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Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests for congruence of historical gene flow (i.e., pairwise genetic differentiation; lower diagonal) and contemporary migration rates (above diagonal) among animal-(Amphirrhox longifolia, Passiflora spinosa, and Psychotria lupulina), water-(Pachyptera kerere and Anemopaegma paraense), and wind-dispersed plant species (Adenocalymma schomburgkii, Bignonia aequinoctialis, and Tanaecium pyramidatum) considering all pairs of sampling locations, pairs of sampling locations across and along banks of Rio Branco (Amazon basin, Brazil).
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Seed dispersal is crucial to gene flow among plant populations. Although the effects of geographic distance and barriers to gene flow are well studied in many systems, it is unclear how seed dispersal mediates gene flow in conjunction with interacting effects of geographic distance and barriers. To test whether distinct seed dispersal modes (i.e.,...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... to 0.410 (P. lupulina; Supplementary Table 2). The genetic diversity estimates for animal-dispersed plant species were significantly higher than those estimated for water-or wind-dispersed plant species (Supplementary Table 2 and Figure 2). ...Context 2
... Supplementary Table 2). The genetic diversity estimates for animal-dispersed plant species were significantly higher than those estimated for water-or wind-dispersed plant species (Supplementary Table 2 and Figure 2). For wind-dispersed plant species, no significant dierences among the genetic diversity estimates were observed, whereas among the water-dispersed plant species, those estimates were significantly higher for A. paraense than for P. kerere; among the animal-dispersed plant species, the estimates were significantly lower for A. longifolia than for P. spinosa and P. lupulina (Figure 2). ...Context 3
... these species, the mean fixation index (i.e., inbreeding coecient) ranged from 0.004 ± 0.007 95% CI (A. paraense) to 0.025 ± 0.007 95% CI (A. schomburgkii). Due to the excess of observed heterozygotes, the mean fixation index was negative for all animal-dispersed plant species (Supplementary Table 2 and Figure 2). ...Context 4
... the three animal-dispersed plant species the average pairwise estimate of F ST was 0.021 (95% CI 0.019, 0.023) for A. longifolia, 0.031 (95% CI 0.026, 0.036) for P. spinosa, and 0.031 (95% CI 0.025, 0.037) for P. lupulina (see Nazareno et al., 2019a). Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests showed incongruent patterns of genetic dierentiation among animal-, water-, and wind-dispersed species ( Table 2); animal-dispersed fpls-12-626405 February 10, 2021 Time: 12:42 # 8 ...Context 5
... 1-8 are ordered top to bottom as follows: (1) T. pyramidatum, (2) B. aequinoctialis, (3) A. schomburgkii, (4) P. kerere, (5) A. paraense, (6) P. lupulina, species showed an average of pairwise dierentiation that was 1.2 to 1.4 times lower than the water-or wind-dispersed species, indicating that animal-dispersed species along the Rio Branco were more connected historically. These results are consistent when dierent datasets are considered in the analyses (i.e., pairs of sampling locations across river banks, and pairs of sampling locations along the banks of Rio Branco) ( Table 2) Table 5). ...Context 6
... results indicated that the biotically dispersed plant species are more connected in the Rio Branco. All these findings were consistent when dierent datasets (i.e., pairs of sampling locations across river banks, and pairs of sampling locations along the banks of Rio Branco) were considered ( Table 2). ...Context 7
... the categorization of dispersal mode using this approach did not change the outcome; regardless of dispersal mode, connectivity patterns in the eight riverine plant species studied revealed that the Rio Branco, a mediumsized river in the Amazon basin, is permeable, possibly even facilitating gene flow in water-and wind-dispersed plant species. These connectivity patterns seem to have changed historically, suggesting that the dynamic geological history of the Rio Branco may have impacted gene flow mainly in water-and wind-dispersed plant species -a result based on the dierence between contemporary and historical dispersal estimates ( Table 2). The methods employed here to understand how seed dispersal mode mediates gene flow in conjunction with the expected eects of geographic distance and barriers can be applied to other plant species to assess the impact of genetic connectivity on temporal and spatial patterns of divergence. ...Citations
... Rivers have been shown as effective barriers to dispersal in tropical birds (Haffer, 1997;Moncrieff et al., 2024;Naka et al., 2012;Naka et al., 2022) and other taxa, e.g., frogs (Fouquet et al., 2012), primates (Fordham et al., 2020), and butterflies (Rosser et al., 2021). However, the extent to which a river, or any geographic barrier, serves to reduce gene flow likely depends on the dispersal mode or capability of the species of interest (Claramunt et al., 2012;Claramunt et al., 2022;Naka et al., 2022;Nazareno et al., 2021). The goldencollared manakin is capable of flying substantial distances over open water (Moore et al., 2008), and we observed radiotagged females dispersing beyond a kilometer from the lek where they were tagged. ...
