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Clothing for garments is designed to meet both the safety and the comfort of human beings. Porosity is considered to be one of the basic features representing a textile structure. The properties of fabrics were analyzed by determining the efficiency of fabric porosity. The woven fabric multi-layer structure, the warp and weft densities, and the typ...
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Clothing for garments is designed to meet the dual human being' safety and comfort. Porosity is considered to be the basic characteristics representing a textile structure to describe the abrasion resistance. The properties of fabrics were analyses by determining the efficiency of fabric porosity to describe the abrasion resistance. The relationshi...
Clothing for garments is designed to meet the dual human being' safety and comfort. Porosity is considered to be the basic characteristics representing a textile structure. The properties of fabrics were analyses by determining the efficiency of fabric porosity. The relationship between woven fabric multi-layer construction, warp and weft densities...
Citations
... Mathemati cs conti nues to provide the fundamental tools for analysis and to reveal the complexity of the spati al parameters of texti les workplace typology realm, for example, with recent work on fractals and scale invariance. Scienti fi c modelling provides a useful framework for new approaches [1,2,16]. ...
... The defi niti on of social contact here means interacti ng with other people during break or to have a chat occasionally. This parameter is highly linked to offi ce layout and workplace typology operati on, but is not necessarily required for user sati sfacti on, used the concept of social and spati al parameters of texti les workplace typology density defi ned [13,16]. ...
Abstract: Child car-seat design is among the most performed acti viti es during mothering when traveling by car
for children. Researches showed that child car-seat design acti viti es may increase the risk of Psychological for
children.
this study aimed to evaluate three types of car-seat design
when traveling by car for children oft en used by mothers
in in the countries of the middle east, namely soft structured carrier (CSD), ring sling, and based on the posture
analysis approach, rate of perceived comfort , acti viti esspecifi c balanced confi dence scale (ergonomics scale) and
heart rate and comfort.
This research was conducted through laboratory experiments involving 12 respondents. Each respondent was
asked to carry out a simulati on child car-seat design a 6
months old baby (weighing 6.3 kg) by aft er travelling 2
hours on using three diff erent types of child car-seat design. Body markers for posture analysis and heart rate
sensor were installed prior to the experiment to record
body moti on and heart rate, respecti vely.
The results indicated that through posture analysis, all
types of child car-seat design when traveling by car for
children produced an average value of the sagitt al shoulder angle, which falls in the normal posture category.
Whereas in the crania horizontal angle, the type sling provided the best change in posture. Based on the ergonomics. Based on the results of the scale ergonomics, the sling
provided a higher level of trust than ring sling. However,
no signifi cant diff erence found in terms of heart rate for
the three types of when traveling by car for children.
1. Introducti on
Child car-seat design is the most commonly performed
acti viti es during mothering and child car-seat design To
support the acti vity, the child car-seat design is used, in
parti cular when the child is 5 months -7 years old . Researches have shown that the child car-seat design acti viti es may increase the risk of musculoskeletal disorders
among mothers due to the baby weight. Reported among
nurses in the Middle East countries in relati on to child carseat design acti vity. Evaluated the diff erent positi on of
child car-seat design with the pros and cons of each positi on of child car-seat design. There are diff erent types of
child car-seat design available in the market. Soft structured child car-seat design is the most commonly suggested by the health care profession. The positi on of the
child car-seat design for front facilitati ng balanced support from both shoulders. Another type of child car-seat
design namely belt is commonly used in several parti cular
countries in Middle East. Car-seat design is a simple, one
long piece of fabric with in plasti c formati on. The cloth is
worked through the rings to create a secure pouch for the
child to sit in.
... Mathemati cs conti nues to provide the fundamental tools for analysis and to reveal the complexity of the spati al parameters of texti les workplace typology realm, for example, with recent work on fractals and scale invariance. Scienti fi c modelling provides a useful framework for new approaches [1,2,16]. ...
... The defi niti on of social contact here means interacti ng with other people during break or to have a chat occasionally. This parameter is highly linked to offi ce layout and workplace typology operati on, but is not necessarily required for user sati sfacti on, used the concept of social and spati al parameters of texti les workplace typology density defi ned [13,16]. ...
Spati al parameters of texti les workplace typology analysis
began with early att empts at cartography and surveying.
