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A sodalite tinguaite dredged from the bed of the Clutha River, at the Clyde Dam site in Central otago, shares mineralogical, geochemical, and hand specimen characteristics with a sodalite tinguaite collected from near the Twirligig, Burke River, south Westland. Tinguaites have a restricted geographic distribution, occurring as intrusions into the h...
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Citations
... Lamprophyre cobbles occur in Pleistocene gravels as well as the active Clutha riverbed from the Wanaka and Hawea catchments to Alexandra and beyond (e.g. Cooper and Beck 2009). Abundant sources occur in the Lake Wanaka area, with rare outcrops at The Neck in Lake Hawea (Cooper 1986(Cooper , 2020. ...
... More interestingly, the Gilbert and χ metrics show that the current main divide is stable (Figures 7 and 8). A number of studies have suggested that the tectonic non-uniform uplift He et al., 2019), differences in rock erodibility and precipitation across the divide (Buscher, Ascione, & Valente, 2017;Cooper & Beck, 2009) could be the controlling factors for divide migration. While, the cross-divide precipitation and rock erodibility have been suggested to be nearly uniform near the Lenglong Ling area (Geng et al., 2017;. ...
Located at the outer edge of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, the Qilian Shan has long been considered to be the key area to address the issue of how the Tibetan Plateau generates its high topography. However, in spite of the fruitful achievements on the growth pattern and subtle crustal structures of the Qilian Shan, what we know about the regional topography evolution and its relationship with the deep structures are still lacking. In this study, the landscape features of the eastern Qilian Shan and the probable drainage evolution history of the Lenglong Ling, located within the central part of the eastern Qilian Shan, are investigated, based on the multiple geomorphic analyses (i.e., HI and steepness distributions, and the Gilbert and χ metrics). The topographic results show that high HI and steepness values distribute mainly in areas controlled by active faults (i.e., the mountain areas). In addition, the Gilbert and χ metrics suggest that the main Lenglong Ling divide is stable. According to the drainage divide stability criteria, we suggest that the presence of the uplift rate gradient in the eastern Qilian Shan (i.e., with higher uplift in the Lenglong Ling area), which is suggested by the topographic results, has driven the main divide to migrate southward and is now “holding” the divide in place. Taking the previously published magnetotelluric imaging into account, we reveal the coupling relationship between the deep structures and the regional geomorphic features, and further suggest that the Lenglong Ling Fault, or the Qilian‐Haiyuan Fault, makes a difference in regional strain transferring and relief generation. Map showing the main divide of the Lenglong Ling. The main divide was divided into four parts, namely, the AB, BC, CD, and DE part. The stability of every part was analysed. It should be noted that all the calculations were determined with a base level of 2,500 m.
... Both conceptual model and numerical simulation results have demonstrated that, for a simple synthetic landscape (i.e., uniform uplift, rock erodibility, and climate conditions), divide is sensitive to cross-divide erosion and may migrate to the side with low erosion rate [1,2,14]. With further research, a growing number of studies suggested that divide migration can also be affected by many factors, including the tectonic asymmetric uplift [9,15,18], differences in rock erodibility and precipitation across the divide [19,20], tectonic horizontal advection [15,21], and even the short time-scale extreme events, for example, the occurrence of landslides [22,23]. Within all the factors, the tectonic asymmetric uplift, which is mainly controlled by the fault activity, has always been regarded as the most important factor, for its effects on local climate, rock strength, and the triggering on landslides [9,14,18,24]. ...