Hybrid zones are dynamic systems where natural selection, sexual selection, and other evolutionary forces can act on reshuffled combinations of distinct genomes. The movement of hybrid zones, individual traits, or both are of particular interest for understanding the interplay between selective processes. In a hybrid zone involving two lek-breeding birds, secondary sexual plumage traits of Manacus vitellinus, including bright yellow collar and olive belly color, have introgressed asymmetrically ~50 km across the genomic center of the zone into populations more genetically similar to Manacus candei. Males with yellow collars are preferred by females and are more aggressive than parental M. candei, suggesting that sexual selection was responsible for the introgression of male traits. We assessed the spatial and temporal dynamics of this hybrid zone using historical (1989 - 1994) and contemporary (2017 - 2020) transect samples to survey both morphological and genetic variation. Genome-wide SNP data and several male phenotypic traits show that the genomic center of the zone has remained spatially stable, whereas the olive belly color of male M. vitellinus has continued to introgress over this time period. Our data suggest that sexual selection can continue to shape phenotypes dynamically, independent of a stable genomic transition between species.
... Considering the seed dispersal factor, we found that species considered zoochoric have a higher Ho and a lower F IS (Figure 3). In fact, several authors have discussed that seed dispersal mediated by animals should prevent population divergence, reduce inbreeding, and increase the levels of genetic diversity (Hamrick et al., 1993;Nazareno et al., 2021). On the other hand, wind-dispersed species (especially the epiphytes), tend to disperse closer to the mother plant and consequently may increase inbreeding (Hamrick et al., 1993;Bullock and Clarke, 2000). ...
Bromeliaceae has been used as a model Neotropical group to study evolutionary and diversification processes. Moreover, since large parts of the Neotropics are under anthropogenic pressure, a high percentage of possibly threatened species occurs. Despite this, concrete proposals for conservation based on genetic data are lacking. We compilated all genetic data obtained by nuclear microsatellites for Bromeliaceae and compared the levels of genetic diversity of subfamilies and their taxa, considering traits of life history and distribution in conservation and no conservation areas. We retrieved a total of 87 taxa (ca. 2.5% of the family size) and most present a mixed mating system, anemochoric dispersion, are ornithophilous, and were sampled outside Conservation Units, the majority occurring in the Atlantic Forest. Also, we found differences in some genetic indexes among taxa concerning seed dispersal mechanisms (e.g. Zoochoric taxa with higher diversity and lower inbreeding), mating systems (e.g. autogamous taxa showed higher inbreeding), outside/inside conservation units (allelic richness higher in not protected areas), and among different subfamilies (e.g. higher genetic diversity in Bromelioideae). The results obtained in this review can be useful for proposing conservation strategies, can facilitate the comparison of related taxa, and can help advance studies on the Bromeliaceae family.
