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Vitrinite particle (vitr) in bituminite (bit) and mineral matter matrix under (a) white reflected light, (b) fluorescence mode.
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The Sultani oil shale (OS) deposit is considered as a major fossil fuel source in Jor-dan. Applying various petrographic and geochemical techniques, this paper aims to study the Sultani OS geochemical and organic petrographic features. Results show that Sultani OS is a bituminous limestone consisting of very fine-grained matrix with rippled micro-l...
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... alginite (tasmanites and leiosphaeridia) is very rare in this sample. There is also limited contribution from terrestrial organic matter found in the form of vitrodetrinite (vitrinite fragments- Figure 7) and fusinite (burned/oxidised plant remains- Figure 8). Mean random vitrinite reflectance (Rr oil ) is 0.85%; however, all of the measured vitrinite grains bear evidence of oxidation suggesting that they have been subjected to more than one sedimentation cycles. ...
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In the practice of regional geochemistry of carbon isotope composition is a proven correlation parameter. This is due to the fact that it reflects, on the one hand, the genetic nature of the organic matter (OM), and on the other, during the process catagenesis (Galimov, 2006). For oil-oil correlation and oil-OM correlation determined the carbon iso...
p>Modern processes influencing sediment composition in the endorheic lake Laguna de Medina, southern Spain, are disentangled by analysis of 46 lake surface sediment and 32 catchment soil samples. Based on statistical analysis of the mineralogical, geochemical, elemental, and granulometric compositions of all samples, the lake surface sediments can...
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... A Bruker D2 Phaser diffractometer was used to conduct the XRD analysis on powdered samples with a size of 1-50 μm. Each sample was checked for 14 minerals (calcite, calcium magnesium carbonate, fluorapatite, apatite, dolomite, quartz, illite, montmorillonite, kaolinite, smectite, gypsum, goethite, ankerite and pyrite) that are likely to occur in the study source-rocks interval (Abed and Amireh 1983;Jaber et al. 2011;Alnawafleh et al. 2016;Gharaibeh 2017;Huggett et al. The total organic carbon (TOC) content, which indicates sourcerock richness and the potential volume of hydrocarbon generation (Steiner et al. 2016), was measured for 19 selected samples using fully automated Vinci Rock-Eval 6 apparatus. ...
... This is consistent with many studies conducted on rock samples from the same interval (e.g. Khoury 2015;Alnawafleh et al. 2016;Gharaibeh 2017;Huggett et al. 2017;Sokol et al. 2017;Dhoun and Al-Zyod 2019;Ibrahim et al. 2019;. Figure 9 shows average, minimum and maximum values of mineral fractions of all study microfacies types. ...
Mechanical properties of layered rocks are critical in ensuring wellbore integrity and predicting natural fracture occurrence for successful reservoir development, particularly in unconventional reservoirs for which fractures provide the main pathway for hydrocarbon flow. We examine rock mechanical properties of exceptionally organic-rich, immature source rocks from Jordan and understand their relationships with rock mineral composition and lithofacies variations. Four depositional microfacies were identified: organic-rich mudstone, organic-rich wackestone, silica-rich packstone, and fine-grained organic-rich wackestone. The four types exhibit various mineralogical compositions, dominated by carbonates, biogenic quartz, and apatite. Leeb hardness ranges between 288 – 654, with the highest average values in silica-rich packstone and organic-rich mudstone. The highest uniaxial compressive strength (derived from the intrinsic specific energy measured by Epslog's Wombat scratch device), compressional, and shear waves velocities were measured in organic-rich mudstones (140 MPa, 3368 m/s, and 1702 m/s, respectively). Porosity shows higher average values in organic-rich wackestones and fine-grained organic-rich wackestones (33% – 35%). Silica-rich packstone and organic-rich mudstone have brittle properties, while organic-rich wackestone and fine-grained organic-rich wackestone are ductile. High silica contents are correlated positively with brittleness. A strong hardness-brittleness correlation suggests that Leeb hardness is a useful proxy for brittleness. Our study allows a better understanding of the relationships between lithofacies, organic content and rock mechanical properties, with implications for fracking design to well completion and hydrocarbon production. Further work involving systematic sampling and a more rigorous study is still required to better understand the spatial distribution of target lithologies and their mechanical properties.
... Secondary goethite, gypsum, and Se-rich equivalents were precipitated in later stages after the oxidation of pyrite. An estimate of oil shale reserves in Jordan is much more than 50 billion tons (Abed and Amireh 1983;Hamarneh 1998;Al'ali 2006;Abed et al. 2005Abed et al. , 2009Fleurance et al. 2013;Alqudah et al. 2014Alqudah et al. , 2015Alnawafleh 2007;Alnawafleh et al. 2016). The MCM oil shales show the highest and most diverse trace-element enrichment in the World. ...