Land surveying goes back to at least 1,400 B.C in Egypt:
the dimensions of taxable land plots were measured with
measuring ropes and plumb bobs. [1,15]. many fi elds
have contributed to its rise in modern form. Biology contributed through botanical studies of global plant distributi ons and local plant locati ons, ethological studies of
animal movement, landscape ecological studies of vegetati on blocks, ecological studies of spati al parameters of
texti les workplace populati on dynamics, and the study of
biogeography.
Stati sti cs has contributed greatly through work in spati al stati sti cs. Economics has contributed notably through
spati al parameters of texti les workplace typology econometrics. Geographic informati on system is currently a major contributor due to the importance of geographic soft -
ware in the modern analyti c toolbox. Remote sensing has
contributed extensively in morphometric and clustering
analysis. Computer science has contributed extensively
through the study of algorithms, notably in computati onal geometry. Mathemati cs conti nues to provide the fundamental tools for analysis and to reveal the complexity
of the spati al parameters of texti les workplace typology
realm, for example, with recent work on fractals and scale
invariance. Scienti fi c modelling provides a useful framework for new approaches [1,2,16].
Spati al parameters of texti les workplace analysis or spati al stati sti cs
Includes any of the formal techniques which studies
entities using their topological, geometric, or geographic properties. spati al parameters of texti les workplace
typology analysis includes a variety of techniques, many
sti ll in their early development, using diff erent analyti c
approaches and applied in fi elds as diverse as astronomy,
with its studies of the placement of galaxies in the cosmos,
to chip fabricati on engineering, with its use of «place and
route» algorithms to build complex wiring structures.
in a more restricted sense, spati al parameters of texti les
workplace typology analysis is the technique applied to
structures at the human scale, most notably in the analysis of geographic data or transcriptomics data.
... Fabric porosity is an important parameter in evaluating the comfort of clothing and the physical characteristics of technical textiles [6]. The fabric pore properties, such as pore size, pore size distribution, pore shape, and porosity, are determined by the yarn and fiber properties as well as the fabric's structural properties, such as weave, warp, and weft density, thickness, etc. ...
Woven fabrics are widely used for thermal protection due to their porosity, which provides thermal insulation and breathability. This research focuses on investigating the influential parameters in the thermal protective properties of layer interchanging double cloth, including the woven structure and varying yarn fineness. The properties affecting the protective properties and comfort of multilayered woven fabrics include the fabric thickness, fabric porosity, and air permeability. Darcy’s law is applicable for determining the effective air permeability of woven fabrics. By understanding and controlling fabric porosity, it becomes possible to develop thermal protective clothing that combines improved comfort, cost-efficiency, and effectiveness. This study represents a novel approach for the clarification of airflow permeability behavior in complex structures of elastic multilayer woven fabrics using Darcy’s law. This innovative approach expands the understanding of permeability in fabrics beyond single-layer fabrics with vertical pores or 3D fabrics used in resin injection processes.
... Cloth density in the warp direction (153 yarns/10 cm) is larger than that in the weft direction (94 yarns/10 cm), which results in a larger hydraulic permeability in the warp direction relative to that in the weft direction, and, accordingly, faster spreading in the warp direction. Warp density is always higher than that in the weft [35,36]. Consequentially, as portrayed in Figs. 2 and 3, anisotropic spreading is expected in most woven cloths, including those with different weaves. ...
Hypothesis
Improving the processing efficiency of aerosol-coating technologies during mass production requires optimal nozzle spacing to allow complete surface coverage while at the same time not over-using the coating fluid. The difficult challenge is to estimate quantitatively the substrate coverage of fine droplets. Bouncing, splashing, and imbibition of droplets on solid surfaces have been widely explored, but little attention has been paid to liquid imbibition into woven textiles.
Experiments
Here, we experimentally and theoretically study the imbibition dynamics of aqueous droplets on woven cloths. The experimental process was observed using magnified visual observation. A proposed continuum mathematical model well predicts the aqueous imbibition fronts as a function of time.
Findings
A captivating four-petal imbibition spreading pattern is observed at enhanced magnification. The imbibition occurs separately in the megapores of the cloth between yarns, and in smaller minipores within individual yarn bundles. Surprisingly, weave intersections do not allow cross imbibition accentuating an anisotropic imbibition pattern. The proposed model achieves quantitative agreement with experiment. This is the first time that the mechanisms of four-petal droplet deposition, spreading, and imbibition into woven cloth have been outlined and successfully simulated. The mathematical model predicts advancement of liquids in anisotropic woven cloth, and permits evaluation of the coverages of droplet spreading.