... Pollination and seed dispersal are critical interactions shaping plant communities, with far-reaching implications for biodiversity and ecosystem services worldwide (Ballesteros-Mejia et al., 2016;Gelmi-Candusso et al., 2017;Neuschulz et al., 2016;Ramos et al., 2020;Samways et al., 2020). Animal-mediated pollen dispersal is widely recognized as a key driver of plant population structure, often exceeding the importance of seed dispersal (Calviño-Cancela et al., 2012;Gamba & Muchhala, 2020;Kartzinel et al., 2013;Nazareno et al., 2021;Valenta et al., 2017). Although ecological interaction network studies have provided invaluable insights into community organization globally, they exhibit a significant bias toward non-tropical regions (Olesen et al., 2007;Schleuning et al., 2012). ...
Pollination is vital for ecosystem functioning, especially in biodiversity‐rich regions like the Brazilian Cerrado. Our research establishes a comprehensive meta network of pollinator–plant interactions within this biome. We quantified the importance of different pollinator groups, identifying keystone species. We examined potential biases in sampling effort and the spatial behavior of interactions within the heterogeneous Cerrado plant physiognomies. Our investigation uncovered 1499 interactions among 293 plant species and 386 visitor species, with legitimate pollination accounting for 42.4% of the interactions. The network exhibited modularity, driven by bees and insects, with vertebrates bridging diurnal and nocturnal modules. While a generalized pattern emerged, high specialization existed within modules due to habitat diversity. Bees, particularly Apis mellifera (exotic) and Trigona spinipes (native), played central roles as network hubs. Hummingbirds and bats, engaged in specialized interactions showing strong connectivity within and between modules. Interestingly, invertebrate–vertebrate modules were more prevalent than expected in the meta network. However, a bias was evident, primarily within specific biogeographical districts with fragmented landscapes and intrusion from other biomes. Variations in plant species and endemism rates influenced pollinator occurrence and the Cerrado network topology. Our study offers valuable insights into pollinator–plant interactions within the Cerrado, encompassing both invertebrates and vertebrates. The modeled network represents a significant step in understanding the structural complexity of pollination networks, integrating partial networks from diverse pollination systems within heterogeneous habitats. Nevertheless, a biogeographical bias could limit a comprehensive understanding of network functionality across the Cerrado.
... Past population isolation in refugia during the dry Pleistocene glacial periods and subsequent recolonization in response to Pleistocene and Holocene climate oscillations likely contributed to shaping the observed population genetic structure (De Granville 1982;Tardy 1998). Several rivers in French Guiana may have contributed as well, for example, acting as barriers to seed and pollen dispersal as has been observed for other Amazonian woody species (Nazareno et al. 2017(Nazareno et al. , 2021. Refugia where tree populations likely persisted during the dry glacial periods have been suggested in the Guiana Shield, including in Suriname (Fouquet et al. 2012;Alonso andBerrenstein 2022) andFrench Guiana (De Granville 1982). ...
Tropical rainforests host exceptional biodiversity and provide important ecosystem services, but they are facing anthropogenic and climatic threats. Preserving the genetic diversity of forest tree populations is essential for their capacity to adapt and exhibit resilience to environmental changes and anthropogenic pressures. Here, we collected conservation genetic baseline information for the heavily exploited timber tree Dicorynia guianensis Amshoff (Fabaceae) at the regional and local levels in French Guiana. Based on genotyping at five microsatellite loci in 1566 individuals collected in 23 forest locations, we documented the genetic differentiation of locations from the West of French Guiana and identified distinctive genetic diversity patterns with higher genetic diversity and some bottlenecked sites in the East and inland. The regional population genetic structure is likely the result of past population isolation in distinct Pleistocene refuges and different demographic histories potentially influenced by Holocene drought periods or palaeofires. Assessment of spatial genetic structure (Sp from 0 to 0.028) in five intensively sampled locations yielded estimates of Wright’s neighborhood size of 35 to 313, indicative of restricted dispersal and local metapopulation dynamics, and useful as baseline information to assess the effects of selective logging for conservation management. These results support the current management strategies with low impact extraction of D. guianensis in three zones of the French Guiana permanent forest domain and allow us to make recommendations for further research and management to best preserve its genetic diversity and adaptive potential.
