Table 1 - uploaded by Kenneth Anthony Edwards
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Weight and height data from two studies were recomputed, and original data were computed using a Weight Index formula that accounts for the interaction of actual weight/height changes in growing children and compares this ratio with that of normed weight/height ratios for equal-aged children. Recomputing the data of one study showed that the Weight...
Citations
... To determine steady state levels after weekly dose regimens we modeled at least 52 doses and numerically integrated the area under the curve of the blood MeHg concentration over the final week. For multidose evaluation of the child a time dependent increase in body size was applied, with corresponding allometric scaling of volumes and rates, to account for growth, using average growth rate between 6 and 7 years of age according to (Edwards, 1978). ...
The biological half-life (t1/2) of methylmercury (MeHg) shows considerable individual variability (t1/2<30 to > 120 days), highlighting the importance of mechanisms controlling MeHg metabolism and elimination. Building on a prior physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model, we elucidate parameters that have the greatest influence on variability of MeHg t1/2 in the human body. Employing a dataset of parameters for mean organ volumes and blood flow rates appropriate for man and woman (25-35yrs) and child (4-6yrs), we demonstrate model fitness by simulating data from our prior controlled study of MeHg elimination in people. Model predictions give MeHg t1/2 of 46.9, 38.9 and 31.5 days and steady state blood MeHg of 2.6, 2.6 and 2.3 µg/L in man, woman and child, respectively, subsequent to a weekly dose of 0.7 µg/kg body weight. The major routes of elimination are biotransformation to inorganic Hg (iHg) in the gut lumen (73% in adults, 61% in child) and loss of MeHg via excretion within growing hair (13% in adults, 24% in child). Local and global sensitivity analyses of model parameters reveal that variation in biotransformation rate in the gut lumen, and rates of transport between gut lumen and gut tissue, have the greatest influence on MeHg t1/2. Volume and partition coefficients for skeletal muscle and gut tissue also show significant sensitivity affecting model output of MeHg t1/2. Our results emphasize the role of gut microbiota in MeHg biotransformation, transport kinetics at the level of the gut, and skeletal muscle mass as moderators of MeHg kinetics in the human body.
... They realize that a child's degree of overweight alters even when weight itself does not, if there has been growth in height. The treatment study cited in the 1977 review as the best one (i.e., Aragona, Cassady, & Drabman, 1975) failed to take heightchange into account, an omission that Edwards (1978) showed to be critical when he reanalysed their data after assessing the height-change variable. More behaviourists also now recognize that expected changes in height may well be abridged by restrictive and lopsided treatments that excessively reduce calorie intake. ...
Re-examines 3 questions related to the treatment of obesity in children that were previously asked by the present author (see record 1979-04190-001) and concludes that the behavioral scientists and practitioners have made only moderate gains in this area. It is suggested that there is still too little information about obese children; the interrelationships between the body, behavior, and energy; and the long-term physical, psychological, and social aftereffects of treating or attempting to treat obese children. (13 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... Out of the 52 parent-child dyads who applied for the program, 47 were interviewed and 40 dyads were accepted into the program. Program inclusion criteria were: children--(a) age 9 to 13 years, (b) literate, (c) 20% + overweight relative to norms for height, weight, age, and sex (Edwards, 1978); parents--10%+ overweight relative to "ideal weights" (Metropolitan Life Insurance, 1959); children and parents--(a) eagerness to participate expressed in written and oral responses in pretreatment interviews, (b) expressed willingness to increase levels of exercise, (c) physician's written permission to participate in the program, (d) no involvement in other weight reduction program or psychotherapy, (e) expressed willingness to work together. ...
... These measures were used to derive several additional weightrelated measures to facilitate comparisons with other studies and to allow direct comparison of parent and child performance (see Wilson, 1978). Since growth invalidates using actual weight as an outcome measure for children (Edwards, 1978), a new measure called "child adjusted weight" was developed and computed at posttreatment and follow-ups. This measure, derived from the Edwards (1978) weight index, adjusts children's weight for estimated average growth in height and weight and is defined as follows: Adj. ...
... Since growth invalidates using actual weight as an outcome measure for children (Edwards, 1978), a new measure called "child adjusted weight" was developed and computed at posttreatment and follow-ups. This measure, derived from the Edwards (1978) weight index, adjusts children's weight for estimated average growth in height and weight and is defined as follows: Adj. weight = current wgt. ...
