World map showing the large marine ecosystems of the world, demarcated by yellow lines and indicated with numbers. The Arabian Sea (No 32) is colored in red. Numbers correspond with: 1, East Bering Sea; 2, Gulf of Alaska; 3, California Current; 4, Gulf of California; 5, Gulf of Mexico; 6, Southeast U.S. Continental Shelf; 7, Northeast U.S. Continental Shelf; 8, Scotian Shelf; 9, Newfoundland-Labrador Shelf; 10, Insular Pacific-Hawaiian; 11, Pacific Central-American Coastal; 12, Caribbean Sea; 13, Humboldt Current; 14, Patagonian Shelf; 15, South Brazil Shelf; 16, East Brazil Shelf; 17, North Brazil Shelf; 18, West Greenland Shelf; 19, East Greenland Shelf; 20, Barents Sea; 21, Norwegian Shelf; 22, North Sea; 23, Baltic Sea; 24, Celtic-Biscay Shelf; 25, Iberian Coastal; 26, Mediterranean Sea; 27, Canary Current; 28, Guinea Current; 29, Benguela Current; 30, Agulhas Current; 31, Somali Coastal Current; 32, Arabian Sea; 33, Red Sea; 34, Bay of Bengal; 35, Gulf of Thailand; 36, South China Sea; 37, Sulu-Celebes Sea; 38, Indonesian Sea; 39, North Australian Shelf; 40, Northeast Australian Shelf/Great Barrier Reef; 41, East-Central Australian Shelf; 42, Southeast Australian Shelf; 43, Southwest Australian Shelf; 44, West-Central Australian Shelf; 45, Northwest Australian Shelf; 46, New Zealand Shelf; 47, East China Sea; 48, Yellow Sea; 49, Kuroshio Current; 50, Sea of Japan; 51, Oyashio Current; 52, Sea of Okhotsk; 53, West Bering Sea; 54, Chukchi Sea; 55, Beaufort Sea; 56, East Siberian Sea; 57, Laptev Sea; 58, Kara Sea; 59, Iceland Shelf; 60, Faroe Plateau; 61, Antarctica; 62, Black Sea; 63, Hudson Bay; 64, Arctic Ocean. After LME (2002).

Contexts in source publication

Context 1

... (relevé) data could not be assessed due to time restrictions, the ecological analysis of this thesis was confined to the material collected during the two subsequent studies. The second field trip to the Socotra Archipelago took place from 26 March-7 May 2000. A map of sample sites where detailed species inventories were recorded is presented in Fig. 1c of chapter ...

Context 2

... The impact of the upwelling phenomenon in the area was striking in many ways: suspension feeders were extremely abundant, the population density of most invertebrates was very high, corals displayed extensive bioerosion, and consequently reef construction was extremely limited ). Sampling of macroalgae was undertaken between 2-30 November 1999. Fig. 1b (chapter 7) shows a map of sample sites with detailed species inventories. ...

Context 3

... are bright red plant with a terete thallus (11 cm tall; Fig. 1) and grow epilithically. Axial cells are marked by the presence of longitudinally elongated hexagonal protein crystals (8.5-17 µm × 2-4.5 µm) which are visible using bright field optics (Fig. 2) or ultraviolet fluorescence. Initially, the distinct primary axes produce cortical filaments in a secund arrangement, resulting in an ...

Context 4

... is a short stipe (6- 9 mm), attached by a small discoid holdfast, 1 mm across. 11. Both halves of a divided carpogonium fuse (arrowheads) with the subsidiary auxiliary cells (sac). ...

Context 5

... mm across. 11. Both halves of a divided carpogonium fuse (arrowheads) with the subsidiary auxiliary cells (sac). The connecting filaments (arrows) arise from one of the subsidiary auxiliary cells and branch profusely. Supporting cell (sc), hypogynous cell (hy) and cortical cells (cc) are indicated. Drawing from slide MAS 139af. Scale bar = 25 µm. Fig. 12. Undiploidized generative auxiliary cell (arrow) in an intercalary position in a cortical filament. Slide MAS 139ae. Scale bar = 50 µm. Fig. 13. Incoming and outgoing septate connecting filaments (arrowheads) on a fertilized generative auxiliary cell, which protrudes distally (arrow). Slide MAS 139p. Scale bar = 25 µm. Fig. 14. A ...

Context 6

... arise from one of the subsidiary auxiliary cells and branch profusely. Supporting cell (sc), hypogynous cell (hy) and cortical cells (cc) are indicated. Drawing from slide MAS 139af. Scale bar = 25 µm. Fig. 12. Undiploidized generative auxiliary cell (arrow) in an intercalary position in a cortical filament. Slide MAS 139ae. Scale bar = 50 µm. Fig. 13. Incoming and outgoing septate connecting filaments (arrowheads) on a fertilized generative auxiliary cell, which protrudes distally (arrow). Slide MAS 139p. Scale bar = 25 µm. Fig. 14. A transverse division of the diploidized generative auxiliary cell results in a conical gonimoblast initial (arrow). Slide MAS 139p. Scale bar = 10 µm. ...

Context 7

... Scale bar = 25 µm. Fig. 12. Undiploidized generative auxiliary cell (arrow) in an intercalary position in a cortical filament. Slide MAS 139ae. Scale bar = 50 µm. Fig. 13. Incoming and outgoing septate connecting filaments (arrowheads) on a fertilized generative auxiliary cell, which protrudes distally (arrow). Slide MAS 139p. Scale bar = 25 µm. Fig. 14. A transverse division of the diploidized generative auxiliary cell results in a conical gonimoblast initial (arrow). Slide MAS 139p. Scale bar = 10 µm. Fig. 15. An oblique division of the gonimoblast initial (gi) gives rise to the first gonimolobe initial (gli1). Slide MAS 139p. Scale bar = 10 µm. Fig. 16. Development of gonimoblast ...

