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The evaluation of complex organic and inorganic coagulant’s performances and their relationships could compromise the surface water treatment process time and its efficiency. In this work, process optimization was investigated by comparing an eco-friendly chitosan with the industrially used coagulants namely aluminum sulfate (alum), polyaluminum ch...
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... the samples were characterized immediately after they were received and kept at room temperature (25 • C). The information of the water source and its qualities are listed in Table 1. Initial characteristics of the raw water were identified by using the methods presented in Section 2.2. ...Context 2
... characteristics of the raw water were identified by using the methods presented in Section 2.2. The national standard of drinking water quality parameters was also included in Table 1. ...Context 3
... were then measured for pH, turbidity, and residual concentrations, after which Fe, Mn, and Al were detected (these could impose risk to health and/or could cause chronic problems to drinking water utilities [30], if presence above the allowable limit in the drinking water). The allowable limits of Fe, Mn, and Al are presented in Table 1. The desired amount of coagulant was then added in the beakers followed by agitation at different mixing times and speeds: rapid mixing of 150 rpm for 1 min, and subsequent slow mixing of 35 rpm for 15 min. ...Context 4
... response surface methodology (RSM) indicated a total of forty-eight (48) runs were needed to complete this design. Raw water from the Gangsa River with a turbidity reading of 225 NTU, pH of 6.68, and metal concentrations of 13.700 mg/L of Al, 3.322 of mg/L Fe, and 0.096 of mg/L Mn was chosen (see Table 1). Different water composition was utilized throughout the study to ensure consistency in the coagulants' performances. ...Context 5
... a phenomenon may be explained based on the different pH values of the water samples taken from the WTP, because every turbidity recorded a different pH value. The highest turbidity of 826.3 NTU has a pH of 5.21 (see Table 1). Therefore, the good performance of chitosan even at high water turbidity of 826.3 NTU, may be contributed from the high acidity of the water sample. ...Context 6
... the increase in basicity can be correlated with the increase in the percentage of high polymerized Al species, Al 30 in a coagulant [50]. These findings were also in accordance with the properties of the coagulants utilized in this study as presented in Table 1. Meanwhile, the alum demonstrated the effective removal of Al of up to 99% when the coagulant dosage was increased to more than 10 mg/L (see Figure 4a). ...Context 7
... and variables utilized in this section are included in Table 3. A complete set of the experimental design with two-factor CCD (four replicates) is presented in Supplementary Table S1, while the final model predictions presented based on the categorical factors are presented in Table S2. The prior table presents the actual and predicted responses from the interactions of factors, while the latter describes the consistencies between the experimental and predicted responses. ...Context 8
... Materials: The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/ 10.3390/ijerph18179164/s1, Table S1: Central composite design (CCD) for experiment with actual and predicted responses of turbidity (NTU), residual concentration of Mn (mg/L), Fe (mg/L) and Al (mg/L); Table S2: Response surface models fitting correlating the responses (turbidity, concentration of Mn, Fe and Al), categorical (alum, PAC, ACH and chitosan) and numerical factors (A: coagulant dosage; B: initial pH) with their corresponding coefficient of the linear numerical factors, 2nd order numerical factors and two numerical interaction factors obtained by the regression analysis. ...Citations
... Plant seed proteins are considered as an abundant source of cheap proteins but sometimes discarded as vegetable waste. Apart from the nutritional contribution to humans and animals, these seeds have excellent biocoagulant properties used for obtaining clean water by removing and settling water turbidity particles (Zaman et al. 2021;Ray et al. 2023). Many literatures have highlighted the use of indigenous plant parts for improving water quality in rural communities of many countries (Konkobo et al. 2023). ...