... Biotic and abiotic barriers and influences do not affect all organisms equally. Consider, for instance, that the permeability of a barrier can be different for species bearing animal-or wind-dispersed seeds (e.g., Antonelli, 2009;Nazareno et al., 2021), or even for species dispersed by nonflying small mammals or migrating bats (which can facilitate the connection of isolated populations; e.g., Shilton et al., 1999). Hence, while universal bioregions shared by many taxa delimited by large geographic barriers are important, to understand the significance of geological, climatic, and other earth-history processes on the evolution of life (Parenti and Ebach, 2009), taxon-specific bioregionalization schemes are often more valuable for more specific applications, such as ancestral area reconstruction in historical biogeography (Edler et al., 2017). ...
Premise:
Cacti are characteristic elements of the Neotropical flora and of major interest for biogeographic, evolutionary, and ecological studies. Here we test global biogeographic boundaries for Neotropical Cactaceae using specimen-based occurrences coupled with data from visual observations, as a means to tackle the known collection biases in the family.
Methods:
Species richness and record density were assessed for preserved specimens and human observations and a bioregional scheme tailored to Cactaceae was produced using the interactive web application Infomap Bioregions based on data from 261,272 point records cleaned through automated and manual steps.
Key results:
We find that areas in Mexico and southwestern USA, Eastern Brazil and along the Andean region have the greatest density of records and the highest species richness. Human observations complement information from preserved specimens substantially, especially along the Andes. We propose 24 cacti bioregions, among which the most species-rich are: northern Mexico/southwestern USA, central Mexico, southern central Mexico, Central America, Mexican Pacific coast, central and southern Andes, northwestern Mexico/extreme southwestern USA, southwestern Bolivia, northeastern Brazil, Mexico/Baja California.
Conclusions:
The bioregionalization proposed shows biogeographical boundaries specific to cacti, and can thereby aid further evolutionary, biogeographic, and ecological studies by providing a validated framework for further analyses. This classification builds upon, and is distinctive from, other expert-derived regionalization schemes for other taxa. Our results showcase how observation data, including citizen-science records, can complement traditional specimen-based data for biogeographic research, particularly for taxa with specific specimen collection and preservation challenges and those that are threatened or internationally protected. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... Locations close to natural forest will have a greater chance of getting the distribution of species compared to locations far away. Wind can aid species dispersal (Wan et al. 2017;Nazareno et al. 2021) by flying very small seeds and discarded wildlife (Chen et al. 2017;Chandru et al. 2020) through the poop. The distribution model determines the distance of seeds that animals can spread (Chen et al. 2017). ...
Supartono T, Adhya I, Kosasih D, Wildani W. 2023. Tree species diversity adapted to Pinus merkusii forests in Gunung Ciremai National Park, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 4314-4323. One of the challenges faced in rehabilitating pine forests in conservation areas is the limited information on plant species capable of adapting to these ecosystems. This study aimed to analyze the diversity of tree species that grow and adapt to pine forests and the relationship of natural forests with the vegetation characteristics of pine forests. The research was conducted in pine forests bordering natural forests and far from natural forests using the sample plot method. The study recorded 44 species from 27 families of seedlings, 46 species from 21 families of saplings, 25 species from 18 families of poles, and 24 species from 17 families of trees. Accumulation of species from all growth stages recorded 83 species (76 local species and 7 cultivated species) from 39 families. Based on the species accumulation curve, pine forests adjacent to natural forests have more species than those far from natural forests. Individual and family density in pine forests adjacent to natural forests were also higher than the density of these two variables in pine forests far from natural forests. Furthermore, both the pine forest adjacent to the natural forest and that far from the natural forest, each has its own species peculiarities. The results indicate that the existence of natural forests has an important role as a source of biodiversity for the surrounding ecosystem. As an implication of this study, species that can grow to the level of poles and trees can be recommended as rehabilitation plants in the Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese forests in Gunung Ciremai National Park, Indonesia because pine is not a local species and the allelopathy it releases can reduce plant diversity.
