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Egypt possesses excellent potential for renewable energy (RE) including solar, wind and biomass energy. Renewable energy technologies (RETs) and systems have different needs for support in terms of research and development, demonstration and market development. For this purpose, the Energy Research Center (ERC) at Cairo University has carried out a...
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... In addition, Khalil et al. (2010) have developed an action plan to promote competitiveness and efficiency of renewable energy systems. From a different perspective, El Kholy and Faried (2011) have studied how to manage energy demand in Egypt with special reference to solar, hydro, biomass and wind energies. ...
The need for the use of renewable energy sources in general and solar energy in particular is immensely increasing over time. It is true that our planet's future relies to a great extent on the speed of shifting to renewables instead of the use of fossil fuels for energy supply. Accordingly, the Egyptian government has put sustainable development as a priority in its 2030 vision. But to achieve sustainability, various obstacles that impede this process should be carefully identified and addressed. For that, this research work is studying various challenges and barriers that face private solar energy suppliers in Egypt. This is conducted by using an exploratory approach that relies on detailed interviews with private solar energy firms. Results highlight that private solar energy firms are challenged by trade barriers, market barriers, organisational barriers from New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA), macroeconomic barriers and legal barriers. Furthermore, this study provides policy solutions to partially address the identified barriers and to further speed up the transition to solar energy production and usage.
... Egypt has a large amount of solar radiation as a source of renewable energy. Khalil et al. (2010) reported that the duration of sunshine throughout the year ranges from 9 to 11 h with a few cloudy days. This energy demonstrates the high economic potential for power generation (about 74,000 TWh/year). ...
The quality and properties of biochar are generally influenced by the nature of the raw materials and pyrolysis techniques. To assess the quality of sesame biochar production, a disc chamber reactor set on a solar parabolic dish concentrator was proposed as a modified slow pyrolysis technique. To evaluate the physicochemical characterizations of the produced biochar, two pyrolysis settings were used: 470 °C for 1 h (T1) and 440 °C for 2 h (T2) to produce biochar from sesame stalk feedstock (SS) using the proposed solar disk chamber reactor. Ash content, mass fraction of elements (C, H, and O%), pH, surface area, zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were investigated. The results showed that the mass of T1 biochar decreased by 5% when compared to T2, while ash content, pH, fixed carbon, and volatile gases for both biochars were relatively close. The H/C and O/C molar ratios were below 1.00 and 0.4, respectively, indicating a loss of degradable polar contents and the formation of aromatic compounds. The surface area of T2 biochar was three times the surface area of T1, with the opposite trend in mean pore diameter. Two biochars showed the same FTIR peaks and SEM data, with small differences in their characteristics, demonstrating that pyrolysis time and temperature had a tight relationship. Both biochars showed approximately similar properties. The reactor’s efficiency is mainly affected by solar energy and atmospheric conditions during operation, which influence the average surface temperature. In Egypt, climatic conditions would be more favorable in the summer to improve the efficiency of parabolic solar dish concentrators for producing high-quality biochar.
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... These issues led to a need for a new source of energy that is cheaper and sustainable with fewer carbon emissions such as solar, wind, biomass, and fuel cell [1], [2]. Solar photovoltaic (PV) has become the world's fastest-growing energy technology due to factors such as the PV system utilizing the most abundant RE resource on the planet, i.e. the sun, low maintenance, noise-free, low solar PV prices compared to other RE technology [3]- [5] and can be mounted in small or large scale. Therefore, increasing the number of installations of this system is important and related research has been growing in the literature. ...
... By trying an error with simulation time, t , the suitable value of the capacitor can be obtained. dt dVPV link dc PV C I (5) Lastly, the power efficiency of the system is calculated using equation (6). OUT P is the simulated results obtained from the system whereas, IN P is the total PV output power from string 1 and string 2. ...
