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... The thickness of the Kazhdumi Fm. considerably varies between 300 m in the Dezful Embayment and Interior Fars to 40-60 m on the Qatar-Fars Arch and in the Coastal Fars (Vincent et al. 2015;Sfidari et al. 2016). The Sarvak Fm. also shows such thickness variations from more than 700 m in the Abadan� Plain and Dezful Embayment to nearly total absence in the Coastal Fars (Piryaei et al. 2010(Piryaei et al. , 2011Mehrabi et al. 2015;Vincent et al. 2015). ...
Albian–Cenomanian successions (Kazhdumi and Sarvak formations) represent remarkable variations in thickness, facies, fauna, and environments throughout the Zagros area. In the Coastal Fars (Charmu section), sedimentological and paleontological data evidence an intrashelf, with depths of 10s–100s m, surrounded by a shallow carbonate platform. Due to its depth, deposition of sequences in this setting has been controlled by eustatic sea-level changes rather than eurybathic changes, and several
condensation episodes occurred related to marine transgressions. These observations are different from those in the adjacent sections in the Coastal Fars which recorded subaerial exposures instead. Combined with previous studies, this study denotes several intrashelf basins enclosed by a shallow carbonate platform on the southeastern margin of the Neo-Tethys during the Albian–Cenomanian. Development of intrashelf basins corresponds to basement faults in the Fars Salient. Likely, an extensional tectonic regime associated with a rifting event created horst–graben architecture by exerting extension along the basement faults and reactivating salt structures. Deposition on these
troughs and highs led to the facies and thickness variations of the concomitant sequences. Development of several intrashelf basins on the southeastern margin of the Neo-Tethys indicates that syn-depositional continental rifting event could occur during the Albian–Cenomanian, prior to the tectonic inversion around the earliest Turonian.
... The worldwide Albian sea level rise resulted euxinic conditions in the interashelf depression that changes laterally from the open sea to shallow shoals area. In this environment, the excellent and thick Kazhdumi source rock was deposited in the Dezful Embayment with TOC values ranging from 0 to 11% in the central part of the Dezful Embayment ( Sfidari et al., 2016). Organic matter is exclusively of marine algal origin and is sulfur-rich, without traces of terrestrial plants ( Ala et al., 1980;Bordenave and Huc, 1995). ...
The Darquain field is located in the Abadan Plain SW Iran, which has a high potential for exploration and production of hydrocarbon resources with poorly defined petroleum systems. The goal of this paper is to characterize the Cretaceous source rock potential in the Darquain field. A gamma-sonic log was used as a proxy to identify probable source rock zones and to select sample depths. A total of 37 samples were analyzed by Rock-Eval, elemental, Gas Chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. The petroleum generation potential, as well as origin of the organic matter of samples, have been investigated. The results of this study indicate that, in the Early Cretaceous successions, there are favorable source zones in Garau, Gadvan, and Kazhdumi Formations. These source zones predominantly contain organic matter from marine origin, suggesting kerogen type II, while some samples contain terrestrial organic matters, suggesting kerogen type III. The Lower Garau zone, with 1.14 to 14.29% total organic carbon (TOC), is an excellent source rock with a fair genetic potential in the range of 2.74 and 9.5 mg/g. Elemental analysis results in the Lower Garau zone allow the classification of kerogens as high-sulfur. There are very good source zones in the Kazhdumi Formation, with fair to good genetic potential. The results of Rock-Eval and petrophysical analyses show that gamma ray data can be used as a useful tool to determine the potential source zones, although where TOC is less than 1% there is inconsistency. The results obtained from the biomarker characteristics are in agreement with the results of Rock-Eval pyrolysis and indicated carbonate source rocks, which contain a mixture of marine organic matter with a minor amount of terrigenous organic matter. Biomarker characteristics also suggest that the organic matter was deposited in a marine environment under reducing conditions, and that Early Cretaceous source zones are at the stage of early oil window to peak of oil generation.
... %Ro의 범위이며, 전면 분지의 퇴적 중심에서 0.80 %Ro 이상의 높은 성숙도를 보 이는데, 10 Ma경 ~5,500 m 매몰 깊이에서 석유 생성 단계 (Ro=0.60%)에 도달했었을 것으로 추정된다 Burwood, 1990, 1995;Bordenave and Huc., 1995;Sfidari et al., 2016) (Fig. 39). 데즈풀의 북동 코너(Karun, Lab E Safid, Lali 유전 등)에 서 산출되는 석유들은 중심부 Kazhdumi 기원의 석유와 좀 다른 양상을 보인다 (Fig. 40) ( Fig. 42) (Fig. 43). ...