... Dispersal is a key stage in the life history of plants, and it is an important ecological process that affects the seed fate, spatial distribution and dynamics of plant species, the structure of communities and the establishment of ecosystem function [1][2][3][4]. The dispersal of diaspores (seeds, fruits, infructescences, and other dispersal units) can be achieved by animals [5], wind [6], or water [7], and plant diaspore traits are directly related to their habitats and dispersal strategies [8][9][10][11][12]. ...
Among the diaspores of angiosperms an inflated ovary (IO) is a novel morphological trait, but no studies have evaluated its effects on dispersal. The primary aim of this study was to determine the effect of the IO on diaspore dispersal in three cold desert species (Carex physodes, Calligonum junceum, and Sphaerophysa salsula). Various morphological features and the mass of fruits and seeds of each species were measured. The role of an IO in diaspore dispersal by wind and water was determined by comparing responses of intact (inflated) IOs and flattened fruits and seeds. Mature diaspores of three species were dispersed by wind, and the IO significantly increased dispersal distance in the field and at different wind speeds in the laboratory. The floating time on water was greater for inflated fruits than flattened fruits and seeds. Since the seed remains inside the IO until after dispersal is completed, the IO of the three species enhances diaspore dispersal. This is the first detailed study on how an IO increases diaspore/seed dispersal. Furthermore, after primary dispersal by wind, secondary dispersal can occur via wind or surface runoff of water, and each method is enhanced by the presence of an IO.
... Rivers have been shown as effective barriers to dispersal in tropical birds (Haffer, 1997;Naka, Bechtoldt, Henriques, & Brumfield, 2012;Naka, Costa, Lima, & Claramunt, 2022) and other taxa, e.g., frogs (Fouquet et al. 2012), primates (Fordham, Shanee, & Peck, 2020), butterflies (Rosser, Shirai, Dasmahapatra, Mallet, & Freitas, 2021). However, the extent that a river, or any geographic barrier, serves to reduce gene flow likely depends on the dispersal mode or capability of the species of interest (Claramunt, Derryberry, Remsen, & Brumfield, 2012;Claramunt, Hong, & Bravo, 2022;Naka et al., 2022;Nazareno, Knowles, Dick, & Lohmann, 2021). Additionally, dispersal is highly predictive of hybrid zone widths (McEntee, Burleigh, & Singhal, 2020). ...
A bstract
Hybrid zones are dynamic systems where natural selection, sexual selection, and other evolutionary forces can act on reshuffled combinations of distinct genomes. The movement of hybrid zones, individual traits, or both are of particular interest for understanding the interplay between selective processes. In a hybrid zone involving two lek-breeding birds, secondary sexual plumage traits of Manacus vitellinus , including bright yellow collar and olive belly color, have introgressed asymmetrically ∼50 km across the genomic center of the zone into populations more genetically similar to Manacus candei . Males with yellow collars are preferred by females and are more aggressive than parental M. candei , suggesting that sexual selection was responsible for the introgression of male traits. We assessed the spatial and temporal dynamics of this hybrid zone using historical (1989 - 1994) and contemporary (2017 - 2020) transect samples to survey both morphological and genetic variation. Genome-wide SNP data and several male phenotypic traits show that the genomic center of the zone has remained spatially stable, whereas the olive belly color of male M. vitellinus has continued to introgress over this time period. Our data suggest that sexual selection can continue to shape phenotypes dynamically, independent of a stable genomic transition between species.
... Consider for instance that the permeability of a barrier can be different for species bearing animal-or wind-dispersed seeds (e.g, Antonelli, 2009;Nazareno et al., 2021) or even for species dispersed by non-flying small mammals or migrating bats (which can facilitate the connection of isolated populations; e.g., Shilton et al., 1999). Hence, while universal bioregions shared by many taxa delimited by large geographical barriers are important, to understand the significance of geological, climatic and other earth-history processes on the evolution of life (Parenti and Ebach, 2009), taxon-specific bioregionalization schemes are often more valuable for more specific applications, such as ancestral area reconstruction in historical biogeography (Edler et al., 2017). ...