Context 8

... Fig. 13. Incoming and outgoing septate connecting filaments (arrowheads) on a fertilized generative auxiliary cell, which protrudes distally (arrow). Slide MAS 139p. Scale bar = 25 µm. Fig. 14. A transverse division of the diploidized generative auxiliary cell results in a conical gonimoblast initial (arrow). Slide MAS 139p. Scale bar = 10 µm. Fig. 15. An oblique division of the gonimoblast initial (gi) gives rise to the first gonimolobe initial (gli1). Slide MAS 139p. Scale bar = 10 µm. Fig. 16. Development of gonimoblast cells (arrowheads) from the first gonimolobe initial (gli1), on top of the gonimoblast initial (gi). Slide MAS 139p. Scale bar = 10 µm. Fig. 17. The gonimoblast ...

Context 9

... Slide MAS 139p. Scale bar = 25 µm. Fig. 14. A transverse division of the diploidized generative auxiliary cell results in a conical gonimoblast initial (arrow). Slide MAS 139p. Scale bar = 10 µm. Fig. 15. An oblique division of the gonimoblast initial (gi) gives rise to the first gonimolobe initial (gli1). Slide MAS 139p. Scale bar = 10 µm. Fig. 16. Development of gonimoblast cells (arrowheads) from the first gonimolobe initial (gli1), on top of the gonimoblast initial (gi). Slide MAS 139p. Scale bar = 10 µm. Fig. 17. The gonimoblast initial (gi), the primary gonimolobe initial (gli1) and an inner gonimoblast cell (arrowhead) are perceptible as large, globose cells in a maturing ...

Context 10

... MAS 139p. Scale bar = 10 µm. Fig. 15. An oblique division of the gonimoblast initial (gi) gives rise to the first gonimolobe initial (gli1). Slide MAS 139p. Scale bar = 10 µm. Fig. 16. Development of gonimoblast cells (arrowheads) from the first gonimolobe initial (gli1), on top of the gonimoblast initial (gi). Slide MAS 139p. Scale bar = 10 µm. Fig. 17. The gonimoblast initial (gi), the primary gonimolobe initial (gli1) and an inner gonimoblast cell (arrowhead) are perceptible as large, globose cells in a maturing carposporophyte. A second gonimolobe (arrow) develops from the secondary gonimolobe initial (gli2). Slide MAS 139f. Scale bar = 25 ...

Context 11

... sterile cells were noticed on the basal and hypogynous cells. The two cortical cells on top of the supporting cell become subsidiary auxiliary cells (or epi-supporting cells, 13.5-22.5 µm in diameter; Fig. 9). Following presumed fertilization, the carpogonium divides longitudinally and both halves fuse with the adjacent subsidiary auxiliary cells (Fig. 10). One diploidized subsidiary auxiliary cell and the cortical cell distal to it then initiate septate connecting filaments directly; these filaments branch abundantly near their site of origin (Fig. 11). By traversing the thallus, the connecting filaments can ultimately fuse with a generative auxiliary cell. The latter cells are formed ...

Context 12

... Fig. 9). Following presumed fertilization, the carpogonium divides longitudinally and both halves fuse with the adjacent subsidiary auxiliary cells (Fig. 10). One diploidized subsidiary auxiliary cell and the cortical cell distal to it then initiate septate connecting filaments directly; these filaments branch abundantly near their site of origin (Fig. 11). By traversing the thallus, the connecting filaments can ultimately fuse with a generative auxiliary cell. The latter cells are formed in an intercalary position in cortical filaments separate from those containing supporting cells. Prior to fusion with connecting filaments, these generative auxiliary cells (16-21 µm × 11-13 µm) differ ...

Context 13

... auxiliary cell. The latter cells are formed in an intercalary position in cortical filaments separate from those containing supporting cells. Prior to fusion with connecting filaments, these generative auxiliary cells (16-21 µm × 11-13 µm) differ from normal vegetative cells by their obpyriform shape and their dark staining with Aniline Blue (Fig. 12). Most connecting filaments continue to grow from the point of contact with the generative auxiliary cell, giving rise to a crescent-shaped lateral extension on the auxiliary cell. Upon diploidization, the generative auxiliary cell protrudes distally (Fig. 13) and divides transversely to form a conical gonimoblast initial (6.5-9.5 µm × ...

Context 14

... vegetative cells by their obpyriform shape and their dark staining with Aniline Blue (Fig. 12). Most connecting filaments continue to grow from the point of contact with the generative auxiliary cell, giving rise to a crescent-shaped lateral extension on the auxiliary cell. Upon diploidization, the generative auxiliary cell protrudes distally (Fig. 13) and divides transversely to form a conical gonimoblast initial (6.5-9.5 µm × 6-10 µm; Fig. 14). A subsequent oblique division of the gonimoblast initial forms the first gonimolobe initial (6-9 µm × 7-9 µm; Fig. 15), which continues to divide (Fig. 16) to produce the first gonimolobe. A second gonimolobe initial (Fig. 17) develops later ...

