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Large seismic waves can be a result of earthquakes on local, regional, or distant fault zones occasionally setting bodies of water into oscillation. Seismic seiching is a recurrent phenomenon in the state of Washington and elsewhere (e.g., Berninghausen, 1969; Barberopoulou et at., 2004; Cassidy et al., 2005; Barberopoulou et al., 2006). To investi...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... De- nali earthquake ground motions (north-south; see also Ta- ble 1) produce very small water waves (maximum heights of 7 cm). The maximum wave heights from this scenario and all simulations are summarized in Table 1. The maxi- mum ground accelerations for each case are also listed. ...
Context 2
... the shallow depth of Lake Union (6-14 m) and the frequencies of the Nisqually earthquake signal, the ratio re- mains smaller than 1=10. In contrast to the other scenario simulations, the maximum amplitudes of the water waves are slightly greater for the north-south component than for the east-west component (Table 1). ...
Context 3
... maximum water wave amplitudes are of insignifi- cant size for all the simulations and are therefore not shown here. The maximum water wave amplitudes attained during the 0.5g Seattle fault scenario earthquake do not exceed 20 cm (see Table 1). During a Seattle fault earthquake, max- imum accelerations occur at approximately 0.5-0.6 ...
Context 4
... signal from a subduction zone earthquake is rich in both long and short periods, and MOST predicts maximum water heights of at least 1 m (see Fig. 8 and Table 1). Although the accelerations recorded at 150-km distance by station HKD084 are twice as large as those presented for the Nisqually earthquake, the water waves produced are 10 times greater. ...
Citations
... Seismic seiches may also be observed during the onset of ground shaking locally, or with the arrival of seismic waves from distant earthquakes (McGarr and Vorhis, 1968;Barberopoulou et al., 2004;Barberopoulou et al., 2006). Seismic seiching is a term used to describe the surface oscillations generated in enclosed or semi-enclosed water basins due to earthquake ground motions (Kvale, 1955;Rabinovich 2009;Barberopoulou et al., 2004;Barberopoulou, 2008;(Bondevik, Gjevik, & Sorensen, 2013). Such oscillations have previously been associated with distant, regional, and local earthquakes. ...
... Such oscillations have previously been associated with distant, regional, and local earthquakes. However, through seismic and spatial analyses, it has been suggested that they are associated with the presence of thick (>1 km thick), unconsolidated sediments (Barberopoulou et al. 2004(Barberopoulou et al. , 2006(Barberopoulou et al. & 2008McGarr, 1968). Only a handful of earthquakes have relatively sufficient data to understand the occurrence of standing waves due to seismic motions (e.g., 1964 Alaska earthquake; 2002 Denali earthquake). ...
Coastal effects of the February 6, twin Turkey earthquakes, seiches in Turkey and Cyprus, flooding
... Seismic seiches may also be observed during the onset of ground shaking locally, or with the arrival of seismic waves from distant earthquakes (McGarr and Vorhis, 1968;Barberopoulou et al., 2004;Barberopoulou et al., 2006). Seismic seiching is a term used to describe the surface oscillations generated in enclosed or semi-enclosed water basins due to earthquake ground motions Rabinovich 2009;Barberopoulou et al., 2004;Barberopoulou, 2008;(Bondevik, Gjevik, & Sorensen, 2013). Such oscillations have previously been associated with distant, regional, and local earthquakes. ...
... Such oscillations have previously been associated with distant, regional, and local earthquakes. However, through seismic and spatial analyses, it has been suggested that they are associated with the presence of thick (>1 km thick), unconsolidated sediments (Barberopoulou et al. 2004(Barberopoulou et al. , 2006(Barberopoulou et al. & 2008McGarr, 1968). Only a handful of earthquakes have relatively sufficient data to understand the occurrence of standing waves due to seismic motions (e.g., 1964 Alaska earthquake; 2002 Denali earthquake). ...