... Coagulating/flocculating agents from inorganic materials normally consist of metal salts. The commonly used coagulants/flocculants for the coagulation and flocculation process are alum (Alemayehu et al., 2020;Bahrodin et al., 2021;Zainol et al., 2020;Bodlund et al., 2013;Muruganandam et al., 2017;Ang and Mohammad, 2020;Bodlund, 2013), ferric sulphate (Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ) (Alemayehu et al., 2020;Ugwu et al., 2017;Asharuddin et al., 2019), ferric chloride (FeCl 3 ) (Alemayehu et al., 2020;Bahrodin et al., 2021;Sibiya et al., 2021;Asharuddin et al., 2019), poly-aluminium chloride (PAC) (Sahana et al., 2018;Nikam et al., 2012;Kweinor Tetteh and Rathilal, 2020;Zhao et al., 2021;Aditya and Kartohardjono, 2018;Zaman et al., 2021;Zarei Mahmudabadi et al., 2018;Sun et al., 2021) and sodium aluminate (NaAlO 2 ) (Kweinor Tetteh and Rathilal, 2020;Litu et al., 2019;Can et al., 2019;Kurniawan et al., 2020). Meanwhile, known organic-based coagulating/flocculating agents known as biocoagulants/ flocculants are from water-soluble polymer materials, plants, microorganisms and chitosan (Nikam et al., 2012;Zaman et al., 2021;Kurniawan et al., 2022). ...
... The commonly used coagulants/flocculants for the coagulation and flocculation process are alum (Alemayehu et al., 2020;Bahrodin et al., 2021;Zainol et al., 2020;Bodlund et al., 2013;Muruganandam et al., 2017;Ang and Mohammad, 2020;Bodlund, 2013), ferric sulphate (Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ) (Alemayehu et al., 2020;Ugwu et al., 2017;Asharuddin et al., 2019), ferric chloride (FeCl 3 ) (Alemayehu et al., 2020;Bahrodin et al., 2021;Sibiya et al., 2021;Asharuddin et al., 2019), poly-aluminium chloride (PAC) (Sahana et al., 2018;Nikam et al., 2012;Kweinor Tetteh and Rathilal, 2020;Zhao et al., 2021;Aditya and Kartohardjono, 2018;Zaman et al., 2021;Zarei Mahmudabadi et al., 2018;Sun et al., 2021) and sodium aluminate (NaAlO 2 ) (Kweinor Tetteh and Rathilal, 2020;Litu et al., 2019;Can et al., 2019;Kurniawan et al., 2020). Meanwhile, known organic-based coagulating/flocculating agents known as biocoagulants/ flocculants are from water-soluble polymer materials, plants, microorganisms and chitosan (Nikam et al., 2012;Zaman et al., 2021;Kurniawan et al., 2022). Most of the previous studies show interest in natural coagulants using plantbased sources (Bahrodin et al., 2021). ...
... Coagulation is a cost-effective technology that is widely used in water and wastewater treatment [18,19], where coagulants play a key role [20]. Meanwhile, flocculants are also often used to remove algae [9]. ...
Green water treatment technologies are widely popular, and magnetic coagulation is one of the most popular methods and has been successfully applied in industry. Among them, magnetic seeds are crucial for the flocculation of contaminants. The objective of this work was to investigate the potential of magnetic metal–organic frameworks (MMOFs) as a seed in assisting polymeric ferric sulfate (PFS) flocculant, specifically exploring their applicability in algal-contaminated water. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, ferrite timing spectroscopy, and flocculation tests were used to characterize the structure and flocculation properties of MMOFs and PFS (PFS-MMOFs) composites, highlighting the stability of magnetic seed MMOFs and the flocculation effect of the composites. The results show that MMOFs have good dispersion and stability in acidic PFS solutions, which are favorable for engineering applications. MMOFs and PFS are bonded by hydrogen bonds, which enhance the polarity and dispersion of MMOFs, as well as the molecular chains of PFS. In the presence of MMOFs, it affected the distribution of iron species in the PFS, which means that the performance of coagulation may be changed. Coagulation with PFS-MMOFs was effective under different hydraulic conditions. It also showed better results than PFS in terms of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal and ultraviolet absorption value at 254 nm (UV254). In addition, the PFS-MMOFs in algal-infested waters were superior to the PFS. Overall, the findings tested in this study indicated that MMOFs are good magnetic seeds for remediation of water pollution in conjunction with PFS, potentially enhancing conventional coagulation.