Context 15

... Most connecting filaments continue to grow from the point of contact with the generative auxiliary cell, giving rise to a crescent-shaped lateral extension on the auxiliary cell. Upon diploidization, the generative auxiliary cell protrudes distally (Fig. 13) and divides transversely to form a conical gonimoblast initial (6.5-9.5 µm × 6-10 µm; Fig. 14). A subsequent oblique division of the gonimoblast initial forms the first gonimolobe initial (6-9 µm × 7-9 µm; Fig. 15), which continues to divide (Fig. 16) to produce the first gonimolobe. A second gonimolobe initial (Fig. 17) develops later and the resulting gonimolobe matures sequentially. The gonimoblast initial, the primary ...

Context 16

... to a crescent-shaped lateral extension on the auxiliary cell. Upon diploidization, the generative auxiliary cell protrudes distally (Fig. 13) and divides transversely to form a conical gonimoblast initial (6.5-9.5 µm × 6-10 µm; Fig. 14). A subsequent oblique division of the gonimoblast initial forms the first gonimolobe initial (6-9 µm × 7-9 µm; Fig. 15), which continues to divide (Fig. 16) to produce the first gonimolobe. A second gonimolobe initial (Fig. 17) develops later and the resulting gonimolobe matures sequentially. The gonimoblast initial, the primary gonimolobe initial and inner gonimoblast cells are discernible as large globose cells (17-22 µm in diameter; Fig. 17) in the ...

Context 17

... on the auxiliary cell. Upon diploidization, the generative auxiliary cell protrudes distally (Fig. 13) and divides transversely to form a conical gonimoblast initial (6.5-9.5 µm × 6-10 µm; Fig. 14). A subsequent oblique division of the gonimoblast initial forms the first gonimolobe initial (6-9 µm × 7-9 µm; Fig. 15), which continues to divide (Fig. 16) to produce the first gonimolobe. A second gonimolobe initial (Fig. 17) develops later and the resulting gonimolobe matures sequentially. The gonimoblast initial, the primary gonimolobe initial and inner gonimoblast cells are discernible as large globose cells (17-22 µm in diameter; Fig. 17) in the mature nonostiolate cystocarp (90-210 ...

Context 18

... cell protrudes distally (Fig. 13) and divides transversely to form a conical gonimoblast initial (6.5-9.5 µm × 6-10 µm; Fig. 14). A subsequent oblique division of the gonimoblast initial forms the first gonimolobe initial (6-9 µm × 7-9 µm; Fig. 15), which continues to divide (Fig. 16) to produce the first gonimolobe. A second gonimolobe initial (Fig. 17) develops later and the resulting gonimolobe matures sequentially. The gonimoblast initial, the primary gonimolobe initial and inner gonimoblast cells are discernible as large globose cells (17-22 µm in diameter; Fig. 17) in the mature nonostiolate cystocarp (90-210 µm in diameter). The angular carposporangia are 11.5-30 µm in ...

Context 19

... (6-9 µm × 7-9 µm; Fig. 15), which continues to divide (Fig. 16) to produce the first gonimolobe. A second gonimolobe initial (Fig. 17) develops later and the resulting gonimolobe matures sequentially. The gonimoblast initial, the primary gonimolobe initial and inner gonimoblast cells are discernible as large globose cells (17-22 µm in diameter; Fig. 17) in the mature nonostiolate cystocarp (90-210 µm in diameter). The angular carposporangia are 11.5-30 µm in diameter. During cystocarp development, the cortical filament cells adjacent to the generative auxiliary cell enlarge and elongate to some ...

Context 20

... plants are small, up to 1.8 × 2.5 cm, and grow on coralline red algae and shell debris (Fig. 18). Four to eight oval, outer cortical filament cells (3-9 µm × 2-5 µm) originate from elongated subcortical cells. Large spherical gland cells (12-24 µm × 10-21 µm) are prominent, and are intercalary or terminal in cortical filaments. Rhizoidal filaments develop from the inner cortical cells and constitute the medulla, their cells 5-280 ...

Context 21

... dioecious female gametophytes were collected. Although were observed at different stages of development, carpogonial branches were absent. The cortical filament cells (7-14 µm × 3-6 µm), attached to the auxiliary cell (21-26 µm × 9-14 µm; Fig. 19), bear aggregations (generally 4 branching tiers, each consisting of 3-15 cells) of small subspherical nutritive cells (2-5 µm × 2.5-7 µm). Connecting filaments fuse baso-laterally with the auxiliary cell. The incoming connecting filament initiates a bulge ( Fig. 20), which gives rise to a gonimoblast initial ( Fig. 21) opposite to the ...

Context 22

... cell (21-26 µm × 9-14 µm; Fig. 19), bear aggregations (generally 4 branching tiers, each consisting of 3-15 cells) of small subspherical nutritive cells (2-5 µm × 2.5-7 µm). Connecting filaments fuse baso-laterally with the auxiliary cell. The incoming connecting filament initiates a bulge ( Fig. 20), which gives rise to a gonimoblast initial ( Fig. 21) opposite to the site of contact with the auxiliary cell. The gonimoblast initial swells, becoming subspherical (reaching a size of 6.5-18 µm in diameter) and cutting off the primary gonimolobe initial (Fig. 21). The resulting gonimoblast cells divide profusely and initiate a large subspherical primary gonimolobe (up to 180 µm × 220 ...

Context 23

... with the auxiliary cell. The incoming connecting filament initiates a bulge ( Fig. 20), which gives rise to a gonimoblast initial ( Fig. 21) opposite to the site of contact with the auxiliary cell. The gonimoblast initial swells, becoming subspherical (reaching a size of 6.5-18 µm in diameter) and cutting off the primary gonimolobe initial (Fig. 21). The resulting gonimoblast cells divide profusely and initiate a large subspherical primary gonimolobe (up to 180 µm × 220 µm). The remains of the incoming connecting filament are visible as a spine-like protuberance on the auxiliary cell ( Figs 24, 25). Secondary ( Fig. 23) and tertiary gonimolobes ( Fig. 26) are initiated ...

