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An emulsion is a biphasic dosage form comprising of dispersed phase containing droplets that are uniformly distributed into a surrounding liquid which forms the continuous phase. An emulsifier is added at the interface of two immiscible liquids to stabilize the thermodynamically unstable emulsion. Various types of emulsions such as water-in-oil (w-...
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... (vitamins and antioxidants) can be delivered by using an o-w emulsions [10]. As water forms the external phase, water-soluble drugs can be easily released from such an o-w emulsion [1]. The w-o emulsions are frequently employed for delivering drugs as compared to ow emulsions; therefore, o-w emulsions are often referred to as "reverse emulsions" (Fig. 3) ...
Citations
... Solid-in-oil-in-water (S/O/W), a novel emulsion system, can overcome certain difficulties generally encountered in the encapsulation of hydrophilic compounds, such as low stability, burst release, and low entrapment efficiency. 7 Different types of S/O/W emulsions, such as liquid emulsions and high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs), have been used in probiotic microencapsulation, as emulsions provide a lipid environment for probiotics. 8 Liquid emulsions prepared by suspending spray-dried probiotics in soybean oil followed by emulsification in sugar beet pectin solution improved the viability after storage, spray drying, and in vitro exposure to gastric acidity and bile salts. ...
BACKGROUND
Encapsulation is commonly used to protect probiotics against harsh stresses. Thus, the fabrication of microcapsules with special structure is critical. In this work, microcapsules with the structure of S/O/W (solid‐in‐oil‐in‐water) emulsion were prepared for probiotics, with butterfat containing probiotics as the inner core and with whey protein isolate fibrils (WPIF) and antioxidants (epigallocatechin gallate, EGCG; glutathione, GSH) as the outer shell.
RESULTS
Based on the high viscosity and good emulsifying ability of WPIF, dry well‐dispersed microcapsules were successfully prepared via the stabilization of the butterfat emulsion during freeze‐drying with 30–50 g L⁻¹ WPIF. WPIF, WPIF + EGCG, and WPIF + GSH microcapsules with 50 g L⁻¹ WPIF protected probiotics very well against different stresses and exhibited similar inactivation results, indicating that EGCG and GSH exerted neither harm or protection on probiotics. This significantly reduced the harmful effects of antioxidants on probiotics. Almost all the probiotics survived after pasteurization, which was critical for the use of probiotics in other foods. The inactivation values of probiotics in microcapsules were around 1 log in simulated gastric juice (SGJ), about 0.5 log in simulated intestinal juice (SIJ), and around 1 log after 40 days of ambient storage.
CONCLUSION
Dry S/O/W microcapsule, with butterfat containing probiotics as the inner core and WPIF as the outer shell, significantly increased the resistance of probiotics to harsh environments. This work proposed a preparation method of dry S/O/W microcapsule with core/shell structure, which could be used in the encapsulation of probiotics and other bioactive ingredients.
... Higher concentrations of Span 80 worsened the flow properties, encapsulation efficiency, and water content. That was due to the increased capacity to emulsify water entrapped by the hygroscopic L-carnitine during the mixing process [47]. Accordingly, F4 (with a Span concentration of 0.1 %), which showed the best evaluation results, was promoted to the next stage. ...
l-carnitine is an essential dietary supplement of physiological importance. Handling and manufacture of l-carnitine is difficult due to its hygroscopic nature, resulting in impairing its flow properties, as well as solid dosage form stability. The study aimed at reducing l-carnitine hygroscopicity through its encapsulation within a hydrophobic, pH-insensitive polymer. A solid in oil in oil (s/o/o) emulsion solvent evaporation technique for microencapsulation was adopted to exclude the possibility of water uptake. The polymers used were two ethyl cellulose (EC) grades with different viscosities. The chosen solvent for the polymer was acetone, and liquid paraffin was the dispersion medium in which both the drug and polymer were insoluble. Sixteen formulations were developed, and evaluated to study the formulation parameters as anti-coalescent type, mixing speed, surfactant type and polymer ratio, and viscosity grade. A “One Factor at A Time” (OFAT) design of experiment, and a factorial design were utilized. Study results revealed that successful microencapsulation occurred by using Aerosil 200 (0.1 %) as anti-coalescent, a mixing speed of 1000 rpm, and Ethocel Std 20 at a 3:1 drug-to-polymer ratio. Microcapsule formulation containing l-carnitine base, successfully compressed into tablets, showed acceptable water content, disintegration time, hardness, and dissolution. Moreover, it showed acceptable stability upon storage at 40 °C at 75 % RH for six months compared to l-carnitine tablets prepared by wet granulation.