Previous numerical-analytical approaches have suggested that the main range divide prefers to migrate towards the high uplift flank in the asymmetric tectonic uplift pattern. However, natural examples recording these processes and further verifying the numerical simulations results, are still lacking. In this study, the landscape features, and the probable drainage evolution history of the Zhongtiao Shan, a roughly west-east trending, half-horst block on the southernmost tip of the Shanxi Graben System, were investigated through the geomorphic analyses (i.e., slope and steepness distributions, and the Gilbert and χ metrics). The topographic slope and steepness results indicate that the Zhongtiao Shan, controlled by the north Zhongtiao Shan normal fault, experiences asymmetric uplift and erosion patterns, with higher uplift and erosion on the north range. In addition, the Gilbert and χ metrics suggest that the western part of the main divide is currently stable, while the eastern divide is moving southward. According to the drainage divide stability criteria, we suggest that the uplift and erosion, on the fault side, balance each other well on the western part of the range, while on the eastern part, the uplift is outpaced by the erosion. In addition, a dynamic divide migration model in the asymmetric uplift condition is proposed, indicating that the interaction between uplift and erosion controls the migration and/or stability of the main divide. Deducing through this dynamic model, we suggested that the eastern segment of the north Zhongtiaoshan Fault must have experienced higher activities in the geological history, and the western fault may remain its activity along with the mountain relief generation. This gives a case that specific information on asymmetric neotectonic history and landscape evolution in an orogenic mountain can be uncovered by the proposed dynamic model.
... This texture has been interpreted as due to gravity settling of mineral phases from residual magma that infilled vesicles (Cooper 1979). In phonolites, ocelli are infilled with sodalite, K-feldspar, ferroan carbonates (ankerite and siderite), cancrinite, Nb-rutile and zircon (Cooper and Beck 2009, their Figure 2). ...
... As described by Turner (1932), Mason (1961), Cooper (1971Cooper ( , 1986, and Cooper and Beck (2009), phonolites and coarser microsyenite variants contain phenocrysts of perthitic alkali feldspar (sanidine rims to phenocrysts are An 0 Ab 2 Or 98 , groundmass and ocellar compositions range to An 0 Ab 99.5 Or 0.5 ), nepheline (Ne 81.5 Ks 18.5 , commonly partially pseudomorphed by cancrinite, which is an Na-Ca rich variety, containing essential SO 4 ), clinopyroxene, and green biotite set in a groundmass of sodalite, cancrinite, muscovite, titanite, apatite and zircon (e.g. OU 28076, Figure 4A). ...
... In a pyroxene-free phonolite described by Cooper and Beck (2009), the perthitic orthoclase/sanidine-cancrinite assemblage contains elliptical micropegmatitic, ocellus-like patches in which euhedral crystals of an albite-rich feldspar are intergrown with ferroan carbonates comprising manganoan-magnesian siderite and ankerite, zircon, a niobian rutile (containing up to 12.2 wt. % Nb 2 O 5 ) and pyrite on the margin of sodalite segregations (Cooper and Beck 2009, their Figure 2). ...
The Alpine Dyke Swarm (ADS), intruding Haast Schist in the Southern Alps, New Zealand, comprises dykes, sills and diatremes of alkaline and ultramafic lamprophyres, phonolites and carbonatites. Intrusion peaked at ∼25 Ma during inception of dextral transtensional displacement on the Alpine Fault plate boundary. In a chamber beneath Haast River, magmas evolved by fractional crystallisation from primitive lamprophyres to phonolites, and then by liquid immiscibility to carbonatite magmas. Carbonatitic magmas coexisted with a highly sodic fluid that metasomatised adjacent quartzofeldspathic schist to aegirine-albite fenites. Carbonatites fractionated from Ca- to Fe-rich and, under late-stage, hydrothermal conditions, to Ba-Sr-REE–rich varieties. Some lamprophyres rose directly from a highly refractory spinel- or possibly garnet-spinel peridotite mantle that had been extensively metasomatised prior to the low-degree partial melting event and Cr-diopside series nodule entrainment. Al-augite series nodules give ages similar to host lamprophyres and are interpreted as deep-seated cognate cumulates. Compared to the broadly coeval basaltic-basanitic magmas of the Dunedin Volcanic Group (DVG) of East Otago, ADS magmas are enriched in volatiles, LILE, and HFSE (including REE). DVG magmas were derived from a less metasomatised mantle source, and, although undergoing extensive fractionation, failed to achieve the extreme alkali enrichment necessary for silicate melt-carbonatite immiscibility.
