, the chosen method was usually Alizarin Red staining, followed by the evaluation of alkaline phosphatase enzymatic activity and the use of molecular biology tests.
... 23 Moreover, CeSeH bands were evident at 1654 cm À1 , and 3437 cm À1 , 24 whereas a strong OeH stretching peak was seen at 3643 cm À1 . 25 Similar peaks were noted in BioRoot RCS of which the peak at 463 cm À1 was attributed to the bending vibration of SieOeSi, and the peak at 565 cm À1 was characterised by the bending vibration of PO 4 3À suggesting calcium phosphate. The peak at 532 cm À1 represented the CeCl stretching due to the presence of calcium chloride in its composition. ...
... In light of this, it is possible to anticipate that the sealer will interact with molecules to generate CSH gel, which will solidify and produce Ca(OH) 2 as calcium silicate compounds hydrate. 25 This was also supported by the presence of Portlandite, which is crystalline calcium hydroxide, identified via XRD. Nevertheless, strong OeH bending was not detected in BioRoot RCS, but the existence of such a peak in XRD analysis may be the result of the creation of weak hydrogen bonding. ...
... 15,19 In the current study, zirconium dioxide displayed the highest peak intensity among all sealer materials since it has substantially greater crystallinity than most sealer cement components. 25 All three sealers also contained calcium carbonate. To enhance cement hydration, calcium carbonate was added to the experimental Bio-G sealer, which functions as a filler and a nucleating agent. ...
Background/purpose
The usage of bioceramic-based root canal sealers has escalated over the years due to their excellent properties. The present study aimed to fabricate a novel algin incorporated bioactive glass 58S calcium-silicate (Bio-G) sealer and characterise its surface microstructure and chemical compositions in comparison to commercially available bioceramic sealers (BioRoot RCS and iRoot SP).
Materials and methods
The powder form of experimental Bio-G sealer consisted of synthesised BG 58S particle, calcium silicate, zirconia dioxide, calcium carbonate and alginic acid powder as binder. The liquid composed of 5% calcium chloride solution. Five standardised disc specimens were prepared for each sealer group according to the manufacturer's instructions. Subsequently, sealer disc-specimens were placed in an incubator at 37 °C, 95% relative humidity for 72 h to allow setting prior to testing under scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Results
Experimental Bio-G sealer revealed irregular micro-sized particles ranging from 0.5 μm to 105 μm aggregated in clusters comparable to those of BioRoot RCS and iRoot SP. EDS microanalysis showed that Bio-G had high content of oxygen, silicon, and calcium, with the presence of aluminium and chloride similar to BioRoot RCS. Meanwhile, the FTIR and XRD findings suggested that all sealers predominantly contained calcium silicate hydrate, calcium carbonate, and zirconium dioxide, while calcium aluminium silicate oxide was detected in Bio-G.
Conclusion
The present novel Bio-G sealer demonstrated desirable particle size distribution and acceptable degree of purity. Future studies are warranted to explore its properties and clinical application.