... It is also reported to provide NOM removal efficiencies comparable to those of metal-based coagulants. For instance, Khairul Zaman et al. [49] carried out a study on the comparison of performances between different types of industrially used aluminum-based coagulants (aluminum sulfate, polyaluminum chloride, and aluminum chlorohydrate) and biocoagulant chitosan for the treatment of surface waters with different turbidities. It was concluded that chitosan is capable of performing comparably to aluminum chlorohydrate, although under different conditions, namely in an acidic environment [49]. ...
... For instance, Khairul Zaman et al. [49] carried out a study on the comparison of performances between different types of industrially used aluminum-based coagulants (aluminum sulfate, polyaluminum chloride, and aluminum chlorohydrate) and biocoagulant chitosan for the treatment of surface waters with different turbidities. It was concluded that chitosan is capable of performing comparably to aluminum chlorohydrate, although under different conditions, namely in an acidic environment [49]. ...
Considerable changes have been observed in surface waters’ quality in recent years. They include an increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations, as well as a shift of natural organic matter (NOM) composition in favor of low molecular weight (LMW), and they are expected to occur on a wider scale in the future. Those predictions are particularly worrying given the importance of surface water as the main potable water source for numerous communities across the globe. Conventional methods of surface water treatment for drinking purposes mostly focus on the process of coagulation. The progressing changes in the quality of surface waters, however, render the conventional treatment via coagulation inefficient. The issue of the presence of natural organic matter in drinking water sources, its anticipated changes, and the related treatment problems are all complex and pressing matters that need addressing. This paper aims to provide a critical review of recent findings regarding NOM removal via coagulation in reference to the current NOM-related issues and their potential solutions. The paper discusses the application of different types of coagulants, and their respective advantages and disadvantages. Coagulation-integrated processes including adsorption, membrane filtration, biological processes, and oxidation are also addressed. Lastly, insights on the future approach to the discussed issues and conclusions are presented.
... There are many methods used to rid water of contaminants, among them fluorides, depending on the degree of pollution, the quality of untreated water and regulations imposed by public health in the specified region. [3]. Some of these methods include reverse osmosis, ultra-filtration, precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption and coagulation/flocculation [4], [5]. ...
Fluorides are one of the many pollutants found in water. At low concentration, fluorides are essential for improving the density and hardness of bones and teeth enamel during their growth. A concentration greater than 1.5 mg/L in drinking water has several detrimental effects on human health, including dental and skeletal fluorosis. There are several methods employed to rid water of fluorides. These include, reverse osmosis, adsorption, ion exchange, coagulation and flocculation. This study focuses on removal of fluorides from aqueous solutions by coagulation using quaternary ammonium functionalized waste paper bio-coagulant. Quaternary ammonium compounds were synthesized from waste paper by first nitrating cellulose present in waste paper. The attached nitro groups, were reduced to amine groups and quaternization was done using methyl iodide. The prepared bio-coagulant was characterized using FTIR and TGA. The coagulant was used to remove fluorides from model solutions and real water samples from Gilgil area in Nakuru county, Kenya. A fluoride ISE was used to determine fluoride ion concentration in each model solution and in the real water samples. Optimized parameters included pH, initial fluoride ion concentration, contact time and bio-coagulant dosage. Characterization data confirmed successful quaternization was achieved. Thermal stability of the material was up to a temperature of 563.15 K. The optimum pH value was 4.0 while the contact time was 15 minutes. Fluoride removal increased with increase in initial concentration up to an optimum 20 mg/L. Fluoride removal was also observed to increase with increase in coagulant dosage. Obtained data fitted well on Langmuir adsorption isotherm with R 2 value of 0.9707, confirming chemisorption as the predominant intermediate process. An adsorption capacity of 3.6311 mg/g was obtained. Fluoride ion removal percentage in the model solution was 81% and 66.25% in the real water sample.