To examine the effects of parental involvement and family environment on weight loss in obese preadolescents, 40 dyads, consisting of an overweight parent and an overweight 9- to 13-year-old child, were assigned to parent-plus-child (n=16) or child-only (n=15) behavioral treatment groups or a waiting list control group (n=9). While children and parents in both treatment groups received complete written lessons, only children and parents in the parent-plus-child group also attended treatment sessions. Children in both treatment groups lost a significant amount of weight during treatment and maintained their losses through the 1-year follow-up period. In contrast, children in the control group gained a significant amount of weight by the 3-month follow-up. Dyads in the parent-plus-child group showed lower attrition, equivalent child weight reduction and maintenance, and better parental weight loss maintenance than dyads in the child-only group. These results and others obtained via self-report measures and intradyad correlations of weight change indicate that the family environment may play a very important role in treatment outcome achieved by behavioral weight loss therapy for preadolescents.
The treatment of obesity was one of the earliest arenas of behavioral research. Much of this early attention focused on adults. Indeed, the vast majority of research on childhood obesity has occurred during the present decade. The increased attention given to this problem is reflected by the inclusion, in this volume, of a separate chapter on the subject. This is compared to a section of a chapter in the previous edition. However, there still has been comparatively little systematic research regarding this problem. What research has been done has been able to benefit from research on behavioral treatment of other childhood problems, and from the adult obesity literature. One of the probable reasons for interest in childhood obesity was a hope for greater success with early intervention. Both a learning perspective and potential biological influences were consistent with this belief. In addition, it was hoped that early intervention might avoid the repeated weight losses and gains often associated with adult obesity.
American men are among the most obese in the world (Keyes, Araranis, Blackburn, Van Buchen, Buzina, Djorojevic, Fidanza, Karrone, Menotti, Puddu, & Taylor, 1972), and the same is probably true of American children (Bray, 1976; Osancova & Hejda, 1975). When faced with such statements, two questions come to mind: (1) Does it matter? (or, more colloquially, “So what?”); and (2) Can we do anything about it?
Obese adolescents were assigned randomly to one of four treatment groups in a 2×2 factorial design. The factors were monetary reinforcers (for weight loss vs. caloric change), and frequency of therapeutic contact (five times vs. one time per week). Subjects in all treatment groups participated in classes for 15 weeks to learn behavioral self-management skills taught by health counselors with the aid of videotaped instructional materials. The treatment group receiving rewards for weight loss and coming to the clinic five times per week was the only group to reduce significantly in percent overweight during the treatment program. Treatment effects for this group were maintained over a 6-month follow-up period. Clinically and statistically significant changes in recommended directions in blood pressure, total cholesterol, high density and low density lipoproteins, and triglycerides were correlated with changes in weight. Subjects expressed satisfaction with participation in the program. The results suggest that frequent monetary and social reward help young persons achieve and maintain weight loss.
This study examined self-reported height and weight, self/body esteem, current-ideal body figure discrepancy, dietary restraint, intentions to diet and underlying beliefs based upon the theory of planned behaviour in 128 11-year-olds (61 boys, 67 girls) and 103 13-14-year-olds (52 boys, 51 girls). Overall the sample showed low levels of restraint and intentions to diet, although there were a number of significant differences between the age-sex groups. Restraint and intentions to diet were higher in the girls and restraint was more closely related to current-ideal body figure discrepancy than actual degree of overweight. Intentions to diet, and restraint were significantly predicted by beliefs about the positive outcomes of dieting, conditions facilitating dieting, and pressure from the media to attain a slim body shape. These variables mediated the effects of actual weight, sex and age but not self/body esteem or current-ideal body figure discrepancy on intentions and restraint. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Forty-five overweight children aged 6 to 13 were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: a behavioural programme occurring on a rapid schedule, the same behavioural programme presented on a schedule of gradually decreasing frequency, a non-specific control procedure and a waiting list control group. Experimental procedures required subjects to attend eight sessions, accompanied by a parent. The behavioural approach was found to lead to significantly greater reductions in obese status as measured by absolute weight loss and percentage overweight for age, sex and height, in comparison to both the non-specific control procedure and the waiting list group during treatment. This difference was maintained at the 11 week follow-up. Comparison between the rapid and gradual scheduling of behavioural sessions revealed little difference in outcome in the long term, other than effects which reflected differences in duration since the onset of treatment. Skinfold measures were found to be less sensitive to change, with differences between groups being evident only in the longer term assessments.(Received April 1985)
Thirty-one adolescents were assigned to either a parent participation or a no-parent participation group. All adolescents attended weekly classes to learn weight loss and self-management skills via videotape, role play, and group discussion. Monetary deposits were returned to adolescents when they achieved weight loss goals. Parents of adolescents in the parent participation group met in classes to learn skills for helping their children lose weight. Monetary deposits were returned to parents for completion of weekly assignments. At postreatment, adolescents in the parent participation group showed the greatest decreases in percent above ideal weight. They maintained the reductions at a nine month follow-up. Adolescents in the noparent group matched the parent participation groups' performance at follow-up. Participants reported significant changes in dietary habits relevant to cardiovascular health. Significant relationships between changes in percent above ideal weight and physical activity and HDL were also observed.