This paper presents the simulation of power generation in a photovoltaic (PV) system that applies maximum PV power point tracking (MPPT) in a DC/DC boost converter. The MPPT is responsible to obtain the possible maximum PV power to be extracted to the input of the DC/DC boost converter. Although there are equations available to calculate the value of components in DC/DC circuit in literature, the validation of input parameters of the converter which are crucial in the design process was not properly presented, especially for different solar irradiance and temperature. Thus, this paper shows a step-by-step simulation of multi-string PV with converter, from designing the converter based on the PV specification and constructing the model by using MATLAB/Simulink software system. Next, the algorithm of the incremental conductance method was developed in MPPT to control the duty cycle of the converter. The result shows that the developed system has successfully output the maximum power under different solar irradiance and temperature with high efficiency of 99.0%. Simulation results were validated using the P-V curves of the selected PV modules. Then, the proposed model can then be connected to an inverter for a complete grid-connected PV system in the future.
... To the authors' knowledge, only three academic research discussed the possibility of WTE technologies. All of them were focused on biochemical conversion for organic/agricultural waste treatment to produce a bioenergy/biogas [19][20][21]. ...
This paper proposes a study on the potential of waste-to-energy (WTE) possibility in the Arab Republic of Egypt. WTE is a viable option for municipal solid waste (MSW) management and a renewable energy source. The issue of waste spread is a chronic environmental challenge in the Arab Republic of Egypt. The MSW practices in Egypt are simply done by collecting the waste and dumping it in open landfill sites. This research aims to assess the potential contribution of the WTE facility to meet electricity demand in Cairo City, which is Egypt’s capital and the biggest city in population as a sample, and then apply the results to all of Egypt. The paper introduced a step-by-step calculation for the electrical power that can be generated from Cairo MSW. Four scenarios for WTE utilization were developed: Mass Burn without any waste processing, Mass Burn with 25% recycling, Mass Burn excluding 50% of organic material, and Mass Burn excluding 50% of organic material with 25% recycling. The Mass Burn scenario implies full MSW stream incineration; the Mass Burn with recycling scenario considers a partial separation of reusable materials and the waste leftover for incineration; the Mass Burn with excluding 50% of organic material scenario considers a partial separation of organic materials and the waste leftover for incineration; the Mass Burn with excluding 50% of organic material with 25% recycling scenario considers a partial separation of organic materials and partial separation of reusable materials and the waste leftover for incineration. The analyses were done for the period 2011–2031 for Cairo with a total population of about 10 million in Nov 2021. The results show the huge potential of WTE conversion as a source of renewable energy, which is a key factor in Egypt’s sustainable development strategy 2030. Available data have been theoretically processed to show the decision-makers in Egypt the amount of electrical power that can be generated by using the WTE options to manage the MSW in Egypt.
... The investment in these aforementioned small projects is based on the successful outcome of the piloted on-grid PV solar concentrated system that was installed in certain houses in Muscat [35]. It should be noted that, in order to be transformed into a reliable renewable energy economy, it is imperative for most developing countries, including Oman, to strengthen their research and development (R&D) programs, including the development of human capacities in the field of renewable energy technologies, policies, and programs [45][46][47]. ...
This study aimed to assess renewable production and consumption levels including recent renewable energy
(solar, wind, biogas, and geothermal) plans and projects in Oman. In doing so, various renewable energy datasets
were acquired mostly from government agencies, international organizations, and scientific databases. The study results showed that solar energy has been the only source of renewable energy production levels in Oman since 2017, while other forms have not been adequately explored. It was also found that, during recent years, the country has unveiled ambitious renewable production plans leading to an investment in several megawatts (MW) of solar power plants, wind farms, and biogas energy projects across the country. Oman’s current renewable energy share target is 30% by 2030 with this increasing to ~35–39% by 2040. Offshore power has also been found to produce ~1.3 more energy than land/onshore-based wind energy sources. However, the few existing geothermal reservoirs, which are mainly low (70–90 ℃) and medium (100–174 ℃) enthalpy reservoirs, have not been explored and no projects have yet been initiated. Therefore, a clear and comprehensive renewable energy
source-specific policy, research and development programs in terms of exploration, production, and usage of
renewable energy are urgently needed.
... Due to global warming, climate change is becoming more impacting both potential fresh water supply and the decline the amount of rainfall [2]. Egypt has a high renewable energy potential including solar, wind and biomass power [3]. While Egypt's farming area stretches from 3.3265 km 2 or 7.91 million Fadden in 2003 (3.3 percent) to 3.7503 km 2 or 8.92 million Fadden in 2012. ...
