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Wound healing phases: (1) hemostasis (the body initiates blood clotting to control bleeding at the wound site), (2) inflammation (white blood cells migrate to the wound to eliminate pathogens and debris, creating an optimal environment for healing), (3) proliferation (new tissue formation occurs as fibroblasts produce collagen, essential for wound strength), (4) remodeling (collagen reorganizes and matures, enhancing tissue strength, and granulation tissue is formed, helping in wound contraction and epithelial cell migration).
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Biomaterials are at the forefront of the future, finding a variety of applications in the biomedical field, especially in wound healing, thanks to their biocompatible and biodegradable properties. Wounds spontaneously try to heal through a series of interconnected processes involving several initiators and mediators such as cytokines, macrophages,...
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Context 1
... normal circumstances, wounds heal by themselves following four major phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling ( Figure 2) [12]. ...
Context 2
... normal circumstances, wounds heal by themselves following four major phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling ( Figure 2) [12]. (1) hemostasis (the body initiates blood clotting to control bleeding at the wound site), (2) inflammation (white blood cells migrate to the wound to eliminate pathogens and debris, creating an optimal environment for healing), (3) proliferation (new tissue formation occurs as fibroblasts produce collagen, essential for wound strength), (4) remodeling (collagen reorganizes and matures, enhancing tissue strength, and granulation tissue is formed, helping in wound contraction and epithelial cell migration). ...
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Wound management represents a well-known continuous challenge and concern of the global healthcare systems worldwide. The challenge is on the one hand related to the accurate diagnosis, and on the other hand to establishing an effective treatment plan and choosing appropriate wound care products in order to maximize the healing outcome and minimize...
Citations
... Subsequent wound healing of the skin [2] presents a very complex biological process [3][4][5], and thus, its effective treatment has become one of the most important challenges for healthcare [6][7][8][9][10][11]. Therefore, various wound dressings have been tested [12][13][14][15][16], among them polymer composites exhibiting effective hemostatic [17][18][19] and antibacterial properties [20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. ...
The paper presents the study concerning the preparation and physio-chemical and biological properties of wool–copper (WO-Cu) materials obtained by the sputter deposition of copper onto the wool fibers. The WO-Cu material was subjected to physio-chemical and biological investigations. The physio-chemical investigations included the elemental analysis of materials (C, N, O, S, and Cu), their microscopic analysis, and surface properties analysis (specific surface area and total pore volume). The biological investigations consisted of the antimicrobial activity tests of the WO-Cu materials against colonies of Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria, Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria, and fungal mold species (Chaetomium globosum). Biochemical–hematological tests included the evaluation of the activated partial thromboplastin time and pro-thrombin time. The tested wool–copper demonstrated the ability to interact with the DNA in a time-dependent manner. These interactions led to the DNA’s breaking and degradation. The antimicrobial and antifungal activities of the WO-Cu materials suggest a potential application as an antibacterial/antifungal material. Wool–copper materials may be also used as customized materials where the blood coagulation process could be well controlled through the appropriate copper content.
... TA can react with blood proteins such as serum albumin, globulin, and coagulation factors, thereby promoting blood coagulation [25]. Collagen is a significant protein in the extracellular matrix due to its low immunogenicity and good biocompatibility [26]. It is a potent platelet activator that promotes thrombin production by interacting with platelet receptors (α2β1, glycoprotein VI, and von Willebrand Factor) [27]. ...
... Additionally, it activates the intrinsic coagulation pathway by binding to coagulation factor XII [28]. Collagen-based hydrogels have been extensively studied in the fields of tissue engineering and biomedicine [26,29,30]. However, collagen's weak mechanical properties limit its widespread use [31]. ...
Excessive blood loss could lead to pathological conditions such as tissue necrosis, organ failure, and death. The limitations of recently developed hemostatic approaches, such as their low mechanical strength, inadequate wet tissue adhesion, and weak hemostatic activity, pose challenges for their application in controlling visceral bleeding. In this study, a novel hydrogel (CT) made of collagen and tannic acid (TA) was proposed. By altering the proportions between the two materials, the mechanical properties, adhesion, and coagulation ability were evaluated. Compared to commercial hydrogels, this hydrogel has shown reduced blood loss and shorter hemostatic time in rat hepatic and cardiac bleeding models. This was explained by the hydrogel’s natural hemostatic properties and the significant benefits of wound closure in a moist environment. Better biodegradability was achieved through the non-covalent connection between tannic acid and collagen, allowing for hemostasis without hindering subsequent tissue repair. Therefore, this hydrogel is a new method for visceral hemostasis that offers significant advantages in treating acute wounds and controlling major bleeding. And the production method is simple and efficient, which facilitates its translation to clinical applications.
... Alginate, CMC and PA are recognised as biocompatible polymers [25][26][27][28][29][30] and TLC was previously shown to be non-cytotoxic on dermal fibroblasts. 31 However, our results demonstrate that BIA (alginate plus CMC) and even more URG (PA plus TLC) are cytotoxic, as also previously reported for other alginate dressings such as Kaltostat®. ...