With recent lifting of sanctions, Iran actively attracts foreign investments in oil and gas sectors, for which
petroleum geology is reviewed. Diverse sedimentary basins developed under the unique tectonic setting where Arabian and Eurasian plates separated and collided created prolific petroleum provinces in Iran. Especially, the Zagros region had been an extensive warm shallow water continental shelf where carbonates dominated sedimentation since Permian, which consist excellent reservoirs (Asmari, Dalan/Kangan). Evaporites deposited on regressive cycles become perfect seals (Gachsaran, Dashtak). Marls deposited in intrashelf basins frequently occurred during Mesozoic were source rocks rich in organic matter (Kazhdumi). Oil fields are concentrated in the foreland basin of Dezful Embayment at the foot of the Zagros Mountains. Gas fields occur in the Simple Fold Belt of coastal Fars, and the gigantic anticline on the Qarar Arch. Proven oil and gas reserves are 157.8 Bbbl and 1201.4 Tcf, respectively, which are ranked 4th and 2nd in the world.
... %Ro의 범위이며, 전면 분지의 퇴적 중심에서 0.80 %Ro 이상의 높은 성숙도를 보 이는데, 10 Ma경 ~5,500 m 매몰 깊이에서 석유 생성 단계 (Ro=0.60%)에 도달했었을 것으로 추정된다 Burwood, 1990, 1995;Bordenave and Huc., 1995;Sfidari et al., 2016) (Fig. 39). (Fig. 40). ...
Various petroleum systems existing in the Zagros fold and thrust belt of Iran are introduced and systematically characterized in this paper.
This paper presents the results of an integrated geochemical study of oils in Jurassic-Cenozoic reservoirs in the eastern region of the Arabian Plate. The main objective was to analyze the active petroleum systems at a regional scale across the study area which extends from NE Iraq to SE Oman and includes the entire Persian Gulf. The dataset for the study consisted of more than 500 crude oil samples from 112 oil fields and 11 different reservoir units. This dataset was compiled from both the literature and re-evaluated geochemical and stable isotope analyses, augmented by new analytical studies. The study documents regional variations and trends in the bulk and molecular properties and stable isotope ratios of the oil samples. Two overall clans and twelve genetic oil families and sub-families were distinguished using multivariate statistical analysis (chemometrics) based on biomarker parameters. The age, lithology, depositional setting and organic matter type of the respective source rocks for each family/sub-family was inferred from oil geochemical fingerprints. The results provide insights into the key geological factors that control the number, size and geochemical character of oil fields in the eastern Arabian Plate. The geographical extent of the various oil families was assessed and used to evaluate charge access and to predict migration directions and migration pathways in the study area. The results indicate the value of implementing multivariate statistical analysis on "big data" along with state-of-the-art geological petroleum systems analysis and interpretation of biomarker and oil composition data to investigate complex and extended petroleum systems.
Structural decoupling in the Zagros fold‐and‐thrust belt, SW Iran, is controlled by the presence of intermediate detachment horizons within the Phanerozoic stratigraphic column such as intervals rich in evaporites. The effectiveness of the detachment horizons varies across the Zagros, and controls the style of folding and therefore the formation of structural traps. In this paper, field mapping, seismic interpretation and well data is used to investigate the complex structural style at six large‐scale anticlines located on either side of the surface trace of the NW‐SE trending Zagros Frontal Fault system in the South Dezful Embayment (Central Zagros). At some of these anticlines, lower – middle Miocene evaporites in the Gachsaran Formation decouple the folded overlying succession from the competent, underlying interval which includes the Asmari Formation reservoir. Anticlines to the northeast of the surface exposure of the fault have undergone four times more shortening than anticlines to the southwest. This localized shortening compared to regional values has resulted in some cases in complex asymmetric folding, and in severe structural decoupling above and below the Gachsaran Formation. However, other anticlines to the NE of the fault which underwent a similar amount of shortening, but in which the thickness of the Gachsaran Formation is reduced and the salt content is lower, show a harmonic style of folding above and below the formation. Thus, the efficiency of the Gachsaran detachment varies throughout the study area and appears to be controlled mainly by the total thickness of the formation, the net thickness of salt‐rich intervals within it, and the amount of structural shortening across the Zagros Frontal Fault system. These observations could be relevant to similar structural domains both in the Zagros and in other fold‐and‐thrust belts where intermediate detachment horizons and regional‐scale faults have together controlled the configuration of folds and structural traps.