Context 24

... (9.5-13 µm × 3.5-5 µm) and bears a straight terminal trichogyne. After presumed fertilization, the zygote enlarges and divides transversely (Fig. 30). The basal part then produces connecting filaments prior to the degeneration of the trichogyne (Fig. 30). Throughout the thallus, the branched connecting filaments occasionally develop small cells ( Fig. 31) that give rise to multiple connecting filaments extending out in all directions. The auxiliary cell develops in an intercalary position in a cortical filament and is often uteriform in shape (16.5-22.5 µm × 9-13 µm). Small aggregations [1-4 tiers, each consisting of 1-2(-3) cells] of large spherical nutritive cells (5.5-10 µm in ...

Context 25

... each consisting of 1-2(-3) cells] of large spherical nutritive cells (5.5-10 µm in diameter) are attached to the cortical cell, subtending the auxiliary cell and the distal two cortical cells that originate from it ( Figs 30, 31). After the fusion of a connecting filament at the basal side of an auxiliary cell, the latter protrudes terminally ( Fig. 31; 24-37.5 µm × 9.5-14 µm) and divides transversely at its terminal end, initiating a gonimoblast initial (7-10 µm in diameter; Fig. 32). This is followed by a distal transverse division of the gonimoblast initial, giving rise to the primary gonimolobe initial (Fig. 32). The latter divides first transversely and then twice obliquely ...

Context 26

... cell are infrequently seen. The branches consist of 7-13 equally-staining cells, which, following the terminology of Lindstrom (1984), can be designated by numbers starting with the carpogonium (#1). Eccentric positioning of the primary pit connections results in a zigzag arrangement of carpogonial-branch cells when viewed dorsally or ventrally (Fig. 12). The carpogonial branch curves sharply toward the axis bearing it and the carpogonium arises adaxially on cell #2, the hypogynous cell (Figs 10, 11). The initially short and reflexed trichogyne can elongate to over 500 µm (Figs 12, 13; Abbott 1985). (Fig. 4); 50 µm ( Figs 5, 6); 10 µm (Fig. 7); 50 µm (Fig. 8, 9). Lateral views of ...

Context 27

... positioning of the primary pit connections results in a zigzag arrangement of carpogonial-branch cells when viewed dorsally or ventrally (Fig. 12). The carpogonial branch curves sharply toward the axis bearing it and the carpogonium arises adaxially on cell #2, the hypogynous cell (Figs 10, 11). The initially short and reflexed trichogyne can elongate to over 500 µm (Figs 12, 13; Abbott 1985). ...

Context 28

... carpogonial branch curves sharply toward the axis bearing it and the carpogonium arises adaxially on cell #2, the hypogynous cell (Figs 10, 11). The initially short and reflexed trichogyne can elongate to over 500 µm (Figs 12, 13; Abbott 1985). (Fig. 4); 50 µm ( Figs 5, 6); 10 µm (Fig. 7); 50 µm (Fig. 8, 9). ...

Context 29

... 11). The initially short and reflexed trichogyne can elongate to over 500 µm (Figs 12, 13; Abbott 1985). (Fig. 4); 50 µm ( Figs 5, 6); 10 µm (Fig. 7); 50 µm (Fig. 8, 9). Lateral views of carpogonial branches bearing nutritive-cell clusters on the hypogenous cell and on cells #3, #4 (shaded), and lengthy sterile laterals on more proximal cells. Fig. 15. Early carposporophyte development, showing the nutritive-cell clusters (shaded) and carposporangium initiation. The carpogonial branch cells and the basal cells of the sterile laterals inflate and pit connections widen. Cortical filaments arise from jacket cells. Cell #2 initiates a cluster of 4-6 branched filaments of tightly packed ...

Context 30

... carposporophyte development, showing the nutritive-cell clusters (shaded) and carposporangium initiation. The carpogonial branch cells and the basal cells of the sterile laterals inflate and pit connections widen. Cortical filaments arise from jacket cells. Cell #2 initiates a cluster of 4-6 branched filaments of tightly packed nutritive cells (Fig. 14), whereas cells #3 and #4 tend to bear a primary, slightly branched lateral, a second slightly more branched lateral, and 1-3 small clusters of ramified nutritive cells (Fig. 13). Primary laterals, 6-16 cells in length and branched to two orders, form adaxially on most of the remaining carpogonial branch cells, the longest occurring on ...

Context 31

... inflate and pit connections widen. Cortical filaments arise from jacket cells. Cell #2 initiates a cluster of 4-6 branched filaments of tightly packed nutritive cells (Fig. 14), whereas cells #3 and #4 tend to bear a primary, slightly branched lateral, a second slightly more branched lateral, and 1-3 small clusters of ramified nutritive cells (Fig. 13). Primary laterals, 6-16 cells in length and branched to two orders, form adaxially on most of the remaining carpogonial branch cells, the longest occurring on the most proximal cells (Figs 13, 14). Any of the cells proximal to cell #4 may ultimately bear either an abaxial or an adaxial second sterile ...

Context 32

... #2 initiates a cluster of 4-6 branched filaments of tightly packed nutritive cells (Fig. 14), whereas cells #3 and #4 tend to bear a primary, slightly branched lateral, a second slightly more branched lateral, and 1-3 small clusters of ramified nutritive cells (Fig. 13). Primary laterals, 6-16 cells in length and branched to two orders, form adaxially on most of the remaining carpogonial branch cells, the longest occurring on the most proximal cells (Figs 13, 14). Any of the cells proximal to cell #4 may ultimately bear either an abaxial or an adaxial second sterile filament. ...