... A coagulação é um processo fundamental no tratamento da água para consumo humano. Nas Estações de Tratamento de Água (ETA) utilizam-se coagulantes químicos, mais concretamente sais metálicos, como o sulfato de alumínio e coagulantes inorgânicos préhidrolisados, como cloreto de polialumínio, cloridrato de alumínio e cloreto férrico (Zaman et al. 2021), que permitem neutralizar as cargas elétricas das partículas suspensas na água, facilitando a sua aglomeração e posterior separação. Este processo gera elevadas quantidades de lamas que, por constituírem um potencial risco ambiental, motivaram a procura por alternativas mais sustentáveis. ...
... Coagulants, which are hydrolyzing metal salts (Fe or Al), are often used in the coagulation process to destabilize colloids. To date, coagulants have been the subject of much study and development with the goal of creating a safer environment, having high stability, and more adaptable formulations that can withstand a wide range of processing conditions without compromising coagulation efficiency [20]. During water treatment processes, conventional coagulants such as iron and aluminium sulfate are typically used to stimulate particle formation. ...
Many coagulants such as aluminium sulfate, ferric sulfate, and ferrous sulfate have been investigated in the past, but there is a lack of data on their effectiveness to some specific water quality parameters. This study aimed at investigating the efficiency of the coagulation water treatment process to remove pollutants such as total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total suspended solids (TSS) from urban drinking water. The polyaluminium chloride (PAC) coagulant was applied to determine the impact of the treatment process on the structure and diversity of these pollutants in urban drinking water. All water samples were collected from the Yangtze River, Baoshan district, Shanghai, China, over a period of three months which coincided with the late summer and early winter periods. Specific to different coagulant characterizations, a preliminary test was performed with three other coagulants, namely, aluminium sulfate, polyaluminium, silicate sulfate, and ferric sulfate to determine their optimal conditions for floc characterization and removal efficiencies. In summary, the overall performance of the PAC coagulant was better than that of the other three coagulants used in the pre-treatment of the sampled water. The obtained results revealed that under the optimum operating conditions, the doses of the PAC were as follows: 20, 35, 50, 65, and 80 mgL−1, respectively. The water temperature and pH were determined by using a pH meter, the TOC and TN determined by using a TOC analyzer, and the TSS by following the ASTM D2540 method. Furthermore, the response surface methodology by the Box–Behnken optimization analysis was applied to coagulant dosage, temperature, pH, and three corresponding dependent factors (TSS, TOC, and TN) to determine the best optimal conditions for the PAC performance. To determine whether or not the quadratic model adequately explained and predicted the response during the coagulation process, an analysis of variance was performed. Multiple optimal factors were identified for the urban drinking water treatment, including a pH value of 6.9, water temperature of 20.1 °C, and a coagulant dosage of 9.7 mgL−1.
... However, to date, many studies have mainly focused on comparing the new coagulant products with the traditional one (alum) to show how well these new products perform in cleaning up water impurities at a lower dosage. For instance, Khairul Zaman et al. [19] recently reported a study using Jar test that compared chitosan and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) with alum in treating various water samples from different treatment plants with turbidity and pH ranging from 20 -826 NTU and 5.21 À 6.8, respectively. Their findings showed that PACl worked well at a dosage level of 20 mg/L, which was consistent with the result obtained from this study (21.7 mg/L). ...
This study evaluated Al-based coagulants for turbidity removal optimization in drinking water facility using Jar test and CCD/RSM analysis. The wide use of aluminum salts requires researching improved Al-based coagulants to reduce the treatment dosage. Eight polyaluminum chloride coagulants (PACl), i.e., Hyperlon 4064-PACl 2, Hyperlon 4393, 1757 X1, 1757 XL8-PACl 1, Ultrafloc 1406, Ultrafloc 3759, AlcoPAC 6, and AlcoPAC 1010 were first compared using a series of jar tests to determine the best candidate in removing the settled and filtered turbidity in water. The results showed that all PACls performed better than alum in removing water turbidity, but Hyperlon 4064 was the best. Then, the central composite design/response surface methodology (CCD/RSM) analysis was applied to Hyperlon 4064 to optimize dosage and pH to achieve the lowest final settled and filtered turbidity in the treated water, which were 21.7 mg/L, 7.53 and 27.95 mg/L, 7.91, respectively. Two quadratic models were generated by the CCD/RSM analysis with high correlations between the actual and predicted responses (R 2 ¼ 0.9881 and 0.9809 for final settled turbidity and final filtered turbidity). The results from this study can provide useful information to the operating water treatment plants that use Al-based coagulants to remove turbidity in water. ARTICLE HISTORY
... A study investigating the mechanism of neurotoxicity formation of F -, shows that excess Fcauses morphological changes in NADPH-d/NOS (nitric oxide synthase) positive neurons formed in the brain and increases nitric oxide (NO) synthesis (Bhatnagar et al., 2011). Since it is known that excessive intake of Fcauses neurotoxicity; In 2014, the amount of Fin table water was investigated in 31 provinces of Iran (KheradPisheh et al., 2016). Studies have shown that Fincreases the absorption of Al 3+ to cross the blood-brain barrier, thus causing neuronal damage by causing a decrease in neuronal density, and accumulating in the brain tissues, especially the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. ...