... A possible explanation for such behaviour is that a higher concentration of surfactants might have extracted the drug molecules from the IPM globules into the dispersion medium, decreasing the β-caryophylline amounts in the globules. Literature reports also provide inferences for the dependence of entrapment efficiency on the type and amount of the surfactant(s) [24]. Based on the entrapment efficiency and drug loading capacity, the formulation ME2 was selected for further studies. ...
Musculoskeletal pain and inflammation can vary from localised pain like pain in the shoulders and neck to widespread pain like fibromyalgia, and as per estimates, around 90% of humans have experienced such pain. Oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently prescribed for such conditions but are associated with concerns like gastric irritation and bleeding. In the present study, a microemulsion-based gel comprising β-caryophyllene, isopropyl myristate, Tween 80, and normal saline was prepared as a topical option for managing topical pain and inflammation. The globules of the microemulsion were below 100 nm with a zetapotential of around −10 mV. The drug entrapment was >87% with a drug loading of >23%. The permeation studies established better skin permeation (20.11 ± 0.96 μg cm−2 h−1) and retention of the drug (4.96 ± 0.02%) from the developed system vis-à-vis the conventional product (9.73 ± 0.35 μg cm−2 h−1; 1.03 ± 0.01%). The dermatokinetic studies established the better pharmacokinetic profile of the bioactive in the epidermis and dermis layers of the skin. The anti-inflammatory potential in carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema was more pronounced than the conventional product (~91% vis-à-vis ~77%), indicating a better pharmacodynamic outcome from the developed system. The nanotechnology-based natural bioactive product with improved efficacy and drug loading can provide a better alternative for the management of musculoskeletal pain.
... The equilibrium interfacial free energy in such systems is extremely low, and the combined surface free energy of the micellar structure, though positive, is counterbalanced by the entropy of dispersion of the structures within the continuous phase. [28] Fluid surface tension is the tangential force that keeps a fluid together at the air/fluid interface. It is the intermolecular force of attraction between adjacent molecules, expressed in force per unit width, as dynes/centimeter (dynes/cm) or millinewtons/meter (mN/m). ...
... PLGA NPs based drug release was controllable compared to the traditional direct drug injection. However, such controllable drug release is limited because it simply delayed the release of drugs (Sawant et al., 2021). ...
Purpose: Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)-based nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) have been widely used as the carrier for sustainable drug delivery. However, the drug release from the NPs was usually incomplete and uncontrollable. Herein, a low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) assisted SDF-1/BMP-2@nanoparticles (S/B@NPs) system was fabricated to facilitate stem cell recruitment-osteogenesis for periodontal bone regeneration.
Methods: In this work, S/B@NPs were prepared with double-emulsion synthesis method. Then the S/B release profile from NPs was evaluated with or without low intensity pulsed ultrasound treatment. Afterwards, the stem cell recruiting and osteoinductive capacities of LIPUS-S/B@NPs were detected with human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) in vitro and in a rat periodontal bone defect model.
Results: The results indicated that S/B@NPs were successfully prepared and LIPUS could effectively regulate the release of S/B and increase their final releasing amount. Moreover, LIPUS-S/B@NPs system significantly promoted hPDLCs migrating and osteogenesis in vitro and recruiting rBMSCs to the rat periodontal defect and facilitated bone regeneration in vivo.
Conclusion: Our LIPUS assisted S/B@NPs system can effectively facilitate stem cell recruitment and periodontal bone regeneration. Considering its reliable safety and therapeutic effect on bone fracture, LIPUS, as an adjuvant therapy, holds great potential in the regulation of drug delivery systems for bone healing.
... According to the emulsion's HLB value, a certain kind of stabilising emulsifier is added to it in order to ensure that it does not separate (Sawant, Kamath, KG and Kulyadi, 2021). ...
The experiment is about using a QbD approach in gel formulation using Salicylic acid as API.
... Thus, O/W emulsion is preferred for aqueous applications since it improves the solubility and stabilization of lipophilic compounds. This method distributes the particles equally throughout the continuous phase (aqueous environment) [21] . The use of amylose complex efficiently protects the EO from oxidation, and improves thermal stability and aqueous phase dispersion, thus, decreasing the required concentration for bulk applications [27] . ...
