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This study presents a structural and functional analysis of the wing bending and folding mechanism of a selected beetle species. Insect motility studies, with regard to the anatomical structure, were performed. The main inner wing structures were highlighted and their mechanical properties and functions were determined. The structure parameters as...
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Citations
... Insect wings play a major role here. Hence, examining their flight parameters is crucially important to design biomimetic FMAVs [16,17]. It is increasingly clear that most insects obtain useful force with the help of aerodynamic mechanisms that require torsion, often with transverse bending, and other deformations including alteration of the effective area [18]. ...
... The foldable wings of beetles have attracted the interest of aerospace engineering scientists as well as entomologists [25]. Knowledge about the folding mechanism of beetle hind wings can be used to design deployable FWMAVs [16,26]. Rapidly deployable wings based on the design of origami mechanisms [27] and foldable artificial wings imitating Allomyrina dichotoma have opened up new prospects for foldable structures in MAVs [28]. ...
When beetles are not in flight, their hind wings are folded and hidden under the elytra to reduce their size. This provided inspiration for the design of flapping-wing micro aerial vehicles (FWMAVs). In this paper, microstructures and nanomechanical properties of three beetle species with different wing folding ratios living in different environments were investigated. Factors affecting their flight performance, that is, wind speed, folding ratio, aspect ratio, and flapping frequency, were examined using a wind tunnel. It was found that the wing folding ratio correlated with the lift force of the beetles. Wind speed, folding ratio, aspect ratio, and flapping frequency had a combined effect on the flight performance of the beetles. The results will be helpful to design new deployable FWMAVs.
... The hind wings need to be folded under the hard elytra in small spaces or unfavorable environments and unfolded to take off when escaping from a natural enemy or foraging [1]. The hind wing construction varies in different beetle species [95], and the folding line of the hind wing is as follows [19,96]: the beetle raises both front legs, opens the elytra and extends the hind wing at the same time when preparing for take-off [29]. The intrinsic elasticity of the hind wing can be helpful for repeated unfolding and folding cycles, and this automatic unfolding can yield very smooth results [16]. ...
Some Coleoptera (popularly referred to as beetles) can fly at a low Reynolds number with their deployable hind wings, which directly enables a low body weight-a good bioinspiration strategy for miniaturization of micro-air vehicles (MAVs). The hind wing is a significant part of the body and has a folding/unfolding mechanism whose unique function benefits from different structures and materials. This review summarizes the actions, factors, and mechanisms of beetle flight and bioinspired MAVs with deployable wings. The elytron controlled by muscles is the protected part for the folded hind wing and influences flight performance. The resilin, the storage material for elasticity, is located in the folding parts. The hind wings' folding/unfolding mechanism and flight performance can be influenced by vein structures of hollow, solid and wrinkled veins, the hemolymph that flows in hollow veins and its hydraulic mechanism, and various mechanical properties of veins. The action of beetle flight includes flapping flight, hovering, gliding, and landing. The hind wing is passively deformed through force and hemolymph, and the attack angle of the hind wing and the nanomechanics of the veins, muscles and mass body determine the flight performance. Based these factors, bioinspired MAVs with a new deployable wing structure and new materials will be designed to be much more effective and miniaturized. The new fuels and energy supply are significant aspects of MAVs.
... The flapping frequency was also determined. Wing structure, folding and bending patterns of different beetle species were discussed in the paper [34]. ...
... Adding, for example, mechanism of wing folding will require the development of a more complex mechanism and the inclusion of an additional drive. In the transfer of power on the wing, locking mechanisms are planned to be used [34]. ...
Beetle wings perform a flapping movement, consisting of the rotation relative to the two axes. This paper presents the results of observations and measurements of wings operating parameters in different planes of some beetle species. High speed photos and videos were used. The concept of the mechanism performing a complex wing movement was proposed and developed.
We propose a new framework for making insect-inspired robots using micro-focus X-ray computed tomography (micro CT). Micro CT system used in this study is originally for non-invasive inspection for industrial and medical applications, not for robotics. The CT data provides three-dimensional information of the complex structure of animal body in micrometer resolution. We shoot CT images of rhinoceros beetles (Trypoxy-lus dichotomus) to reveal its musculoskeletal system, flapping mechanism, wing veins, and multi-segment limbs. The cross sectional images enables to identify the flight muscles and joint mechanism. Moreover, three-dimensional reconstruction of CT data allows replicating insect body with additive manufacturing technique. We used multi-material 3D printer for printing a wing vein and a shell from the volumetric data. The results shows that the 3D printed artificial shell can reproduce the linkage mechanism of flapping motion. Micro CT studies of insects enhance a further understanding of biological systems and development of bio-inspired robots.