... This includes for example ASTM D4864, ASTM D3107, and ASTM D2594 [95][96][97]. The fabric comfort characteristics play a vital role as well [98,99]. Comfort properties include physical characteristics (e.g., air permeability, porosity, cover factor) and hand properties (e.g., smoothness, softness). ...
Individuals with atypical breast shape/size often find it quite challenging to obtain a comfortable, supportive, and fitted bra off-the-shelf. They include people with very large breasts, who have significant breast asymmetry, and/or have undergone mastectomy or mammoplasty. This paper provides insights in their challenges and attempts to fill the gap in terms of critical review of the current state of knowledge around the topic of bras. Poor and ill fitted bras are associated with breast, chest and shoulder pain, embarrassment, and an overall reduction in quality of life among others. Building upon the advantages and limitations of solutions to improve the fit, support and comfort of bras found in the literature, this paper proposes strategies to solve these challenges. As the problem is multidisciplinary, a human-centered interdisciplinary approach is key to ensure that all aspects are considered at all stages of the process. A modular design allows selecting the fabric characteristics based on the requirements of each bra part. In terms of materials, stretch woven fabrics offer a large potential in the production of bras to enhance the support provided by areas such as the under band and back panels. Bespoke manufacturing takes into account the specificities of each individual. The road map proposed here will contribute to enhance the quality of life of individuals with atypical breast shape/size.
... Nanofibers can be manufactured by electrospinning which have so many applications [32]. Accordingly, nanofibers have recently been investigated by many researchers for acoustic applications [33][34][35][36][37]. It was shown that good sound absorption properties can be achieved by adding polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber to the polyurethane foam structure. ...
... Porosity is one of the most important physical properties, which influences the sound absorption performance of materials. Several empirical and theoretical methods can be used to estimate the porosity of textile structures [37][38][39][40]. It was shown elsewhere [41,42] that there is a very good agreement between the results of experimental and theoretical methods. ...
In this work, the sound absorption properties of warp knitted spacer fabrics enhanced with nanofiber were studied. The angle of connecting yarns at two different spacing was considered as knit structure variable. Also, the effect of layering on the sound absorption performance was studied. Besides that, the effect of polyacrylonitrile nanofiber enhancement on sound absorption coefficient of such structures were considered. The polyacrylonitrile nanofibers were manufactured by a single-nozzle electrospinning device using a rotating cylindrical collector. The main variable for the nanofiber enhancement was its deposition amount on the front surface of spacer fabrics. The sound absorption coefficient was measured by using the method of impedance tube. For this purpose, the samples were prepared according to the requirements, and the tests were performed at the frequency range of 500–6000 Hz on single-layer and multi-layer samples. The results showed that increasing the spacing and the angle of connecting yarns will enhance the sound absorption coefficients of samples through increasing their areal mass, thickness and porosity. Moreover, layering will significantly affect the sound absorption performance of samples. Furthermore, nanofiber enhancement increased the absorption of sound at all frequencies.
... The polyester fabrics are coded as PET-1 to 12, polyester-cotton blended (65: 35) fabrics are coded as PC-1 to 12, and cotton fabrics are coded as CO-1 to 12. Polyester and cotton fabrics are selected for this study because they are readily and commercially available and have good tensile strength and low extension compared to conventional polyethylene (PE) films as greenhouse as covering material [20]. During the fabric preparation, the decision has been taken to all samples made in the plain weave design because plain fabric structure has high interlacement point gives higher tensile strength than twill or satin fabric structure [21]. Commercially available UV-stabilized polyethylene film of 200-micron thickness was collected from the Center of Excellence for Vegetables (Indo-Israel collaboration), Jalandhar, India. ...
Nowadays, greenhouse covering materials have a vital role in terms of a protective cultivation process. Many farmers use polyfilms, rigid or semi-rigid plastic panels, and glazing materials as greenhouse covering materials in the present scenario. However, these plastic covering materials are known for their high cost, short service life, and cause of harmful environment. Solar transmittance property is one of the main criteria for choosing any greenhouse covering materials. This study prepares various woven fabrics made of polyester, cotton, and polyester–cotton blend yarns. Their solar transmittance characteristic is analyzed to develop fabric and compare it with a polyethylene film already used as a greenhouse cladding material to substitute for plastic materials. The solar transmission of polyester fabric is achieved as high as 70% in the photosynthesis active radiation, suitable for a commercial greenhouse material. In addition, the polyester fabric has tensile strength and extension much higher than that of commercial plastic greenhouse material.