... Seismic seiches may also be observed during the onset of ground shaking locally, or with the arrival of seismic waves from distant earthquakes (McGarr and Vorhis, 1968;Barberopoulou et al., 2004;Barberopoulou et al., 2006). Seismic seiching is a term used to describe the surface oscillations generated in enclosed or semi-enclosed water basins due to earthquake ground motions Rabinovich 2009;Barberopoulou et al., 2004;Barberopoulou, 2008;(Bondevik, Gjevik, & Sorensen, 2013). Such oscillations have previously been associated with distant, regional, and local earthquakes. ...
... Such oscillations have previously been associated with distant, regional, and local earthquakes. However, through seismic and spatial analyses, it has been suggested that they are associated with the presence of thick (>1 km thick), unconsolidated sediments (Barberopoulou et al. 2004(Barberopoulou et al. , 2006(Barberopoulou et al. & 2008McGarr, 1968). Only a handful of earthquakes have relatively sufficient data to understand the occurrence of standing waves due to seismic motions (e.g., 1964 Alaska earthquake; 2002 Denali earthquake). ...
... In modern studies, the geography of oscillation studies in water basins is widespread. The availability 2 of 12 of experimental data obtained both in closed water basins of different volumes [5,6], in large sea areas [7], and in the small water spaces of natural and artificial origin connected to global water basins [8][9][10] shows the sufficient interest of researchers in this area of study. ...
To study the specific features of free surface oscillations in the northwestern part of Posyet Bay (the Sea of Japan), a series of experimental works using an installation with a laser meter for measuring hydrosphere pressure variations were carried out in 2012 and 2014. In the course of the joint analysis, measurement results for oscillations with periods of 10–30 min and the results of calculations using a numerical model of shallow water with a difference approximation on an irregular triangular space grid, datasets of the space–time parameters for the resonance oscillations of the studied water area were obtained. The results of the numerical simulations confirm the manifestation of the resonance properties of Novgorodskaya, Expedicii, and Reyd Pallada Bays water areas on the oscillations singled out during the experimental studies. The positions of the peaks on the model resonance curves are consistent with the positions of the clearly pronounced peaks of the energy spectrum in the field data.
... Seismic seiching is a recurrent phenomenon in the catchment area of Lake Union [38]. Lake Union is susceptible to water waves produced by earthquakes; for example, the 1964 Alaska earthquake caused severe damage to houseboats on Lake Union [38]. It is Y-shaped in plain view and is not adequately approximated Lake Union is the most heavily urbanized and the smallest of King County's three major lakes. ...
... A major part of the shoreline of Lake Union, across the lake perimeter, has been used for commercial docks, marinas, houseboat moorage, industries and dry docks. Seismic seiching is a recurrent phenomenon in the catchment area of Lake Union [38]. Lake Union is susceptible to water waves produced by earthquakes; for example, the 1964 Alaska earthquake caused severe damage to houseboats on Lake Union [38]. ...
... Seismic seiching is a recurrent phenomenon in the catchment area of Lake Union [38]. Lake Union is susceptible to water waves produced by earthquakes; for example, the 1964 Alaska earthquake caused severe damage to houseboats on Lake Union [38]. It is Y-shaped in plain view and is not adequately approximated by a conventional geometrical shape. ...
Water quality indices (WQIs) are practical and versatile instruments for assessing, organizing, and disseminating information about the overall quality status of surface water bodies. The use of these indices may be beneficial in evaluating aquatic system water quality. The CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment) and NSF (National Science Foundation) WQIs were used for the assessment of surface water (depth = 1 m) in Lake Union, Washington State. These WQIs were used in surface water at Lake Union, Seattle. The modified versions of the applied WQIs incorporate a varied number of the investigated parameters. The two WQIs were implemented utilizing specialized, publicly accessible software tools. A comparison of their performance is offered, along with a qualitative assessment of their appropriateness for describing the quality of a surface water body. Practical conclusions were generated and addressed based on the applicability and disadvantages of the evaluated indexes. When compared to the CCME-WQI, it is found that the NSF-WQI is a more robust index that yields a categorization stricter than CCME-WQI.
... Its seismic waves initiated a series of water waves in Lake Union and Portage Bay in Seattle, Washington, about 2400 km away from the epicentre, causing damage to at least 20 houseboats (Barberopoulou et al. 2006). Barberopoulou (2008) numerically studied the seiche hazard in Lake Union by introducing a forcing term into a shallow-water equation model (Titov and Gonzalez 1997;Synolakis 2003). ...