... The A2 adjuvant was a continuous aqueous emulsion water-in-oil-inwater adjuvant. Biphasic emulsions can deliver both lipophilic compounds and easily release water-soluble compounds (Sawant et al., 2021). Significantly, they can trigger both immediate and long-term immunological responses. ...
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a threat to the health of pigs worldwide, but commercially available vaccines offer limited protection against PRRSV infection. It is necessary to develop a more effective DNA vaccine. The immunological effects of DNA vaccines with three adjuvants were examined in pigs (Susscrofa domestica) challenged with PRRSV. These DNA vaccines, which encoded PRRSV GP3 and GP5, were formulated with A1, A2, and A3. Serum specific and neutralizing antibodies, IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-10, CD4⁺ and CD8⁺T-lymphocytes, health status, histopathology, and viral loads were determined. The results showed that the use of adjuvant A3 led to higher levels of neutralizing antibodies and a lower viral load in pigs compared to the other adjuvants. The neutralizing antibody titers of the pVAX-GP35+A1 and pVAX-GP35+A3 groups reached a peak of 1:19 at 35 dpi. The maximum concentration of IL-4 was 136.77 pg/mL in the pVAX-GP35+A3 group. At 35 dpi, the IFN-γ concentration in the pVAX-GP35+A1 group was 227.4 pg/mL. pVAX-GP35+A3 group shows the highest IL-2 and IL-10 expression to the peak of 597.6 pg/mL and 189.1 pg/mL, respectively. We found a formulation demonstrated beneficial immune outcomes. This study provides an alternative vaccine to protect pigs from PRRSV.
... Therefore, in order to enhance the drug absorption, the dispersion is mixed with water to form a continuous phase. 27 In the beginning, the formed NCs were characterized using SEM and compared with free curcumin. As depicted in Fig. 1A, the nanocapsules were present in spherical shape. ...
The main purpose of this paper is to design curcumin loaded PLGA nanocapsules for the selective detection of dopamine using fluorescence spectroscopy. In the present work curcumin loaded PLGA nanocapsules were synthesized using a solid-in-oil-in water (s/o/w) emulsion technique. The prepared nanocapsules were coated with a poly(diallyldimethylammonium)chloride (PDDA) polymer to increase the entrapment of curcumin into the core of PLGA polymer. PLGA-Cur-PDDA nanocapsules were characterized using different microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Unlike free curcumin, the formed CUR-PLGA-PDDA NCs were established as nanoprobes for the selective detection of dopamine molecules. The selectivity and specificity of nanocapsules toward dopamine was achieved by measuring the fluorescence emission spectra of the NCs in the presence of other interference molecules such as tryptophan, melamine, adenine, etc. It was noticed that increasing the concentration of the different molecules had no significant change in the fluorescence signal of the nanocapsules. These results confirm the strong quenching between dopamine and curcumin in the nanocapsules. Hence, this fluorescence emission technique was found to be selective, easy and fast with low cost for the determination of dopamine in a concentration range up to 5 mM with a detection limit equal to 22 nM.
... For this, we propose an emulsion bioink comprising a mixture of methacrylated collagen (CMA) and MO. In the biphasic colloidal system, the oil emulsion phase, generated by dispersing MO in the hydrophilic CMA solution, is homogeneously distributed in the continuous water phase [32,33]. The optimal concentration of the emulsion bioink, which is a mixture of MO and CMA laden with human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs), was selected based on the stability of emulsion formation, printability, and initial cellular activities. ...
The insufficient pore structure of cell-laden hydrogel scaffolds has limited their application in various tissue regeneration applications owing to low cell-to-cell/matrix interactions and low transfer of nutrients and metabolic wastes. Herein, we designed a highly porous cell-laden hydrogel scaffold fabricated using an emulsion bioink consisting of methacrylated collagen (CMA), mineral oil (MO), and human adipose stem cells (hASCs) to induce efficient cell infiltration and cellular activities. By selecting the most appropriate concentration of CMA and MO, the emulsion bioink can be successfully formulated with proper yield stress and printability. The cell-laden scaffold exhibited significantly greater cell growth and cytoskeletal reorganization than the normally printed cell-laden CMA scaffold. Furthermore, two bioactive components (kartogenin and bone morphogenetic protein 2) were physically encapsulated in the oil droplets of the cell construct, and the molecules in the cell constructs enhanced chondrogenic or osteogenic differentiation of hASCs in the printed structure. Based on these results, the cell-printed structure using an emulsion bioink can not only provide a good cellular microenvironment but also be a new potential method to accelerate stem cell differentiation by combining bioactive molecules and cell-laden scaffolds.