Context 33

... presumed fertilization, the carpogonial branch cells and the basal cells of the sterile laterals inflate, and both the pit connections and the nuclei of these cells enlarge substantially (Fig. 15). The gonimoblast initial develops directly from the fertilized carpogonium (Fig. 16); at the same time, the nutritive cells fuse directly with the hypogynous cell through their pit connections, which retain their original size or expand only slightly as the pit plugs break down (Fig. 17). The passageways that are now open between the ...

Context 34

... presumed fertilization, the carpogonial branch cells and the basal cells of the sterile laterals inflate, and both the pit connections and the nuclei of these cells enlarge substantially (Fig. 15). The gonimoblast initial develops directly from the fertilized carpogonium (Fig. 16); at the same time, the nutritive cells fuse directly with the hypogynous cell through their pit connections, which retain their original size or expand only slightly as the pit plugs break down (Fig. 17). The passageways that are now open between the hypogynous cell and the nutritive cell clusters presumably become paths for direct ...

Context 35

... and the nuclei of these cells enlarge substantially (Fig. 15). The gonimoblast initial develops directly from the fertilized carpogonium (Fig. 16); at the same time, the nutritive cells fuse directly with the hypogynous cell through their pit connections, which retain their original size or expand only slightly as the pit plugs break down (Fig. 17). The passageways that are now open between the hypogynous cell and the nutritive cell clusters presumably become paths for direct nutrient transport to the developing gonimoblast. The carposporophyte remains compact, does not intermingle with vegetative tissue, and lacks a pericarp. Ovoid carposporangia (40 × 30 µm) terminate branches ...

Context 36

... that are now open between the hypogynous cell and the nutritive cell clusters presumably become paths for direct nutrient transport to the developing gonimoblast. The carposporophyte remains compact, does not intermingle with vegetative tissue, and lacks a pericarp. Ovoid carposporangia (40 × 30 µm) terminate branches of the compact gonimoblast (Fig. 18); cystocarps at various stages of development are found scattered within the cortex and reach 330 µm in ...

Context 37

... are produced in terminal dendroid clusters on separate male gametophytes, the fertile axes often being accompanied by a sterile sibling cortical filament of one or two cells (Fig. 19). Spermatangial mother cells initiate 1-3 spermatangia (Fig. ...

Context 38

... cortical cells; axial cells broadening to 70(-80) µm within 1 mm of the apices. Spermatangia developing directly from catenate series of distal cortical cells. Supporting cells bearing two carpogonial branches occur more frequently than in R. mucosissimus. Secondary laterals common on proximal carpogonial branch cells. HOLOTYPE: GENT, SMM 446 ( Fig. 21) TYPE LOCALITY: west of Bidholih, south coast of Socotra Island (Figs 1, 3). Sample site ALG-40 (12.303°N, 53.843°E): a rocky platform at -19 m covered with thin layers of sand and punctuated by deeper sand patches (Schils, 30.iv.2000). ETYMOLOGY: obpyriformis, refers to the inverse pear shape of the cortical ...

Context 39

... laterals common on proximal carpogonial branch cells. HOLOTYPE: GENT, SMM 446 ( Fig. 21) TYPE LOCALITY: west of Bidholih, south coast of Socotra Island (Figs 1, 3). Sample site ALG-40 (12.303°N, 53.843°E): a rocky platform at -19 m covered with thin layers of sand and punctuated by deeper sand patches (Schils, 30.iv.2000). ...

Context 40

... thalli are terete, pale pink, and up to 15 cm in length (Fig. 21). Branching is irregularly radial, with a sparse development of up to four orders of indeterminate laterals. The dome- shaped apical cell divides obliquely, the immediate derivatives forming a sinusoidal pattern before the axial cells become aligned (Fig. ...

Context 41

... rhodoplasts are discoid, have a distinctive 'erythrocyte' appearance ( Fig. 29), and are 2-4 µm in diameter. As in R. mucosissimus, the rhizoidal and jacket cells contain fewer rhodoplasts than the cortical cells, and older axial cells virtually lack them altogether. (Fig. 21); 100 µm (Fig. 22); 10 µm (Figs 23, 24). The gametophytes are monoecious. Spermatangia develop on terminal ( Fig. 25) and subterminal cortical cells, with up to nine fertile axial cells forming in series (Fig. 30). Unlike in R. mucosissimus, the spermatangia tend to be borne directly on fertile axial cells, rather than on terminal ...

Context 42

... throughout the thallus in various states of development. The carpogonial branch is 7-13 cells long, the supporting cell being one of the periaxial cells, a jacket cell (rhizoidal filament cell), or a lower cortical filament cell. The presence of two carpogonial branches on a single supporting cell occurs more frequently than in R. mucosissimus (Fig. 31). The hypogynous cell produces 4-6 branched clusters of densely aggregated nutritive cells. Cells #3 and #4 generally each bear two longer branched laterals and 1-3 small nutritive-cell clusters. The carpogonial branch cells proximal to cell #4 bear a long primary sterile lateral and may ultimately come to bear an ab-or adaxial second ...

Context 43

... clearly distinguish Reticulocaulis from Naccaria ( Table 2). The carpogonial branches are longer (7-13 cells vs 2-8 cells) in Reticulocaulis and develop from the periaxial cells, the jacket cells and the lower cells of the cortical fascicles, whereas in Naccaria species they can arise from the periaxial cells (in N. hawaiiana: Abbott 1985, fig. 11), from intercalary supporting cells at various levels in the cortex (in N. wiggii: specimen L 0276772), or from rhizoids (in N. naccarioides: Womersley 1996, p. 356). The degree to which sterile laterals arise and develop on carpogonial branch cells appears to be variable in Naccaria species such as N. hawaiiana (Abbott 1999), N. ...