... In our model, both ground and water motions share a universal frame. This is different from the method used by Gardarsson (1997) and Barberopoulou (2008) that assumes a coordinate frame accelerating with the ground in principal directions. ...
This study investigates the potential for seismic seiches in Lake Tekapo, New Zealand, triggered by ground shaking from an Mw8.2 Alpine Fault earthquake. Synthetic ground motions are used as a forcing boundary to drive lake water motions by further developing a tsunami simulation model—COMCOT—and coupling it with earthquake simulation model outputs. Our modelling results reveal that lake water oscillations are mobilised immediately by the ground movement and further amplified by cross-lake seiches. Amplitudes of lake oscillations can reach up to 4.0 m in the lake’s narrow southern arm, over 1.0 m along the shore of Lake Tekapo township, and about 1.5–2.5 m along many other parts of the lake shore. Large-amplitude water oscillations quickly attenuate in the first 5–10 min after the earthquake due to their relatively short periods, while long-period oscillations continue for a long time, albeit with much smaller amplitudes. Spectral analysis clearly reveals that the ground motions trigger both fundamental and higher modes in the lake whose oscillation periods are consistent with theoretical estimates. We find that large-amplitude lake water oscillations are better correlated with low-frequency, less energetic ground motion content than with high-frequency large-amplitude ground motions. Ground motion-triggered lake oscillations are large enough to pose potential threat to tourists, residents, boats and infrastructure both in the lake water and onshore near the waterfront. In contrast, vertical co-seismic displacements in the lake area, the conventional mechanism for tsunami generation, are too small to trigger tsunami waves of concern.
... If inflows and outflows are minimal, internal (baroclinic) seiches are typically the chief driver of energy into the interior a lake (Wüest and Lorke 2003). Surface (barotropic) seiches do not contribute significantly to mass transport, but are studied for their role in re-suspension of bottom sediments (Chung et al. 2009), shoreline erosion (Kirillin et al. 2014), coastal structure safety (Barberopoulou 2008), and estimation of lake level (e.g., to backcalculate lake inflows; Carter and Lane 1996). Despite the broad analytical work on the subjects of both barotropic and baroclinic seiching for lakes of simple geometry (e.g., Chrystal 1905;Longuet-Higgins 1952;Defant 1960), the study of more complex geometries has required both numerical techniques and detailed field studies (e.g., Rudnev et al. 1995;Kirillin et al. 2014). ...
The effect of multiple arms on standing wave patterns, or seiches, present within a lake is not easy to predict. This study examines free seiche modes in fjord‐type multi‐armed lakes in order to generalize features of the response of those lakes. To do so, the study develops a simplified analytical model that predicts modal frequencies and associated mode‐shapes based on idealized lake geometries. The model demonstrates that multi‐armed lakes are subject to two different types of behavior: a full‐lake response, in which all arms are active for all modes; and a decoupled response, in which seiching is constrained to only two arms of the lake for each mode. Which of the two behaviors is expressed depends on relative values of the travel time of a progressive shallow‐water wave in each arm. In general, a decoupled response will exist if the mode‐shape along a two‐armed extent of the lake contains a node exactly at the confluence point between those two arms. We show that the period and associated mode‐shape structure of the fundamental mode in multi‐armed lakes conforms to that of a simple elongated lake as predicted by Merian's formula, but higher modes are highly impacted by lake geometry. Depth and width variation within the arms can lead to localization of mode‐shapes, but this effect is distinct from the possible decoupled behavior. In some instances, it may be possible to apply the model to baroclinic modes which would then act as having a constant bottom depth equal to the surface layer depth.
... Aside from it's inclusion in the list, Defant (1960) provides no information for mechanism (7), and this does not appear in other prominent works. In addition to the list provided by Defant (1960), other set-up mechanisms exist: 8. Seismic activity (suggested by Chrystal ( , 1908, and shown definitively in more recent works (e.g Barberopoulou, 2008; Pieters and Lawrence, 2014)) 9. Landslides (e.g. Balmforth et al., 2009;Kulikov et al., 1996) 10. ...