Solar energy has a good potential in several agriculture applications especially in rural and isolated areas and can be considered as a clean substitution fuel instead of fossil fuels. The photovoltaic water pumping system is one of the best alternative irrigation methods. This article presents a procedure for estimating the appropriate size of a photovoltaic system designed to power a pumping system for four irrigation methods (surface, sprinkler, drip, and developed surface irrigation) under different climate conditions for summer of three crops (cotton, thin corn, and soybean) and for winter of three crops
(wheat, Bean and Barley). The solar simulation model estimated the hydraulic power, photovoltaic (PV) peak power, PV required area, total system costs and specific water demand according to the type of crop under different irrigation methods in
three different geographical locations in Egypt at a different total dynamic head 50,100, and 200 m. As a comparison between the required water demand in several irrigation systems, it is found that the percentage of the amount of water demand per Fadden (m3/F) related to surface irrigation system for summer crops such as cotton crop was 85.7%, 79.9%, 66.7% in developed surface, sprinkler, and drip irrigation respectively. While in case of thin corn crop was 74.3%, 79.9%, 66.7% and for Soybean was 85.7%, 79.9%, 66.6%, respectively. In winter crops, the percentage of the amount of water demand per Fadden (m3/F) related to surface irrigation system for wheat crop was 85.6%, 79.9%, 66.7% and for bean crop was 85.7%, 0.79%, 66.7% and for Barley crop was 85.7%, 79.9%, 66.6% in developed surface, sprinkler, and drip irrigation respectively.
... The sun shines with an average of 10 h/day across the whole country. An integrated solar combined cycle power plant has been installed in Kuraymat with a total capacity of 140 MW and 20 MW solar share [34,35]. Egypt also shows a high potential for wind energy, where the average wind speed in the Suez Gulf, for instance, reaches 10.5 m/sec at 50 m height, in addition to other regions on the Nile banks in the Eastern and Western Deserts, as can be seen in Figure 4. Some of the currently installed wind power plants are allocated as follows: 545 MW in Zafarana, 580 MW in the Gulf of El Zayt, 250 MW in the Gulf of Suez, and 5 MW in Hurghada [36,37]. ...
A rational assessment of electricity generation technologies constitutes a cornerstone to attain a sustainable and secure electricity plan. The Egyptian government is struggling with the accelerated growth of the national electricity demand through setting up and examining different future electricity scenarios and through the implementation of energy models to secure the provision of affordable and clean energy as part of the United Nations 2030 agenda of achieving the 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs). However, conventional techno-economic models still represent for many countries an attractive tool for energy planning. We investigate in this article the added values of applying a dynamic multi-criteria spatial-agent model that covers several sustainability dimensions versus an optimization techno-economic model for future energy planning in Egypt. Moreover, we report on the historical development of electricity supply since 2009 in Egypt. The study reveals predominant advantages of applying the agent-based modeling approach, which simulates the evolution of an energy transition landscape through the interactive and adaptive dynamic decision behavior of different societal groups (agents) in response to changes in the whole system. The study advocates the implementation of a dynamic agent-based bottom-up approach for the planning of a future sustainable electricity mix in Egypt.
... Implementing the INDC on the ground J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f requires supporting policies and decisive and collaborative actions by several stakeholders, including the government (Nakhla et al., 2013). An ambitious low-carbon road map (Abdallah and El-Shennawy, 2020;Khalil et al., 2010;Vanderborght et al., 2016) to reduce CO 2 emission from the energy and cement production industriesaccount for nearly 50% of CO 2 emission in Egypt (IMC, 2010) -should place Egypt in a better position to be more aligned with Paris Agreement goals. However, several studies doubt that Egypt can reach its climate initiative goals because of financial constraints and poor adaptive governance and regulations (Abdallah and El-Shennawy, 2017;EEAA, 2010;Kassem, 2004;Nakhla et al., 2013;Omran Aly, 2014;Sowers, 2013;Tabet and Fanning, 2012;Werrell et al., 2015). ...