Context 44

... compact in Reticulocaulis, although post-fertilization stages, such as the fusion of the fertilized carpogonium and hypogynous cell by widening of the pit connection, are similar in both genera (Millar 1990;Womersley 1996). Formation in Naccaria of a fusion cell that incorporates the fertile-axial cell (Hommersand & Fredericq 1990;Womersley 1996: Fig. 160 H), however, is not seen in Reticulocaulis and constitutes another major difference between the two genera. The difference in the sizes of the mature cystocarp structures of R. mucosissimus between those reported here (carposporangium and cystocarp diameter) and those reported in Abbott (1985: p. 557, Fig. 6), is probably the result of ...

Context 45

... lomentariae (Tanaka et K. Nozawa in Tanaka) Huisman, which is very imperfectly known only from the type collection. Both it and the type species have low-growing, decumbent thalli of small stature. It was therefore of interest when several relatively large, upright thalli referable to Chamaebotrys were collected from an upwelling area off Socotra (Fig. 1). These specimens are herein described as the new species C. erectus. ...

Context 46

... thallus are brownish red. Thalli are soft in texture and composed of hollow, mucus-filled segments that are joined by narrow connections (Fig. 3). The shape of the segments varies from subcylindrical near the apex to thick, elongate and barrel-shaped in Compound thallus: cystocarpic axes (C) developing from tetrasporic segments (T). Scale bars: Fig. 2, 1 cm; Fig. 3, 1 mm; Figs 4-6, 10 µm; Fig. 7, 1 ...

Context 47

... texture and composed of hollow, mucus-filled segments that are joined by narrow connections (Fig. 3). The shape of the segments varies from subcylindrical near the apex to thick, elongate and barrel-shaped in Compound thallus: cystocarpic axes (C) developing from tetrasporic segments (T). Scale bars: Fig. 2, 1 cm; Fig. 3, 1 mm; Figs 4-6, 10 µm; Fig. 7, 1 ...

Context 48

... cell, attached to the supporting cell and with secondary pit connections with adjacent cortical cells, acts as the auxiliary mother cell and initiates an obovoid auxiliary cell (Fig. 9). Immediate post-fertilisation events have not been observed. Upon presumed diploidisation of the auxiliary cell, the latter produces a stalked gonimoblast (Fig. 10). Basal to the gonimoblast, nutritive cells are formed from the cells that surround the supporting cell. Simultaneously, a protuberant pericarp surrounds the gonimoblast (Fig. ...

Context 49

... cell (Fig. 9). Immediate post-fertilisation events have not been observed. Upon presumed diploidisation of the auxiliary cell, the latter produces a stalked gonimoblast (Fig. 10). Basal to the gonimoblast, nutritive cells are formed from the cells that surround the supporting cell. Simultaneously, a protuberant pericarp surrounds the gonimoblast (Fig. ...

Context 50

... Tetrasporangia occur in nemathecial sori (Fig. 12). During maturation the sori spread into irregular diffuse patches that can cover the greater part of the thallus. The nemathecia are composed of slender filaments (Fig. 13) that arise from outer cortical cells and cut off distal tetrasporangia. Sterile filaments occur among the tetrasporangial filaments. After releasing the first order ...

Context 51

... Tetrasporangia occur in nemathecial sori (Fig. 12). During maturation the sori spread into irregular diffuse patches that can cover the greater part of the thallus. The nemathecia are composed of slender filaments (Fig. 13) that arise from outer cortical cells and cut off distal tetrasporangia. Sterile filaments occur among the tetrasporangial filaments. After releasing the first order of tetrasporangia, secondary nemathecial filaments can be produced which give rise to secondary tetrasporangia in more elevated sori. Tetrasporangia develop from darkly ...

Context 52

... off distal tetrasporangia. Sterile filaments occur among the tetrasporangial filaments. After releasing the first order of tetrasporangia, secondary nemathecial filaments can be produced which give rise to secondary tetrasporangia in more elevated sori. Tetrasporangia develop from darkly staining elliptical initials 13.5-25 µm [l] x 6.5-14 µm [w] (Fig. 13). The first division is transverse and oblique, with subsequent divisions splitting the two halves longitudinally at right angles to one another, resulting in decussately divided tetrasporangia 27-41 µm x 20-25 µm. ...

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... The Yemen plant (Fig. 1) is 22 cm in height, greyish/light green (when dried), mucilaginous, and arises from a discoid holdfast 3 mm in diam. Percurrent primary axes bear indeterminate lateral branches of similar form, both in turn bearing a further order of numerous short lateral branches. Primary axes and major lateral branches are 1-2.5 mm in diam., ...

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... of the type species of these four genera are given in Table 1. Figures 11-22 show examples of these characteristics (Liagora perennis Abbott is used instead of L. viscida for illustrative purposes). Mature cystocarp formed at the end of the carpogonial filament, with sterile filaments borne on the lower cells of the carpogonial filament. ...

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... 1, those that we consider of primary importance are the cortical structure, the architecture of the carpogonial branch and mature cystocarp, and the derivation of spermatangia. Our observations indicate that L. orientalis should no longer be maintained in Liagora. A comparison of the mature cystocarps of L. orientalis ( Fig. 9) and L. viscida (Fig. 10) shows differences in morphology sufficient to warrant placement in separate genera. The cystocarp of Liagora viscida has a somewhat diffuse gonimoblast in which sterile filaments are intermingled, whereas that of L. orientalis is compact and the sterile filaments form a discrete cluster below the gonimoblast. The presence of an ...

