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![World desalination plants per geographical area [4].](profile/Ben-Xu-6/publication/319397736/figure/fig1/AS:578928580075520@1515038737361/World-desalination-plants-per-geographical-area-4.png)
![Figure 1. World desalination plants per geographical area [4].](profile/Ben-Xu-6/publication/319397736/figure/fig1/AS:578928580075520@1515038737361/World-desalination-plants-per-geographical-area-4_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 4. Schematic of RO [8].](profile/Ben-Xu-6/publication/319397736/figure/fig4/AS:578928580075522@1515038737786/Schematic-of-RO-8_Q320.jpg)
Contexts in source publication
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... number is continuously growing as the need for fresh water supply grows. Figure 1 shows the world desalination plants per geographical area, and over half of these plants are in the Middle East. ...
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... mass and energy balance analysis for the FSMED system in steady-state operation will be intro- duced in this section. Figure 10 shows the energy balance of the FSMED system. ...
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... to Figure 10, the input energy involves the energy from the heat source and the feed seawater, as shown in Eq. (1) ...
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... example of the calculated energy consumption for FSMED system with 3, 4, and 5 as the total number of effects is shown in Figure 11, in which the heat source temperature varies from 150 to 400 C. The bleed steam fractions for 3, 4, and 5 effects are 0.6, 0.57, and 0.55, respec- tively. It is apparent that a five-effect system is the least energy consuming. ...
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... is thus necessary to determine the lifetime and trajectory of tiny water drops as a function of the drop size, the ambient temperature, and the spray-injection parameters. Given that the analysis of vaporization of saline droplet swarm is complex (involving crystallization process), the present Figure 11. Thermal energy requirement of FSMED desalination system versus hot air and heating steam temperature. ...
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... lifetime of the water droplet in the FST under different diameters and temperatures is compared in Figure 12. The droplet lifetime increases with an increase in the droplet diameter but decreases with an increase in the ambient temperate. ...
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... confine the vaporization within the FST with certain size, the variations of the falling distance in the vertical direction and stopping distance in the horizontal direction were calcu- lated for a water droplet with 400 μm in diameter under different injection parameters, as shown in Figure 13. ...
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... concentrated brine from the MED is atomized into tiny droplets and fully evaporated in the FST by using the high-temperature heat from concentrated solar thermal energy system, resulting in simultaneous collection of pure water and dry salts. A simplified non-equilibrium vaporization model is used to investigate the lifetime and trajectory of a tiny water droplet in the FST as a function of the droplet size, the ambient temperature, and the Figure 13. Variation of the falling and stopping distance with the injection velocity and angle. ...
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Citations
... Some of them seek to remove salt and organic matter (Arvanitoyannis and Kassaveti, 2008;Lefebvre and Moletta, 2006;Cristóvão et al., 2012), and others to obtain high value molecules from fish side streams (Naik et al., 2020;Ucak et al., 2021;Walha et al., 2011). Thermal techniques utilize the heat to evaporate and reduce the volume of final effluents, generating recalcitrant brines that are difficult or costly to manage and require a high energy consumption (Xu et al., 2017;Gutierrez et al., 2019). The microorganism of biological treatment is inhibited by high salt concentrations; however, the use of salt-adapted microorganisms had been demonstrated to be a viable option when the salt and organic loading rate need to be equalized (Capos et al., 2002). ...
... Due to the requirement of significant energy and its related costs in terms of energy and maintenance, overall treatment costs rise significantly with the addition of a desalination step. In 2013, desalination, removal of salt from seawater, brackish water, and wastewater was calculated to cost between United States $0.45 to United States $1.00 per m 3 (Xu et al., 2017). ...
The rapid growth of the aquaculture industry over recent decades, with annual production reaching 94.6 million tonnes in 2018 has resulted in a significant increase in saline wastewater following the use of seawater in both fish and shellfish production and processing. This wastewater contains high concentrations of nutrients, organic compounds, and total nitrogen, resulting in the requirement for significant treatment prior to discharge to meet environmental regulations, which are becoming more stringent. The infrastructure and running costs associated with physico-chemical treatment approaches are generally higher than the implementation of biological approaches; the latter represents both an economic and sustainable technology. However, salinity represents a significant inhibitor to microbial activity, affecting the efficacy of the biological treatment of wastewater. This review aims to 1) identify the major biodegradable components in saline fish wastewater that may result in deleterious effects upon discharge, 2) discuss the current methods used for the treatment of fish processing wastewaters, and 3) identify opportunities for improved processes to be utilised and identify gaps in knowledge that require further research. Total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and total nitrogen (TN) were found to be the most prevalent components in fish effluent. High concentrations of TSS and TN are likely due to the protein content. One method for reducing the environmental impact of the treated wastewater is to enhance nutrient removal (TSS, TN, BOD) through process modification, leading to an increase in active proteolytic activity. Bioaugmentation using immobilised, saline-tolerant proteases or halophilic, protease-producing microorganisms have both shown significant potential in laboratory studies in reducing both the COD and TN content of fish processing wastewater to below discharge limits and therefore may represent commercial options for future treatment processes.
