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The settlement of refugees and asylum-seekers in countries of asylum depends on a range of factors that include the policies of the country of asylum as well as the experiences to and attitudes of individuals to exile. This article examines the direction of social policy towards refugees and asylum-seekers in Britain and the impact of policy on par...
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... to Kunz's typology about the relationship to the homeland is whether or not exile is seen as something that is temporary or permanent. According to Al-Rasheed, In Newham, 71 per cent of refugees said that given the right circumstances they would like to go home while 19 per cent said that they might want to return home and 10 per cent said that they de® nitely would not return. The determin- ing factors for almost all respondents who would like to return home was peace and/or democracy. Figure 2 shows the relationship between immigration status and the desire for return migration. Those with refugee status and ELR were less likely to want to return home and more likely to be unsure than were ...
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... Colloquio con Shakofa, aprile 2023) L'occupazione professionale è fonte di una sicurezza economica, di validazione delle proprie capacità e della propria identità, oltre ad aiutare la creazione e il mantenimento di reti sociali(Bloch, 2000), e può essere uno strumento importante per la comprensione di norme socio culturali vigenti nella società di insediamento (Buonaguidi, 2020), per questo la sua perdita causata dall'improvvisa partenza dal paese di provenienza e la sua conseguente assenza successiva all'arrivo sembra essere in quasi tutte le storie delle mie interlocutrici un argomento importante e una delle principali fonti di malessere.Uno dei punti che emergono dal racconto di Shakofa riguarda la competizione che vede coinvolte persone native e persone rifugiate per l'accesso al mondo del lavoro, difficoltà che lega anche un altro aspetto: "[e]ducation-based competition is increasing in a wide range of occupations, not just in those that are the most knowledge-based."(Reitz, 2005: 417).L'apparente uguaglianza nel percorso di entrata al mondo del lavoro, in questo caso accademico, tra rifugiati provenienti da paesi extra-europei e persone che hanno studiato in università europee o italiane nello specifico, e che sono quindi sicuramente avvantaggiate rispetto a chi proviene da un background educativo non conforme agli standard occidentali, risulta essere un fattore discriminante e un'importante causa dell'impossibilità di trovare un'occupazione significativa. ...
... Qualitative research is largely negated in UK policy; it is often dismissed as subjectivity in a largely centralised policy process that prioritises linearity and delimits opportunities for genuine participation (Bloch, 2000). More opportunities for qualitative researchers, for service providers and asylum-seeking families in participatory spheres is urgently needed; however, government needs to redress largely static understandings of time and 'staged' approaches to human experiences which constitute overly prescriptive ways of envisioning asylum seekers and refugees' lives (Baas & Yeoh, 2019;Griffiths et al., 2013). ...
This paper develops the concept of ‘imagined temporalities’ to explore multiple temporal subjectivities, time cultures, ‘myths’, and realities evident in interviews with resettlement workers who were part of the Syrian Vulnerable Persons Resettlement Scheme (VPRS) in Merseyside, United Kingdom (UK). Conducted in 2019, the interviews took place as the triggering of Article 50 signalled the withdrawal of the UK from the European Union (EU). This period of unprecedented social, economic, and political changes formed a crucial backdrop framing our interviewees’ narratives. The views of resettlement workers have been little explored and are employed here to complement the insights provided by work undertaken by others with refugees and asylum seekers. This research provides important insights into their perceptions of the interplay of factors that affect belonging and access to supports for refugees and asylum seekers, revealing wider, largely underreported, concerns. ¹ These include, their own personal experiences working in support services and system changes, driven by growing socio-political pressures that impact on community-building among refugees during their resettlement. Significantly, debates about “Brexit” and the UK’s political future, as well as heated public discussions of the historical legacies of colonialism which underpin the present treatment of migrants, are reflected in these resettlement workers’ views as well. Subsequently, this paper employs the concept of ‘imagined temporalities’ to explore how support workers understand the treatment of migrants by social and political systems—and their own personal struggles and hopes,—against this wider, divisive post-Brexit backdrop. Overall, the paper underlines the highly politicised space the resettlement workers operate in, where they balance the needs of service users in the midst of constraints imposed by overly rigid time regimes.
... Algılanan ayrımcılığın yanı sıra entegrasyon sürecini zorlaştıran bir diğer faktör ise göçmenlerin sosyal izolasyonudur. Araştırmaların sonuçları sosyal olarak izole olan göçmenlerin entegrasyon süreçlerinin başarılı olmadığını göstermektedir (Bloch, 2000;. Ayrımcılık ve sosyal izolasyon gibi göçmen entegrasyonunun olumsuz yönde etkileyen bir diğer faktörde güvencesiz göçmen statüsüdür. ...