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... Socotra Archipelago (12.47°N, 53.87°E; Yemen) is situated in the southwestern part of the Arabian Sea ( Fig. 1) and is affected by various gyres and eddies that result in upwelling during the SW monsoon in summer. The south coast of the main island is particularly influenced by the upwelling phenomenon, whereas the north coast is typified by warmer water with less temperature fluctuations. Biogeographic studies of Socotra's marine fauna ( Kemp ...

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... and seagrass communities around the Socotra Archipelago were sampled in spring 2000 (26 March -7 May). A total of 82 vegetation quadrats from 21 sites ( Fig. 1; Appendix 1) were used to compare the different algal assemblages of the main island, Abd al-Kuri and Samha. At each site homogeneous macroalgal assemblages on subtidal platforms, ranging from -5 to -15 m depth, were selected, in which the quadrats (0.25 m 2 ) were randomly placed. Upon recording the species by means of ...

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... DCA of the biomass data of the 82 quadrats shows 6 distinct site groupings (Fig. 2), which correspond well with their geographic position around the archipelago (Fig. 1). Both axes have high eigenvalues (0.781 and 0.688) and together they represent 14.8 % of the variation in species composition. The plot reflects the geographic position of the sample stations within the archipelago, presumably relating to the physico-chemical characteristics of the water mass. This is shown in the high correlation of ...

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... 9). OI behaved like a combination of the other clusters: having a relatively high affinity with the East African Coast (common Indian Ocean taxa) similar to SNC, a decreasing affinity with the Arabian Sea flora (an artefact of undersampling in the Arabian Sea) like CDC and a relatively low affinity with the Eastern Indian Ocean comparable to SSC (Fig. ...

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... floras with seawater temperature (Cheney 1977, Bolton 1986). The overall ratio for the archipelago is 3.8, which is indicative for a warm temperate flora (Kapraun 1980). The Cheney ratios of the major quadrat clusters (SNC, TZ, SSC and OI) are comparable, due to similar proportions of Chloro-, Phaeo-and Rhodophyceae in these communities (Fig. ...

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... (Tan), Seychelles (Sey), Kenya (Ken), Somalia (Som), Yemen (Yem), Oman (Oma), Iran (Ira), Pakistan (Pak), Laccadive (Lac), Maldives (Mald), Sri Lanka (Sri), Bangladesh (Ban), Andaman (And), Malaysia (Mala), Indonesia (Ind), Australia (Aus). Fig. 9. Biogeographic affinity of SNC (filled squares), TZ (open circles) and SSC (filled triangles). Fig. 10. Biogeographic affinity of CDC (asterisks), SNC (filled squares) and SSC (filled triangles) in relation to that of OI (thick grey line). Similarities between the former clusters and OI, for a specific region (East Africa, Arabian Sea, western Indian Ocean), are indicated with a thickened line. ...

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... were excluded from the second DCA, in which the environmental variables were tested. Extensive seagrass beds are rather rare around the archipelago: patches of Halodule uninervis (Forsskål) Ascherson are scattered around the north coast (sandy substrate), well-developed Thalassodendron ciliatum (Forsskål) den Hartog beds occur in Mahfirhin Bay ( Fig. 1: close to site 42; no quadrats available) and extensive seagrass beds, composed of Halodule uninervis, Halophila ovalis (R. Brown) Hooker and Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenberg) Ascherson are found in Qalansiyah lagoon (Fig. 1: site 29). Owing to the exclusion of small epiphytes in this study, SGB is species-poor but shows the greatest ...

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... north coast (sandy substrate), well-developed Thalassodendron ciliatum (Forsskål) den Hartog beds occur in Mahfirhin Bay ( Fig. 1: close to site 42; no quadrats available) and extensive seagrass beds, composed of Halodule uninervis, Halophila ovalis (R. Brown) Hooker and Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenberg) Ascherson are found in Qalansiyah lagoon (Fig. 1: site 29). Owing to the exclusion of small epiphytes in this study, SGB is species-poor but shows the greatest standing stock of all community types. With respect to other seagrass communities, generally consisting of one or two seagrass species (Duarte 2000), Qalansiyah lagoon, however, contains plant communities with a moderate seagrass ...

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... north coast of Socotra is typified by a mixture of well-developed coral assemblages (e.g. CDC at Hawlaf; Fig. 1: site 5) and algal communities (e.g. Diham; Fig. 1: site 4). The marine macroflora of this area consists mainly of common East African/Indian Ocean taxa (Fig. 9), reflected in the high general affinity with the Indian Ocean flora. The environmental correlations show that this cluster is characterized by the highest water temperatures ...

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... north coast of Socotra is typified by a mixture of well-developed coral assemblages (e.g. CDC at Hawlaf; Fig. 1: site 5) and algal communities (e.g. Diham; Fig. 1: site 4). The marine macroflora of this area consists mainly of common East African/Indian Ocean taxa (Fig. 9), reflected in the high general affinity with the Indian Ocean flora. The environmental correlations show that this cluster is characterized by the highest water temperatures and salinities of the archipelago during the SW monsoon. SNC ...

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... 48 sample sites (Fig. 1) of which complete species inventories were recorded (1048 species records) served as the ordination input. Detrended Correspondance Analysis (DCA performed with CANOCO; ter Braak 1988) was chosen as an indirect gradient analysis as the data clearly represent a unimodal model (maximum gradient length: 5.227 SD; ter ...

