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Water transfer through porous textiles consists of two sequential processes: synchronous wicking–evaporating and evaporating alone. In this work we set out to identify the main structural parameters affecting the water transfer process of cotton fabrics. Eight woven fabrics with different floats were produced. The fabrics were evaluated on a specia...
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... studies focused mostly on physical models [7,8] and measurements [9,10] of wicking behavior in yarn and textiles and took the maximum wicking height/distance as a key moisture transfer index [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. It was previously observed that wicking and evaporation occur simultaneously when a fabric is partly immersed in water [19] as illustrated in Figure 1. Water transfer begins spontaneously, driven by capillary force, and evaporation takes place at the same time when the fabric is in contact with water [20]. ...
Citations
... Örtenberg used hydrophobic chemicals to treat the fabric samples as mentioned in Figure 10 and then compared the outcomes before and after treatment. 1,65 The findings show that, in comparison to their dry condition, hydrated textiles generally exhibit a lower reflectance in the shortwave infrared spectrum because of their high water absorption. 66,67 Nikwax, OrganoTex, water-repellent treatments, and SNPs functionalized with silane compounds were among the hydrophobic agents. ...
... 66,67 Nikwax, OrganoTex, water-repellent treatments, and SNPs functionalized with silane compounds were among the hydrophobic agents. 65,67 Improving the hydrophobicity of the cloth surfaces did not increase the water's evaporation time. 66 Though not significantly, the hydrogel and water-repellent Nikwax combination did demonstrate a modest decrease in water, evaporation. ...
Herein, this study was compiled to investigate a suitable solution for the fabrication and development of the multifunctional defense tent from previously reported research. The military always needs to protect their soldiers and equipment from detection. The advancement of infrared detection technology emphasizes the significance of infrared camouflage materials, reducing thermal emissions for various applications. Objects emit infrared radiation detectable by devices, making military targets easily identifiable. Infrared camouflage mitigates detection by lowering an object’s infrared radiation, achieved by methods such as reducing surface temperature, which is crucial in designing military tents with infrared (IR) camouflage, considering water repellency and antibacterial features. Water repellency, as well as antimicrobial properties, in army tents is also important as they have to survive in different situations. All these problems should be addressed with the required properties; therefore, the authors try to introduce a new method from which multifunctional tents can be produced through economical, multifunctional, and sustainable materials that have IR protection, water repellency, ultraviolet (UV) protection, air filtration and permeability, and antimicrobial properties. There is still no tent that performs multiple functions at a time, even those functions that do not correlate with each other such as water repellency, IR protection, antimicrobial, and air permeability. So, a multifunctional tent could be the solution to all these problems having all the properties discussed above. In this study based on the literature review, authors concluded a method for the required tent for canvas fabric coated with zinc sulfide (ZnS), graphene oxide (GO), and zinc oxide (ZnO), or these materials should be incorporated in fiber formation because fiber composition has more impact. These multifunctional tents will be very beneficial due to their multifunctions like weather resistance, durability, and long life. These would help the army in their missions by concealing their soldiers and equipment from detection by cameras and providing filtered air inside the tent in case of gases or explosions. The proposed method will help to fulfill the stated and implied needs of customers.
... This can be determined through the measurement of the accumulative one-way transport index, which is a crucial characteristic in the development of biosensors with a multilayer concept, where electrodes are positioned on two different fabric surfaces. Therefore, the substrate used must have the capability to efficiently and abundantly transport fluid from one fabric surface to another as quickly as possible, following the capillary-driven fluid propagation along the fabric's thread axis [21]. ...
Textile-based sensors fabricated using the direct-coating method are the appropriate choice to meet the aspects of flexibility, non-invasiveness, and lightness for continuous monitoring of the human body. The characteristics of the sensor substrate are directly influenced by factors such as the type of weave, thread fineness, fabric density, and the type of polymeric constituent fibers. The fabric used as the sensor substrate, fabricated using the direct-coating method, must be capable of retaining the electrode paste solution, which has higher viscosity, on one surface of the fabric to avoid short circuits during the fabrication process. However, during its application, this fabric should allow the easy passage of analyte solutions with low viscosity as much as possible. Hence, an appropriate fabric construction is required to serve as the substrate for textile-based sensors to ensure the success of the fabrication process and the effectiveness of the resulting sensor’s performance. The development of the structural design of the fabric to be used as a substrate for non-invasive biosensors with a multilayer concept is carried out by weaving and sewing processes utilizing polyester-viscose fibers. During the production process, variations are applied, such as weft yarn density, the characterization of wetting time, absorption rate, maximum wetted radius, spreading speed, and accumulative one-way transport index. The most suitable fabric for use as a substrate for non-invasive biosensors with a multilayer concept, such as in this research, is a fabric with a weft thread density of 70 strands per inch, along with the addition of an analyte transfer thread configuration.