In order to facilitate the search for new play concepts and exploration opportunities, a sequence stratigraphic synthesis of the Cenomanian-Turonian interval of the Arabia Plate has been compiled. The synthesis is based on published datasets which have been analysed within a temporal framework constrained by biostratigraphy and isotope stratigraphy. The high stratigraphic resolution allows the palaeogeography of the study area to be mapped within 3rd order depositional sequences, and the relative influence of eustasy and tectonics on basin development to be evaluated. This significantly improves the prediction of stratigraphic architecture and depositional morphology at the scale of the entire tectonic plate.
Conceptual models informed by outcrop and subsurface observations have been applied to characterize the development of intrashelf basins in depositional settings that are either isolated from siliciclastics (symmetrical intrashelf basin model) or influenced by siliciclastics (asymmetrical intrashelf basin model). The application of a sequence stratigraphic model across regional well log transects facilitates an understanding of stratigraphic architecture and acts as an important control for the generation of a new suite of gross depositional environment (GDE) maps. These characterise palaeogeography at previously unprecedented resolution and scale during periods of high relative sea-level (maximum flooding surface and highstand systems tract) and low relative sea-level (lowstand systems tract). These maps are complemented by sequence isopachs which reveal changes in accommodation through time and space.
This approach helps characterize the preserved distribution and stratigraphic configuration of petroleum systems elements. In the Shilaif (UAE) and Natih (Oman) intrashelf basins, condensed, organic-rich carbonate source rocks were deposited in restricted, anoxic conditions. These basins resulted from differential aggradation of the carbonate platform during the transgressive systems tract. Grainy, rudist debris-rich carbonate reservoir rocks developed along the margins of the intrashelf basins during highstand progradation. Claystones in the overlying sequence may form intraformational seals and were deposited during retrogradation of the shoreline associated with sea-level rise.
By contrast in the Najaf intrashelf basin (Iraq), there is a significant siliciclastic component sourced from the Arabian Shield. This influx resulted in a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic ramp depositional system on the proximal, western margin of the basin, and an apparent absence of organic-rich intervals within the central basin succession. Grainy carbonate reservoir rocks are restricted to the eastern margin and are charged by older source rocks within the underlying stratigraphy.
The GDE maps record the configuration of these petroleum systems elements within the Cenomanian-Turonian interval and forms the basis for play screening. The Cenomanian-Turonian interval is punctuated by the major mid-Turonian unconformity which is a major tectonostratigraphic boundary of considerable geological and economic significance. In the southern and eastern part of the Arabian Plate, this unconformity has a differential erosion profile that facilitates a subcrop play with exploration potential. Identifying subtle stratigraphic traps is challenging, but by combining GDE facies with the mapped preservation limit for each sequence, it is possible to identify areas where rudist-rich reservoir facies with potential karst enhancement are overlain by a regional claystone seal, high-grading areas with subcrop trap potential.
Previous studies on Chepaizi Uplift mainly focused on its reservoirs, and the potential source rocks natively occurred was ignored. During the exploration process, dark mudstones and tuffaceous mudstones were found in the Carboniferous interval. These possible source rocks have caused great concern about whether they have hydrocarbon generation potential and can contribute to the reservoirs of the Chepaizi Uplift. In this paper, the potential source rocks are not only evaluated by the organic richness, type, maturity, and depositional environment, but also divided into different kinetics groups. The Carboniferous mudstones dominated by Type III kerogen were evolved into the stage of mature. Biomarkers indicate that the source rocks were deposited in a marine environment under weakly reducing conditions and received mixed aquatic and terrigenous organic matter, with the latter being predominant. The effective source rocks are characterized by the total organic carbon values >0.5 wt.% and the buried depth >1500 m. The tuffaceous mudstone shows a greater potential for its lower active energy and longer hydrocarbon generation time. Considering the hydrocarbon generation potential, base limits of the total organic carbon and positive correlation of oil–source rock together, the native Carboniferous mudstones and tuffaceous mudstones might contribute to the Chepaizi Uplift reservoirs of the northwestern region of the Junggar Basin, especially the deeper effective source rocks should be paid enough attention to.