This study examines the structure and frequency of free seiche modes in fjord-type multi-armed lakes in order to generalize features of the response of those lakes. The effect of multiple arms on seiches within a lake is not easy to predict. To do so, this study develops a simplified analytical model (SAM) based on idealized lake geometries. In addition, a characterization of surface (barotropic) modes is compared for two ``Y-shaped'' lakes: Quesnel Lake in Canada, and Lake Como in Italy. Lake Como and Quesnel Lake are studied through a combination of field observations and modelling, both numerically using a Finite Element Method (FEM) scheme and using SAM. SAM demonstrates that multi-armed lakes are subject to two classifications of behaviour: a full-lake response, in which all arms are active; and a decoupled response, in which seiching is constrained to only two arms of the lake. A geometric parameter in each arm, which represents the travel time of a progressive shallow-water wave in that arm, determines the range of behaviours expressed: each lake will either experience only a whole-lake response or it will exhibit alternating whole-lake and decoupled modes. The behaviour predicted by SAM is consistent with modes observed and predicted in both Quesnel Lake and Lake Como. Modal periods are identified from observed water level measurements using spectral analysis. FEM predicted periods agree with observations. SAM correctly reproduces the periods of the lowest frequency modes in both lakes when a constant depth is used for each arm. Mode-shapes predicted by SAM qualitatively match those given by the FEM model. While all modes of Quesnel Lake are whole- lake modes, some of the modes in Lake Como exhibit a decoupled response. The results given here also support generalization of the fundamental mode as being inherently the same structure as Merian-type modes in simple elongated lakes. While the study focusses on barotropic modes, SAM can be similarly applied to internal (baroclinic) modes, and so the general behaviours observed here are appropriate for describing both the barotropic and baroclinic responses of multi-armed lakes.
... [25] The oscillating fjords (all but one) are oriented NE-SW (Figure 1b), in the same direction that the seismic waves traveled from Japan ( Figure 1). According to numerical simulations (supporting information; [Barberopoulou, 2008]), the seiches are generated only if the ground movement is across the fjord. Forcing directed along the fjord gave only a very weak response in the model. ...
[1] Seismic waves of the giant 2011 Tohoku earthquake triggered seiches in western Norwegian fjords. The seiching began a half hour after the earthquake origin time. The oscillations were noted by eyewitnesses and recorded by surveillance and cell phone cameras. The observations show maximum trough-to-peak amplitudes of 1.0–1.5 m and periods of 67–100 s. The water waves were not triggered from the arrival of the surface waves, the timing inferred for other seiches. Instead, the seiching began during the passage of horizontal S waves. We reproduced the S wave trigger by means of a shallow-water wave model calibrated previously to Norwegian tides and storm surges. The simulations, which used the observed earthquake motion as forcing, show water waves with periods and amplitudes similar to those in the film clips. However, the strongest horizontal ground oscillations with shorter periods (20–30 s) did not contribute much to the formation of the seiches.
Seismic seiche-related oscillations caused by Rayleigh waves from large earthquakes are yet to be explored and elucidated comprehensively, then need to accumulate continuously. Herein, we investigated water level fluctuations in Lake Biwa of Japan from surface seiches following the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. Lake Biwa is the largest freshwater resource in Japan, and a small change in its water level can affect local ecosystems. Field observations were conducted during 2010–2012 using a water level gauge with a 1 mm resolution and 2 min data sampling interval. Fast Fourier transform and maximum entropy methods were used for data spectral analysis to distinguish the effects of inherent oscillations on water levels generated by the earthquake. We considered that water level changes were influenced by long-period Rayleigh waves. We observed a wave with a 3.08–3.10 h duration, which was close to the duration determined for the Rayleigh waves (3.08 h). The 3.08–3.10 h wave was caused by forced oscillation of Rayleigh waves characterised by a frequency close to the natural frequency and excited by the earthquake. Overall, our findings suggest that water level fluctuations can be good indicators of high-magnitude earthquakes.