... Attributes such as the fiber geometry, fiber density, yarn twisting level, and the weave pattern affect the nature of porosity across multiple length scales. [42][43][44] The test protocol for selection of the absorptive media is described in the STAR Methods section and different fabrics evaluated as absorption media are summarized in Table S2. Two layers of a double-brushed 90% polyester, 10% spandex fabric with a thickness of ca. ...
Menstruating individuals without access to adequate hygiene products often improvise with alternatives that pose health risks and limit their participation in society. We describe here a menstrual hygiene product based on low-cost materials, which are integrated onto fabrics to imbue unidirectional permeability. A body-facing “Janus” fabric top layer comprising ZnO tetrapods spray-coated onto polyester mosquito netting imparts hierarchical texturation, augmenting the micron-scale texturation derived from the weave of the underlying fabric. The asymmetric coating establishes a gradient in wettability, which underpins flash spreading and unidirectional permeability. The hygiene product accommodates a variety of absorptive media, which are sandwiched between the Janus layer and a second outward-facing coated densely woven fabric. An assembled prototype demonstrates outstanding ability to wick saline solutions and a menstrual fluid simulant while outperforming a variety of commercially alternatives. The results demonstrate a versatile menstrual health product that provides a combination of dryness, discretion, washability, and safety.
... Wicking refers to a major parameter for characterizing the flow of liquids in textiles, which has usually applied the strip test to measure the wicking process. The strip test was initially proposed by Ghali (Lei et al., 2020) and has been extensively used for its simplicity and effectiveness. The speed and height of the liquid rising in the fabric over a period will be recorded using imaging equipment (Pan & Zhong, 2006). ...
In this study, a novel multifunctional woven silk fabric characterized by quick-drying and bacteriostasis was developed through the addition of modified polyester filaments. The effect of fabric structure and filament proportion on the properties of multifunctional silk fabrics was investigated to determine the optimal weaving parameters for optimizing the overall fabric manufacturing process. Moreover, the fabric’s basic wearing properties, hygroscopic performance (e.g. wicking height, drip diffusion, and permeability), and antibacterial performance against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were examined. Subsequently, the optimum parameters and weave structures were analyzed and evaluated using AHC (Analytic Hierarchy Process)-TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) method. The novel fabric exhibits great wearability, antibacterial properties, dyeing properties, and hand feeling, and it shows great commercial potential and takes on a vital significance in future silk product development.
... The relative water permeability of the cotton-in-warp and bamboo-in-weft fabric exceeded that of 100% bamboo or 100% cotton fabrics with the 100% cotton fabric having the lowest value. Wicking and evaporation vary with weave characteristics [16]. ...
... Ten minutes into the sweating phase, however, the cotton fabric's wicking pattern grows to exceed the area of wicked water on the polyester knit made with staple yarns (figure 7). We attribute this finding to the slower evaporation rate characteristic of cotton material [37]. In addition, based on the observed growth of its wicking pattern area, polyester knit P2 exhibits better wicking performance than the polyester knit P1; although, these wicking polyester samples have a similar drying time. ...
The lack of direct measures of the ability of a fabric to cool the skin by liquid sweat evaporation is a critical gap in available laboratory tests for evaluating the comfort of active wear clothing materials. This paper describes a novel method designed to evaluate the evaporative cooling performance of fabrics in a protocol that simulates active wear, including sweating and drying periods, in a continuous one-step procedure. It uses a dynamic sweating hot plate to measure the latent heat absorbed by fabrics in sweat evaporation, and in drying after sweat absorption. The efficacy of the method is demonstrated using a selected set of high-wicking polyester and a cotton knit t-shirt material that have different moisture absorption, wicking and drying properties. The cooling efficiency test shows that high-wicking polyester fabrics provide larger evaporative cooling in the sweating phase, where it is more likely to convey cooling benefits to the skin. Cotton fabrics absorb more latent heat in the drying phase, where the cooling effect may contribute to chilling effects. It provides an ideal platform to observe the dynamic relationship between patterns of wicking and liquid moisture spreading in fabrics and the evaporative cooling provided by test materials. It shows that the location of wicked moisture in the fabric is a critical determinant of potential cooling effects. It also shows that a fabric’s wicking ability is not always an accurate predictor of its cooling efficiency. This new test method has provided a unique tool for directly characterizing the cooling efficiency of clothing materials using a protocol that accurately simulate sweating generation and drying in actual active wear scenarios.
... A recent study analyzed the water transfer process on eight different woven fabrics. The study defined two phases of water evaporation as Phase I and Phase II [127]. However, the results claimed that the whole wicking-evaporating process is dominated by Phase I and the speed of moisture movement also differs as per the fabric structures. ...