Su kaynakları ve içme suları çeşitli hastalıkları potansiyel olarak etkilemektedir ve çevresel risk faktörleriyle olan ilişkisi halen aydınlatılması gereken gelişmekte olan bir alandır. Çeşitli araştırmalar, suda doğal olarak bulunan elementler olan alüminyum ve florürün, çevresel yönlerden etkilenen içme suyunda artan konsantrasyonla insan sağlığı üzerinde olumsuz bir etki gösterdiğini bildirmiştir. İçme sularındaki yüksek alüminyum seviyelerinin demansa neden olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Birçok çalışma, içme suyundaki alüminyum miktarı ile artan Alzheimer riski arasında bir ilişki bulmuştur. Ayrıca, alüminyum ve florürün absorpsiyonun pozitif bir ilişkiye sahip olduğu ve birlikte daha fazla biyoyararlanıma sahip olduğu düşünülmektedir. Alüminyum ve florürün sağlık üzerindeki etkileri suyun kaynağına, maruz kalma süresine ve vücudun detoks sistemine göre değişiklik gösterebilir. İnsanda yaşamsal faaliyetlerin sağlıklı olması için, içilen içme suyu içeriğinin kontrolünün sağlanması kritik öneme sahiptir. Bu derlemede alüminyum ve florürün insan sağlığı için önemli olan genel özellikleri ve etkileşimleri tartışılacaktır. Bu kimyasalların önemli toksik etkileri göz önünde bulundurularak hastalıklar ve sağlık sorunları arasındaki ilişki değerlendirilecektir.
... A study investigating the mechanism of neurotoxicity formation of F -, shows that excess Fcauses morphological changes in NADPH-d/NOS (nitric oxide synthase) positive neurons formed in the brain and increases nitric oxide (NO) synthesis (Bhatnagar et al., 2011). Since it is known that excessive intake of Fcauses neurotoxicity; In 2014, the amount of Fin table water was investigated in 31 provinces of Iran (KheradPisheh et al., 2016). Studies have shown that Fincreases the absorption of Al 3+ to cross the blood-brain barrier, thus causing neuronal damage by causing a decrease in neuronal density, and accumulating in the brain tissues, especially the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. ...
Drinking water potentially affects a variety of diseases, and their relationship to environmental risk factors is an emerging area that still needs to be clarified. Studies have reported that aluminum and fluoride, elements naturally found in water, have an adverse effect on human health with increasing concentration in drinking water, which is affected by environmental aspects. High aluminum levels in drinking water can cause dementia. Many studies have found an association between the amount of aluminum in drinking water and an increased risk of Alzheimer's. The absorption of aluminum and fluoride is thought to have a positive relationship and together have greater bioavailability. The health effects of aluminum and fluoride can vary depending on the source of the water, the duration of exposure, and the body's detox system. It is crucial to control the content of drinking water in order for humans' vital activities to be healthy. In this review, the
general properties and interactions of aluminum and fluoride, which are important for human health, will be discussed. Considering the important toxic effects of these chemicals, the relationship between diseases and health problems will be evaluated.
Keywords: Alzheimer, dementia, drinking water, human health, aluminum, flouride