... However, the presence of the air voids in the textiles has to be taken into account as it influences the heat transfer process. Elnashar [26] described two types of porosities distinguished in the fabrics: the porosity between yarns (inter-yarn porosity), and the porosity between fibers inside yarns (intra-yarn porosity). He showed that the volume porosity of double-layered tightly woven fabrics cannot be adequately modeled with the use of a classical 2D model of homogenous porosity. ...
... In research presented in this paper, the computer simulation was used as a tool to determine thermal properties of the protective clothing based on the basalt fabric. The considered basalt fabric can be treated as tightly woven with relatively stiff warp and weft threads [26]. Thus, the 3D numerical model, based on the idea proposed by Komeili and Milani [18], was developed. ...
The protective clothing packages, which protect the human body against hot factors in a foundry are in continuous development to increase their resistance and comfort of use. The problem of heat transfer through textiles is the active field of research and reliable numerical modeling of this process can be helpful to design high-quality protective products. Therefore, the numerical model of heat transfer through the package based on the aluminized basalt fabric was developed. The macroscopic geometry of weft and warp threads was reproduced in agreement with samples of plain weave basalt fabric. Mapping the stochastically distributed individual monofilaments in basalt threads, as well as modeling the heat transfer between them, was impossible at the microscopic level. Therefore, the weft and warp threads were modeled as a porous material with a homogeneous distribution of basalt and air in their structure. Data from measurements of the bare and aluminized basalt fabrics by the Alambeta device were used to determine the model parameters. The model was used to simulate the heat transfer through the protective package composed of the aluminized basalt fabric, wool clothing, and cotton underwear. A good agreement of model results was found for measurement results in such a package. The presented procedure allowed for the determination of the main thermal properties of tested basalt fabrics.
... First, what is the cables or wire rope and the function of using the cables in the bridges and tires. Find the diameters of wire rope of cables cross section (Core and sheath), according to ElNashar) [3] [4] [6]. In the following equation: d =4.44(√ Tex count/ fiber density) 10 -3 cm. ...
Tires types, including; Trimmed rubber (70% by weight), steel wire (5-30% by weight), and fluff or textile fibers (up to 15% by weight). From the aforementioned materials, rubber and steel wires are mainly recovered and used for numerous applications. Wire rope (cables) are recently used in many industrial branches such as structural cables in civil engineering and automobile tires. This paper presents the similarities and differences between the wire rope used. Many previous studies were investigated individually for each branch. This paper presents the studies to make complete comparison between the two branches. The purpose of the current study is to sufficiently review recent progress on the management of in civil engineering and automobile tires. Focusing on alternative uses of textile fibers such as additive for stress strain materials, density conglomerates production, structures wire materials reinforcement. Material and cross section of wire rope are investigated. The study concluded that the wire rope have great tensile strength and ability to carry fatigue loads.
... Two prominent examples include pump-andtreat remediation of contaminated groundwater aquifers [40,82] and enhanced oil/gas recovery [40,41,43,83,84]; in both cases, injected wetting fluids are used to displace nonwetting fluid from heterogeneous subsurface media as quickly and effectively as possible. Other examples include controlling moisture wicking in building materials [21][22][23], layered microporous fabrics [85][86][87], and paper microfluidics [20,[88][89][90], Together, this work highlights how stratification fundamentally alters the dynamics of forced imbibition in a porous medium. It represents a first step toward capturing all the physics underlying these complex dynamics, and necessarily involves some simplifying assumptions and approximations. ...
Imbibition, the displacement of a nonwetting fluid by a wetting fluid, plays a central role in diverse energy, environmental, and industrial processes. While this process is typically studied in homogeneous porous media with uniform permeabilities, in many cases, the media have multiple parallel strata of different permeabilities. How such stratification impacts the fluid dynamics of imbibition, as well as the fluid saturation after the wetting fluid breaks through to the end of a given medium, is poorly understood. We address this gap in knowledge by developing an analytical model of imbibition in a porous medium with two parallel strata, combined with a pore network model that explicitly describes fluid crossflow between the strata. By numerically solving these models, we examine the fluid dynamics and fluid saturation left after breakthrough. We find that the breakthrough saturation of nonwetting fluid is minimized when the imposed capillary number Ca is tuned to a value Ca$^*$ that depends on both the structure of the medium and the viscosity ratio between the two fluids. Our results thus provide quantitative guidelines for predicting and controlling flow in stratified porous media, with implications for water remediation, oil/gas recovery, and applications requiring moisture management in diverse materials.