Bu makale, Türkiye’de göçmen entegrasyonu konusunda gerçekleştirilen bir alan araştırmasının sonuçlarını yansıtmaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında, Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü’nün merkez ve taşra teşkilatları ile göçmen nüfusunun en yoğun olduğu İstanbul ve Gaziantep illerinde bulunan yerel yönetim ve STK yetkilileri ile mülakatlar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları analiz edilerek Türkiye’de göçmen entegrasyonu konusunda ne gibi zorlukların olduğu, entegrasyonu kolaylaştıracak unsurların neler olduğu ve entegrasyon konusundaki zorlukların nasıl çözülebileceği ana başlıkları altında makalede özetlenmiştir. Araştırmanın temel sonuçları şöyle özetlenebilir: Türkiye’de göçmen entegrasyonu zorlaştıran unsurlar arasında göçmenlere yönelik olumsuz tutumlar ve davranışların yaygınlığı, dil sorunları, göçmenlerin zaman zaman görgü ve hukuk kurallarına uymamaları, ve güvenliğe dair endişeler öne çıkmaktadır. Göçmen entegrasyonu kolaylaştıran başat unsurlar ise Türkiye’nin kültürel çeşitliliği ve çok kültürlülüğe uyguluğu, göçmenlerin ucuz iş gücü olarak kullanılması, ve göçmennlerin çoğunluğunun Müslüman olmasıdır.
... Employment enables interactions, increases opportunities for learning the local language and provides the opportunity to build a future and to regain confidence (Phillimore and Goodson, 2006). Refugees who work are more easily integrated into the host society than those who are unemployed (Bloch, 2000;Shields et al., 2003). On that account, firm leaders make a vital contribution to creating a conducive organisational environment where employed refugees feel supported and experience this sense of 'belonging'. ...
In 26 qualitative interviews with family-owned SME leaders in the region of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, I explore how the leaders' spiritual identity builds the employed refugees' sense of belonging. Towards that end, I first draw from the fields of sociology and psychology to construct an interdisciplinary theoretical framework that combines a model of social integration with a psychological approach to spiritual identity. The study's findings suggest that there is a direct link between the leaders' spiritual identity and the employed refugees' sense of belonging. This study informs the literature of family business and provides a better comprehension regarding the impact of religious or spiritual beliefs to prosocial, ethical goals, citizenship and community social responsibility. It also brings into light the impact that refugee trauma may have on their successful integration in the host country. More broadly, the study has implications for the design of successful social integration programs for refugees and other minorities.
Keywords: refugees; integration; family firms; spiritual identity
... Infine abbiamo visto che l'acquisizione della cittadinanza può essere considerata una parte fondamentale della piena integrazione dei rifugiati. La letteratura ha evidenziato l'importanza della cittadinanza e dei diritti all'insediamento come fattori strutturali chiave dell'integrazione dei rifugiati (Bloch, 2000;Jurado, 2008). Altri studi più recenti pongono l'enfasi sull'impatto positivo in termini di integrazione del diventare cittadini britannici. ...
... Because primary needs such as buying food overshadow on secondary needs such as social activities. As Bloch (2000) stated in his study on immigrants in England, it is very difficult to participate in social life physically and emotionally in another country unless there are equal security positions and citizenship rights (p. 86). ...
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Syrian migrant women’s level of participation in social activities and to highlight the differences between Syria and Turkey in the context of adaptation to society, language skills, and gender. In this qualitative study, 26 Syrian migrant women who currently live in Izmir were interviewed. Four themes have emerged as a result of the obtained data: Activities that Syrian women participated in; barriers; supportive elements and activities they want to participate in. It has been revealed that factors such as socioeconomic status, time, having children, and changing gender roles with immigration play leading roles for participation in social activities. Additionally, their Turkish language skills and the time of their residency in Izmir have been influential on the adaptation to the environment.
... enhancing refugee integration (Bizri, 2017), the challenge for refugee entrepreneurship , and refugee entrepreneurship on integration in general (Shneikat & Alrawadieh, 2019). The role of refugees' entrepreneurship motives and challenges in their integration is still scant in literature. ...
... Refugees involve the host community by enterprising a business, which influences the success of their integration (Tang, Kacmar, & Busenitz, 2012), and provides economic self-sufficiency against social exclusion (Desidero, 2016). Bizri (2017) noted that refugees who engaged in entrepreneurship activities are less likely to return to their homelands. However, according to 'Middleman Minorities Theory' by Bonacich (1973), some immigrants isolate themselves with temporary residence intention because of the host countries' hostility, ethnic self-isolation, solidarity, and desire to return. ...
... According to Tang et al. (2012), entrepreneurial alertness is another incentive of being involved with entrepreneurial activities in the host countries' economies. Inevitably, the personal prerequisites such as; willingness to be independent (Fong et al., 2007), avoiding the disruptive situation of being a refugee (Bizri, 2017), desire to having a better life condition (Wauters & Lambrecht, 2006), and integrating into new society (Sandberg, Immonen, & Kok, 2019), attributed also as the primary motivating factors of refugees' entrepreneurship. The resilience, linked to refugees' behavioral responses to adversity situations they experienced, also plays a pivotal role in participating in entrepreneurship activities (Shepherd, Saade, & Wincent, 2019). ...