Premise: Cacti are characteristic elements of the Neotropical flora and of major interest for biogeographic, evolutionary, and ecological studies. Here we test global biogeographic boundaries for Neotropical Cactaceae using specimen-based occurrences coupled with data from visual observations, including citizen science records, as a means to tackle the known collection biases in the family.
Methods: Species richness and record density were assessed separately for preserved specimens and human observations and a bioregional scheme tailored to Cactaceae was produced using the interactive web application Infomap Bioregions based on data from 261,272 point records cleaned through automated and manual steps.
Key Results: We find that areas in Mexico and southwestern USA, Eastern Brazil and along the Andean region have the greatest density of records and the highest species richness. Human observations complement information from preserved specimens substantially, especially along the Andes. We propose 24 cacti bioregions, among which the most species-rich are, in decreasing order: northern Mexico/southwestern USA, central Mexico, southern central Mexico, Central America, Mexican Pacific coast, central and southern Andes, northwestern Mexico/extreme southwestern USA, southwestern Bolivia, northeastern Brazil, Mexico/Baja California.
Conclusions: The bioregionalization proposed shows novel or modified biogeographical boundaries specific to cacti, and can thereby aid further evolutionary, biogeographic, and ecological studies by providing a validated framework for further analyses. This classification builds upon, and is distinctive from, other expert-derived regionalization schemes for other taxa. Our results showcase how observation data, including citizen-science records, can complement traditional specimen-based data for biogeographic research, particularly for taxa with specific specimen collection and preservation challenges and those that are threatened or internationally protected.
... Likewise, many Amazonian plants with contrasting seed dispersal modes have been characterized by extensive gene flow, weak phylogeographic structure and high genetic diversity Honorio-Coronado et al., 2019;Nazareno et al., 2021). Even wide rivers are not considered impermeable barriers to effective dispersal (Nazareno et al., 2017(Nazareno et al., , 2019(Nazareno et al., , 2021. ...
... Likewise, many Amazonian plants with contrasting seed dispersal modes have been characterized by extensive gene flow, weak phylogeographic structure and high genetic diversity Honorio-Coronado et al., 2019;Nazareno et al., 2021). Even wide rivers are not considered impermeable barriers to effective dispersal (Nazareno et al., 2017(Nazareno et al., , 2019(Nazareno et al., , 2021. Community phylogenetic structure also highlights the importance of historical dispersal in tree community assembly dynamics of some species-rich rainforest genera (Dexter et al., 2017). ...
Many Neotropical tree species are widespread at continental and even inter-continental scales, but phenotypic variation across their respective ranges has rarely been quantified. We measured traits in the widespread, unisexual Neotropical tree Virola sebifera (Myristicaceae) across its continental-scale range, and predicted that, given its hyperdominant status, generalist-pollinated flower type, high dispersal capacity and wide ecological amplitude there would be: (1) a weak relationship among and within reproductive and vegetative characters with environmental, spatial and biome correlates; (2) undetectable canalization of reproductive traits; and (3) high phenotypic variation of vegetative characters. We measured five foliar and seven floral traits from 187 male-expressing individuals of V. sebifera in specimens collected from Central to South America. Spatial regression models were employed to test for the importance of distance, elevation, mean annual rainfall and temperature on phenotypic variation. Pairwise correlations of vegetative and reproductive characters were calculated to examine intraspecific trait variation among and within these two classes. We found that most phenotypic variation was weakly explained by spatial predictors such as certain major South American domains like the Andes Cordillera and the Amazon Basin. Within-class comparisons of floral characters were no different than among-class (floral-foliar) correlates, suggesting the absence of canalization of reproductive structures. Greater phenotypic variation in flowers relative to leaves may be due to the generalist pollinator regime and high dispersal capacity thus relaxing divergences in the evolutionary process of its floral morphology. The results of these morphometric analyses (e.g. weak signals of isolation by distance) in combination with the biology of this Neotropical tree suggest that V. sebifera operates as a well-dispersed metapopulation across most of its range.