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... Sea (Table 4). Table 3. Species with significant probabilities (P < 0.05) and indicator values (IV, % perfect indication) for each of the plant communities (DCA clusters). High indicator values are marked in bold and grouped according to cluster preference. Probabilities are based on 1000 Monte Carlo permutations. Cluster abbreviations as in Fig. 1. The species abbreviations correspond to the species listed in appendix 1. Nizamuddinia zanardinii and Sargassum linearifolium are indicator species of S&M SS that make up the largest biomass stands of the studied macroalgal communities (excl. the seagrass communities; T. Schils pers. obs.). Besides N. zanardinii, the indicator species ...

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... flora in comparison to those of Socotra. All investigated communities, however, have a strong phytogeographic affinity with the East African coast. A synopsis is represented in the Principal Component Analysis (hereafter PCA) of the macroalgal distributions (Indian Ocean nations) from the species inventories of the Socotra and Masirah sites (Fig. 1). The very high eigenvalue of the first axis (0.827) shows that the separation of countries according to this axis is by far the most important component of the analysis. The species inventories of Masirah and Socotra (dots in Fig. 1) have high affinities with the (sub)tropical countries of East Africa, Western Australia, Sri Lanka and ...

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... the macroalgal distributions (Indian Ocean nations) from the species inventories of the Socotra and Masirah sites (Fig. 1). The very high eigenvalue of the first axis (0.827) shows that the separation of countries according to this axis is by far the most important component of the analysis. The species inventories of Masirah and Socotra (dots in Fig. 1) have high affinities with the (sub)tropical countries of East Africa, Western Australia, Sri Lanka and the east coast of South Africa. The biogeographic affinities with other countries and islands of the eastern and central part of the Indian Ocean are markedly lower. The PCA shows three distinct site groupings (Fig. 1). Cluster A ...

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... and Socotra (dots in Fig. 1) have high affinities with the (sub)tropical countries of East Africa, Western Australia, Sri Lanka and the east coast of South Africa. The biogeographic affinities with other countries and islands of the eastern and central part of the Indian Ocean are markedly lower. The PCA shows three distinct site groupings (Fig. 1). Cluster A includes sites with a high biogeographic affinity for East Africa, which belong to the following communities (for abbreviations see chapter 7): MAS WC, S&O NC, SOC NC and SOC SG. Cluster B groups sheltered sites, also harbouring communities (part of MAS SG and S&O SC) with high affinities for the East African flora. Cluster ...

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... de Oost-Afrikaanse flora. Alle bestudeerde gemeenschappen vertonen nochtans een uitgesproken fytogeografische affiniteit met de Oost-Afrikaanse kust. Een overzicht hiervan wordt gegeven in de Principale Componenten Analyse (hierna PCA) van de wierverspreidings- patronen (landen van de Indische Oceaan) voor de soortenlijsten van Socotra en Masirah (Fig. 1). De bijzonder hoge eigenwaarde van de eerste as (0,827) wijst er op dat de scheiding van landen volgens deze as veruit de belangrijkste component in de analyse is. De soortenlijsten van Masirah en Socotra (punten in Fig. 1) vertonen een hoge affiniteit met de (sub)tropische landen van Oost-Afrika, West-Australië, Sri Lanka en de ...

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... PCA) van de wierverspreidings- patronen (landen van de Indische Oceaan) voor de soortenlijsten van Socotra en Masirah (Fig. 1). De bijzonder hoge eigenwaarde van de eerste as (0,827) wijst er op dat de scheiding van landen volgens deze as veruit de belangrijkste component in de analyse is. De soortenlijsten van Masirah en Socotra (punten in Fig. 1) vertonen een hoge affiniteit met de (sub)tropische landen van Oost-Afrika, West-Australië, Sri Lanka en de oostkust van Zuid- Afrika. De biogeografische affiniteit met andere landen en eilanden van het oostelijk en centrale deel van de Indische Oceaan is merkelijk lager. De PCA geeft drie aparte groepen van staalnameplaatsen weer ...

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... in Fig. 1) vertonen een hoge affiniteit met de (sub)tropische landen van Oost-Afrika, West-Australië, Sri Lanka en de oostkust van Zuid- Afrika. De biogeografische affiniteit met andere landen en eilanden van het oostelijk en centrale deel van de Indische Oceaan is merkelijk lager. De PCA geeft drie aparte groepen van staalnameplaatsen weer (Fig. 1). Cluster A omvat de bemonsteringsplaatsen met een hoge biogeografische affiniteit voor de Oost-Afrikaanse kust, die behoren tot de volgende gemeenschappen (afkortingen: zie hoofdstuk 7): MAS WC, S&O NC, SOC NC en SOC SG. Cluster B groepeert beschutte sites, ook samengesteld uit gemeenschappen (delen van MAS SG en S&O SC) met een hoge ...

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... eigenwaarde van deze as, een bijdrage van slechts 4,2 % aan de totale variatie in de soortensamenstelling, laat zien dat behalve de sterke gelijkenissen met Oost-Afrika, een beperkt aantal soorten een speciale affiniteit vertonen met lokale (b.v. Pakistan en Somalië) en verafgelegen (b.v. West-Australië en Zuid-Afrika) koud-gematigde flora's. Fig. 1. Principale Componenten Analyse van de wierverspreiding in de Indische Oceaan gebaseerd op de soortenlijsten van de verschillende staalnameplaatsen. De Indische Oceaanverspreiding van elke soort van een bepaalde bemonsteringsplaats werd geregistreerd, waarna de soortswaarnemingen per land opgeteld werden voor elke site. De ...