Healing of complex wounds requires dressings that must, at least, not hinder and should ideally promote the activity of key healing cells, in particular fibroblasts. This in vitro study assessed the effects of three wound‐dressings (a pure Ca ²⁺ alginate: Algostéril®, a Ca ²⁺ alginate + carboxymethylcellulose: Biatain alginate® and a polyacrylate impregnated with lipido‐colloid matrix: UrgoClean®) on dermal fibroblast activity. The results showed the pure calcium alginate to be non‐cytotoxic, whereas the other wound‐dressings showed moderate to strong cytotoxicity. The two alginates stimulated fibroblast migration and proliferation, whereas the polyacrylate altered migration and had no effect on proliferation. The pure Ca ²⁺ alginate significantly increased the TGF‐β‐induced fibroblast activation, which is essential to healing. This activation was confirmed by a significant increase in Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion and a higher collagen production. The other dressings reduced these fibroblast activities. The pure Ca ²⁺ alginate was also able to counteract the inhibitory effect of NK cell supernatants on fibroblast migration. These in vitro results demonstrate that tested wound‐dressings are not equivalent for fibroblast activation. Only Algostéril was found to promote all the fibroblast activities tested, which could contribute to its healing efficacy demonstrated in the clinic.
... Biomass polymers are utilized in wound dressing formulations such as hydrogels, films, hydrocolloids, membranes, and foams. Polysaccharides like HA, cellulose, chitosan, and alginate stand out as adaptable biomacromolecules due to their increased chelation ability, non-toxicity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, multifunctional groups, and simple chemical alteration, making them effective in the management of cutaneous infections [212][213][214][215][216][217][218][219][220]. ...
Polymers derived from natural biomass have emerged as a valuable resource in the field of biomedicine due to their versatility. Polysaccharides, peptides, proteins, and lignin have demonstrated promising results in various applications, including drug delivery design. However, several challenges need to be addressed to realize the full potential of these polymers. The current paper provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research and perspectives in this area, with a particular focus on developing effective methods and efficient drug delivery systems. This review aims to offer insights into the opportunities and challenges associated with the use of natural polymers in biomedicine and to provide a roadmap for future research in this field.
... Synthetic biomaterials have been used in many applications such as hard and soft tissue engineering, wound healing, and drug delivery due to their bioabsorbability, biocompatibility, low toxicity, controlled synthesis and modification, biodegradability, and compatibility with intended use (Table 2) (Mir et al., 2018;Prete et al., 2023). Some common synthetic biomaterials that have been used in wound healing include polyglycolic acid (PGA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyethylene oxide (PEO), and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) (Qiu and Bae, 2006). ...
Skin, the largest biological organ, consists of three main parts: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. Wounds are abnormal wounds in various forms, such as lacerations, burns, chronic wounds, diabetic wounds, acute wounds, and fractures. The wound healing process is dynamic, complex, and lengthy in four stages involving cells, macrophages, and growth factors. Wound dressing refers to a substance that covers the surface of a wound to prevent infection and secondary damage. Biomaterials applied in wound management have advanced significantly. Natural biomaterials are increasingly used due to their advantages including biomimicry of ECM, convenient accessibility, and involvement in native wound healing. However, there are still limitations such as low mechanical properties and expensive extraction methods. Therefore, their combination with synthetic biomaterials and/or adding bioactive agents has become an option for researchers in this field. In the present study, the stages of natural wound healing and the effect of biomaterials on its direction, type, and level will be investigated. Then, different types of polysaccharides and proteins were selected as desirable natural biomaterials, polymers as synthetic biomaterials with variable and suitable properties, and bioactive agents as effective additives. In the following, the structure of selected biomaterials, their extraction and production methods, their participation in wound healing, and quality control techniques of biomaterials-based wound dressings will be discussed.
... Biomaterials for wound healing can be categorised depending on their source, chemical composition, type of dressing, or application 18 46 . Natural biomaterials, such as collagen, alginate, chitosan, and silk, have gained prominence due to their inherent biocompatibility and their ability to promote tissue regeneration and maintain a favourable wound environment 50 . They naturally degrade, aligning with the wound healing process, which eliminates the need for removal and reduces the risk of additional harm. ...
The objective of this review is to provide an up-to-date and all-encompassing primal account and recent advancements in the domain of interactive wound dressings. Appreciating the gap between obtained and...
... Such a polymer as alginate (Alg), due to favourable properties such as biocompatibility and ease of gelation, has become particularly attractive for the development of biomaterials [19]. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), in the manufacture of composite biomaterials, shows synergism with additional functional components, including Alg, in improving wound healing and improving the physicochemical properties of biomaterials [2,20]. ...
This review covers recent developments and progress in synthetic peptide-based polymer blending with other polymers and /or biopolymers as new materials. Considerable sequences of tropoelastin, such as poly(GVGVP), poly(GVGIP), poly(AVGVP), poly(AVGIP), poly[0.8(AVGVP), 0.2(AEGVP)], and other analogous polymer poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate), have been considered. The various blend materials of peptide-based polymers need to be summarized as they are necessary for academic and industrial applications, and this review showcases the expansions in the last ten years. The latest publications regarding the preparation and properties of polypeptides and their blends with different polymers have been assessed. A critical comparison of the accessible knowledge in the polypeptide blends domain has been performed.
