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Programmable Logic Controllers are industrial digital computers used as automation controllers in manufacturing processes. The Ladder language is a programming language used to develop software for such controllers. In this work, we consider the description of the expected behaviour of a Ladder program under the form of a timing chart, describing a...
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... The programming of the PLC is carried out using the Ladder language [11][12][13] (Fig. 4) with serial/parallel connections and the defined variables. ...
The purpose of this study is to perform the monitoring of the automated belt conveyor transportation process using SCADA technology as well as to obtain the necessary skills for applying SCADA in case of other processes. Modern modelling and simulation methods were used, in order to analyse the results of the control simulation of multi-motor drives. This was done simultaneously with the optimization of the parameters of the automation model, then resorting to the analysis and synthesis of the Ladder program for command and control, correlated with the SCADA software. The method of modelling, simulation and software development for the middle layer of a belt transport flow is described. The practical application of modelling, simulation and software development and testing on the experimental plat-form is presented. The originality of the study results from the fact that it is carried out on the principal structure of the process, the automation strategy, respectively the specific requirements of the automatic control. The experimental test platform is hardware-in-the-loop. Monitoring is done using a series of software monitors written using SCADA software for remote monitoring and control. Practical implications of this work are that, based on this template, additional implementations would more easily be found, for instance by using future versions of SCADA with newer hardware and with additional monitoring system, for instance to develop applications such as transport belts and passenger transport bands in airports.
... In the remainder of this Introduction to the special issue, we briefly present the contributions of the papers that make up this special issue. The paper Automated Formal Analysis of Temporal Properties of Ladder Programs, by Belo Lourenço et al. [5], the recipient of the FMICS 2021 Best Paper Award, describes a new approach for verifying the code running on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). PLCs are industrial digital computers used as automation controllers in manufacturing processes. ...
... In the future, Belo Lourenço et al. [5] would like to improve the counterexample generation of their tool and augment the trust in translation from ladder logic to WhyML by developing a systematic and automatic validation process. Hansen et al. [19] plan to formalize the FMI 3.0 standard, integrate the Scenario-Verifier with other orchestration engines, and examine whether it is possible to synthesize an optimal orchestration algorithm for a given co-simulation scenario. ...
Formal methods and tools have become well established and widely applied to ensure the correctness of fundamental components of industrial critical systems in domains like railways, avionics and automotive. In this Introduction to the special issue, we outline a number of recent achievements concerning the use of formal methods and tools for the specification and verification of critical systems from a variety of industrial domains. These achievements are represented by four properly revised and extended versions of papers that were selected from the 26th International Conference on Formal Methods for Industrial Critical Systems (FMICS 2021).