Rainfall projections for 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C warming can explain regional precipitation response to emission reductions under the Paris Agreements' goals. Assessment of such changes is vital for Egypt, a global climate change hotspot. The performance of 29 CMIP6 GCMs' hindcasts was evaluated according to their capability to replicate the spatial patterns of annual, winter, and summer precipitation for 1971–2014 to select a suitable GCM subset to form a robust multimodel ensemble (MME). The MME median was used to project precipitation and precipitation extremes of Egypt at the end of the century (2081–2100) for two shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP) scenarios, SSP1–1.9 and SSP1–2.6, representing 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C warming at the end of the present century, respectively. The results showed an increase in precipitation in the northern high precipitation region by 37% and 54% for SSP1–1.9 and SSP1–2.6, respectively, and a decrease in the southwestern low precipitation region by −35% for both scenarios. The projected increase would be mostly in winter and almost no change in summer. The projection of precipitation extremes revealed an increase in extreme precipitation amount in the northern coast between 0% and 14% and the longest dry spell over most of the country by 160%. The results indicate more heterogeneity in the spatial distribution in Egypt's precipitation, increasing extreme precipitation amount in some regions and dry spell length over the whole country. The results indicate a large increase in hydrological hazard susceptibility in Egypt, even if the global warming can be limited to 2 °C at the end of the century following the Paris Agreement.
... The annual-average daily value for the clear sky index is 0.648, and the average frequency of clear days annually is 77.6%. [21] The amount of radiant energy emitted by the sun is called solar radiation, while solar irradiation refers to the quantity of solar radiation received from the sun per unit area which is expressed in (kw/m 2 ), The solar atlas indicates that Egypt, as one of the sun-belt countries, is endowed with high intensity direct solar radiation of 2000 3200 kWh/m2/year from north to south, as shown in " Fig. 1.a" [22], and this is the types of solar irradiation: -Direct normal irradiation: -the amount of solar radiation received per unit area by a surface perpendicular (normal) to the rays that come in a straight line from the direction of the sun at its current position in the sky. " Fig. 1.b" Diffuse horizontal irradiation: -is the amount of radiation received per unit area by a surface that does not arrive on a direct path from the sun, but has been scattered by molecules and particles in the atmosphere. ...
... (a). Solar radiation intensity map for Egypt [22] (b). direct normal irradiation [23] Figure 1. ...
The solar chimney power plant (SCPP) is a hopeful solution to produce electrical power from solar energy. In this paper, a 2D numerical study is presented to estimate the performance of the SCPPs while varying the collector angle, chimney diverging angle, variable solar radiation and ambient temperature and some geometrical designs. Numerical models run with solar load discrete ordinates (DO) and realizable k-ɛ turbulence models. System is defined by the collector height =50 mm, the chimney diameter =160 mm, the collector diameter =2750 mm and the chimney height =3000 mm. its investigated for each case the profile of magnitude velocity, air temperature, pressure, incident radiation and turbulence characteristics were presented. The effective choice of the best geometry is based on the maximum value of the air velocity inside the SCPP. Results indicates that a negative collector-roof positively increases the air velocity, and the output power. To a specific limit, increasing the diverging angle of the chimney has a god effect on the velocity magnitude and the other parameters. also Increasing the collector diameter and chimney height and diameter has a great effect on power output as shown in results.
... The solar energy system has become the future of power generation on earth due to the huge merits of its functions, such as the minimal maintenance cost, noise-free, and environment friendly characteristics. [3][4][5]. ...
This paper presents a design and analysis for the PV system with a DC-DC boost converter controlled by the Fractional Order PI controller (FOPI). The study includes obtaining the optimal parameters for the PV model and the operating parameters for the FOPI controller. The first part's objective function is to search a five-parameter model based on the data-sheet given by commercial PV modules for a single-diode (SD) model. In the second part of the study, a detailed comparison is executed versus P, PI, PID, and FOPI controllers showing the effect of implementing Fractional order controllers on the results. A new application of the flower pollination algorithm (FPA) and water cycle algorithm (WCA) is presented to identify the models parameters of PV modules and the FOPI controller's tuning. The booster converter model's simulations demonstrate that the proposed optimal FOPI controller can improve the feedback system's transient response by reducing its control effort with the optimal PID controller. The FOPI controller also increases the robustness of the boost converter to trace in input voltage. The results show that FPA demonstrated better performance in two aspects, finding the PV model's parameters and obtaining the optimal parameters for the FOPI controller. Ó 2021 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/4.0/).