The Haast 1:250 000 geological map covers 6348 km2 of onshore South Westland and northwest Otago in the South Island of New Zealand, and straddles the boundary between the Pacific and Australian tectonic plates. The map area is crossed by the Alpine and Livingstone faults, amongst others, which juxtapose a variety of Paleozoic to Mesozoic rocks belonging to six tectonostratigraphic terranes. Northwest of the Alpine Fault, early Paleozoic metasedimentary and plutonic basement rocks are a fragment of the Gondwana supercontinent. They include the early Paleozoic Buller terrane (part of the Western Province), represented by the metasedimentary Greenland Group, and the intruding mid-Paleozoic granitic rocks of the Karamea and Paringa suites. Southeast of the Alpine Fault are a series of Mesozoic rocks (part of the Eastern Province) that were accreted to the Gondwana margin. They include deformed and attenuated parts of the Permian-Jurassic Brook Street, Murihiku, Dun Mountain-Maitai, Rakaia and Caples terranes, with metamorphosed parts of the latter two collectively termed the Haast Schist. Convergent margin tectonism prevailed until the late Early Cretaceous, when rocks of the Eastern and Western provinces were uplifted and formed a comparatively stable basement to younger Cretaceous and Cenozoic sedimentation. The break-up of Gondwana began in the Early Cretaceous and led to the opening of the Tasman Sea. Localised fault activity and clastic sedimentary basin development occurred in the late Early to Late Cretaceous, and again in Late Cenozoic time, with intervening deposition of widespread limestone and mudstone in the passive margin environments of the Paleocene, Eocene and Oligocene. Sedimentation over this period was punctuated by intraplate basaltic volcanism. The modern Australian-Pacific plate boundary began developing as a major structural entity through the region during the Early Miocene. The influx of clastic sedimentation during the Late Cenozoic reflects development of the present oblique-compressional plate boundary and uplift of the Southern Alps and other ranges. Glacial-interglacial climatic fluctuations resulted in the widespread deposition of unconsolidated Quaternary tills and glacial outwash gravels. During warmer interglacial periods, high sea levels cut marine terraces and left isolated remnants of beach deposits that have subsequently been uplifted. Growth of the mountains by folding and faulting has continued to the present day throughout much of the map area. Mined mineral resources within the map area include alluvial gold and rock aggregate. Pounamu (nephrite/greenstone) and kyanite are locally treasured non-metallic minerals. Other recorded metallic and non-metallic minerals include chromium, copper, nickel, ilmenite and scheelite. There are no recorded seeps or shows of oil and gas in the area, and there has been no commercial hydrocarbon extraction nor any petroleum exploration wells. Gently dipping Paleogene source and reservoir sedimentary rocks potentially occur 3 to 5 km below sea level offshore. The Haast map area is subject to severe natural hazards, including high potential for strong Alpine Fault earthquake shaking causing landsliding, liquefaction and ground rupture. Three magnitude 6 or greater earthquakes with epicentres within, or in close proximity to, the map area have occurred in the last 70 years. Slope instability, including landslides, rock avalanches, rockfalls and debris flows, is a major hazard in hill and mountain terrain. Erosion, flooding and sedimentation hazards exist near watercourses. Low- lying areas along the coast and lake shores are potentially at risk from tsunami.
New Zealand is part of Zealandia, an ancient continent that originated along the margins of East Antarctica in the late Cretaceous,
and formed along the joint edges of the Australian and Pacific tectonic plates. It has been as isolated in the southwestern
Pacific Ocean as it is today, for about 60 million years. The Chatham Islands are young and volcanic, having been emergent
only for a few million years, and the Auckland and Campbell Islands to the south for a little longer, none of these islands
having had land connections to the main islands since they emerged from the sea. Despite its Gondwanan origins New Zealand’s
biogeography probably has few direct biotic connections to these origins because most, perhaps all, of its present land surface
was submerged by Ocean in the Oligocene. It is widely believed that most of its biota has dispersal origins, mostly from Australia,
but also far more widely. New Zealand was warm temperate with low relief in the Miocene, but climatic cooling since then,
linked also with substantial mountain building has led to the evolution of a distinctive alpine biota.