This study explores the role of refugees' entrepreneurship motives and challenges in their integration into the host country. Based on the food industry, a qualitative research approach was adopted in this study. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with Syrian refugees in two major European cities (i.e., London and Istanbul). The theme coding analysis was performed on the qualitative data, and the analysis processes revealed three main dimensions: entrepreneur integration motives, entrepreneur integration domains, and entrepreneur integration challenges. As a result of the analysis, beyond the previous studies' findings, three interconnected fundamental relations emerged from the main dimensions' sub-categories, which contribute to a better understanding of the role of refugees' entrepreneurship motives and challenges in their integration into the host society: (1) the relation between the market accessing challenge, citizenship desire, and social equality, (2) the relation of cultural proximity and the attitude of host people in building social bridges and, (3) the relation between refugees' mental health problems and resilience in entrepreneurship achievements. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is among the first attempts to reveal the effects of refugees' entrepreneurship motives and challenges in their integration in the context of the food industry.
... Furthermore, legal barriers to access services are detrimental to integration, especially for asylum seekers with many restrictions (Bloch, 2000b). ...
This thesis adopts a qualitative approach within an interpretive paradigm to explore asylum seekers' and refugees' (ASRs) experiences of social protection in Glasgow. ASRs are more prone to vulnerabilities and require social protection in their host societies. Using 50 semi-structured interviews (30 ASRs and 20 representatives from the state agencies and third sector) along with observation, this research focused on gaining an in-depth understanding of how social protection is experienced on the ground in Glasgow. As in the wider literature, findings showed that there are significant gaps in the provision of social protection for ASRs in Glasgow. While ASRs have been portrayed as passive recipients of services and support, it emerged that ASRs have been actively negotiating and combining different yet distinct forms of social protection-formal (the state and the third sector), informal (social connections) and semi-formal (third sector provision through pubic donations)-to increase their access to overall social protection. This combination denotes the conditions of social protection assemblages. Further, this study emphasises that ASRs are not inherently vulnerable rather they have been vulnerablised by the state's support system. Also evident is the third sector's role in filling gaps caused by a lack of formal support. Findings also identified volunteering as a tool and support-seeking strategy for ASRs, who considered volunteering as a way to engage with their local community, interact and support themselves and others in need. Findings have implications for informing policy and practice. Implications include the Scottish Government and the Glasgow City Council ensuring ASRs' access to formal social protection, empowering ASRs to use available resources, and increasing refugees' access to the labour market. Furthermore, this research contributes to migration and social protection literature by applying the concept of social protection and illustrates the significance and interconnectedness of various forms of social protection.
... Furthermore, legal barriers to access services are detrimental to integration, especially for asylum seekers with many restrictions (Bloch, 2000b). ...
This thesis adopts a qualitative approach within an interpretive paradigm to explore asylum seekers' and refugees' (ASRs) experiences of social protection in Glasgow. ASRs are more prone to vulnerabilities and require social protection in their host societies. Using 50 semi-structured interviews (30 ASRs and 20 representatives from the state agencies and third sector) along with observation, this research focused on gaining an in-depth understanding of how social protection is experienced on the ground in Glasgow. As in the wider literature, findings showed that there are significant gaps in the provision of social protection for ASRs in Glasgow. While ASRs have been portrayed as passive recipients of services and support, it emerged that ASRs have been actively negotiating and combining different yet distinct forms of social protection-formal (the state and the third sector), informal (social connections) and semi-formal (third sector provision through public donations)-to increase their access to overall social protection. This combination denotes the conditions of social protection assemblages. Further, this study emphasises that ASRs are not inherently vulnerable rather they have been vulnerablised by the state's support system. Also evident is the third sector's role in filling gaps caused by a lack of formal support. Findings also identified volunteering as a tool and support-seeking strategy for ASRs, who considered volunteering as a way to engage with their local community, interact and support themselves and others in need. Findings have implications for informing policy and practice. Implications include the Scottish Government and the Glasgow City Council ensuring ASRs' access to formal social protection, empowering ASRs to use available resources, and increasing refugees' access to the labour market. Furthermore, this research contributes to migration and social protection literature by applying the concept of social protection and illustrates the significance and interconnectedness of various forms of social protection.
... Vatandaşlık alan göçmenin ev sahibi ülkeye ekonomik ve sosyal olarak dâhil olma isteğinin artması olağan görünmektedir. Vatandaşlıkla birlikte göçmenin özgürlük ve hareket kazanması, eşit haklardan yararlanabilecek olması göçmenlerin kendini güvende hissetmesini sağlayacaktır (Bloch, 2000). Ancak göç alan gelişmiş ülkelerde özellikle sığınmacılar için vatandaşlık, ikamet, çalışma, seyahat gibi haklardan çok sonra zorlu bir süreçle birlikte elde edilebilmektedir. ...
... Acquiring freedom and mobility, benefiting equal rights through citizenship will provide the immigrants with the sense of feeling themselves more secure. (Bloch, 2000). However, in the developed host countries, citizenship can be obtained through a difficult process long after the rights such as residence, work and travel particularly for asylum seekers. ...