This paper provides a review of recent studies on the weave factor along with the effect of weave parameters and particularly the weave structure on various properties of woven fabric. The weave structure can be considered as one of the prime parameters that contributes to the dominant physical and qualitative properties of the woven fabric. This study analyzed not only the parameters that significantly influence the properties of the woven fabric, but also the weave factors for the estimation of the weave that were proposed by earlier scientists. This review paper highlights the impact of weave structure on the physical and mechanical, thermo-physiological and comfort properties, and some special application properties of woven fabrics. This work seeks to serve as a future reference for related research.
... However, softener such as silicone has a negative effect. Lei et al. 15 investigated the effect of weaving structures (e.g. with different floats) on the wicking performance of woven fabrics. The wicking behavior of cotton jersey, rib, and interlock knitted fabrics under different deformation state was investigated by Priyalatha and Raja, 16 who found that the area of wicking is higher in front than back side of fabric at any given period of time, and the fabric wicking under dynamic condition has been increased than the static condition. ...
Wicking ability of textiles is a key indicator in determining the physiological comfort provided by a fabric. The property is shaped by various factors internal and external to the fabric. Herein, the effects of some external factors such as the degree of (fabric) extension, the wetting liquid’s temperature and relative humidity on the vertical wicking behavior of a previously prepared warp stretch woven fabric were investigated. The fabric, which could be reversibly extended up to 60%, was prepared using a nylon/spandex air-covered yarn in the warp and cotton yarn in the weft. The results indicated that these external factors had a great influence on the vertical wicking equilibrium height with the degree of fabric extension having a more pronounced effect compared with the other two factors. Furthermore, extension and relative humidity were negatively related to the height of the vertical wicking, whilst an increase in liquid temperature resulted in an increase in vertical wicking height. The underlying mechanisms associated with these effects were examined using a specially constructed test chamber and tensioning device. The experimental data were also verified using the classical Laughlin-Davies model, and the results demonstrated the proposed wicking model could be used to predict the changes in fabric wicking height. These findings provide a more in-depth understanding of the wicking behavior of stretchable textiles in a comprehensive and objective manner.
... As a result of the presence of polar hydroxyl groups, oil and water or both absorbed by this cotton. 22 Researchers' advancements in altering the surface properties of cotton fabric through coatings have made it possible to selectively absorb oil and water and recognize it as a potential oil-water separator. 23,24 Nevertheless, the prolonged usage could also cause pollutants adsorption and subsequent exposure to UV degrades both the adsorbed pollutants and cotton membranes. ...
A simple, durable, superior UV-shielded, self-cleanable, hydrophobic/superoleophile cotton fabric was developed using SBA-15 mesoporous silica and epoxy coating (SE). The cotton fabric surfaces after coating with SE showed the highest water contact angle value of 146° and lowest surface free energy of 13.9 mN/m. As a filtration membrane, the developed SE/cotton delivered 95.8% oil–water separation efficiency with a notable flux value of 6800 L/m ² h against diesel–water mixture. The presence of an epoxy and silica hybrid layer on the surfaces of cotton fabric induced self-cleaning behavior and notable durability against UV light (UPF-29), pH resistance, washing fastness, and mechanical abrasion. Hence, the present coating developed using mesoporous silica and epoxy can be applied to different types of textile substrates to construct durable low-cost membranes.
... This indicated that the floated yarn in the 2/1 twill and mesh structure was beneficial for vertical water transportation because of the floats in these two strutures. 36 The weft yarn composition and fineness both had a significant impact on the wicking effect. The wicking height of samples made of PE yarn was 61.2% lower than that of samples made of PA/PET yarn. ...
It is difficult to meet the needs of multi-functional comfortable fabric through the single functional fibers on the market. The aim of this work was to develop a kind of summer comfortable woven fabric with coolness through the combination of different functional fibers. Blended yarn of bamboo and polyester with grooves was chosen as the warp yarn, which was responsible for moisture absorption and transportation. Nylon filament with a cross-section and fine-denier polyester filament was chosen to twist reversely as a composite weft yarn to provide the coolness function and moisture conduction for fabric. As a comparative weft yarn, polyethylene was chosen as another type of weft yarn. Twelve samples were prepared containing three structures. The effects of fabric structure, weft yarn composition and fineness on the coolness and thermal-wet comfort were evaluated and investigated, including thermal-physiological comfort properties, moisture management properties, the wicking effect and the drying performance. The result showed that the weave structure, weft yarn composition and fineness had a significant influence on the coolness and thermal-wet comfort properties. Fabric woven with plain weave structure contributed to heat dissipation and dynamic coolness. The float yarn in the 2/1 twill and mesh structure was beneficial to promote water transportation vertically. The results also suggested that polyethylene yarn was preferred for coolness fabric, but the liquid moisture management and drying performance of polyethylene fabric should be further improved.