Mineral resources of Jordan were utilized by different civilizations since prehistoric time. The following review highlights important and strategic commodities that are found in a small country with a potential promising future. Jordan is rich in its diverse industrial rocks and mineral resources that are part of the whole stratigraphic sequence from the Precambrian basement complex to the Recent sediments. Such diversity of resources enables Jordan to be not only a host of some unlimited resources but also a natural geology museum. The known commodities include, among others, phosphates, bituminous marl (oil shale), tar sand, varicolored marbles, travertine, radioactive minerals, building and construction materials, clays and clay minerals, diatomaceous earth, porcelanite, Dead Sea brines, rock salt, chalk, limestone, gypsum, glass sand, basalt, pyroclastics, zeolites, granite, copper, manganese, gold, etc. Some of these commodities are unique and unusual in its mineralogy, chemistry, and origin. A novel geopolymerization process was developed in Jordan to produce green building materials (geopolymers) by using Jordanian kaolinite. Volkonskoites (Cr-rich smectite) of Jordan act as a sink for hazardous elements. Varicolored marbles of Jordan are considered a natural cement factory and are analogs of cementitious repositories with the highest alkaline circulating waters in the World. New minerals were reported for the first time, some of which are only known in meteorites. The unusual enrichment of the reduced sensitive elements (RSE) in the oil shale (similar to the source of Mississippi Valley-type deposits) makes it unique as a potential source of these strategic elements.
... One of the most important energy resources in Jordan is oil shale [1]. Oil shale reserves in Jordan were evaluated recently by [2] and [3]. They stated that surface and subsurface oil shale rocks in Jordan have a considerable economic potential for Jordan. ...
... [4] suggested several utilization methods of oil shale in Jordan and worldwide. Most of previous work evaluated Jordanian oil shale in middle and south Jordan ( [1]; [2]; [3]; [4]; [5]). It has been found that oil shale is the most abundant fossil energy resource discovered in Jordan, ranking third after the USA and Brazil in terms of oil shale reserves [5]. ...
Oil shale deposit is considered as one of the fossil fuel sources in Jordan. Despite that, the needs of renewable energy resources become a must in Jordan. Wadi Al-Shallala oil shale is investigated in this work for geochemical, petrographic features and hydrocarbon potential as a conventional energy resource. Various petrographic and geochemical techniques were applied. Oil shale resource potential is evaluated for cooling and heating Sal village houses. Geothermal heat pumps, as renewable energy resource in the study area, were simulated for comparison purposes. Results show that Calcite is the
main mineral component of oil shale. Magnesite, Ferrisilicate and Zaherite are exhibited in the studied samples. Other trace elements of Zinc, Cobalt and Molybdenum were presented, too. Calcium oxide of 41.01% and Silicon oxide of 12.4% are the main oxides reflected in this oil shale. Petrographic features of the analyzed oil shale found that the primary mineral constituent is micritic calcite, while the secondary minerals include carbonate mud and opaque minerals. Furthermore, it’s found that total organic carbon averages 3.33% while the total carbon content averages 20.6%. Moderate TOC values suggest that Wadi Al-Shallala oil shale has a good source rock potential. Even though nitrogen and sulfur are of low contents in Wadi Al-Shallala oil shale, direct combustion of the reserve for electricity generating will increase CO2 emissions by 2.71 Million m3. Two systems were simulated to cover Sal village cooling and heating demands. The conventional system is compared with geothermal heat pumps. Geothermal heat pumps are found to save 60% of electricity consumption in heating and 50% in cooling systems. The environmental benefits for geothermal system implementation will be a reduction in energy consumption as electricity. The savings in fuel oil will be about 9.35 Million barrels. While the reduction of CO2 emissions will drop to 1.5 Million m3. Results suggest that geothermal heat pumps are the best for satisfying cooling and heating needs in Sal village near Wadi Al-Shallala.
... The Belqa Gr. sediments became exposed as the Arabian Plate rifted off the African Plate in the mid-Miocene (Abed, 2013). Currently these sediments crop out throughout central and eastern Jordan, but are restricted mainly to the Yarmouk basin in northern Jordan (Abed and Amireh, 1983;Hamarneh, 1998;Abed et al., 2005Abed et al., , 2009Powell and Moh'd, 2011;Fleurance et al., 2013;Alnawafleh et al., 2013Alnawafleh et al., , 2016aAlnawafleh et al., , 2016bHakimi et al., 2016). ...
... Huge reserves are located in the central part of the country (about 40 billion tonnes), and smaller basins exist in eastern and northern Jordan. The total area of the MCM organic-rich sediments is about 3000 km 2 (Abed and Amireh, 1983;Abed et al., 2009;Alnawafleh et al., 2016b). Four typical samples of the MCM calcareous sediments from the Daba and Siwaqa small basins (central Jordan) were selected for thorough mineralogical and geochemical studies (Tables 1-3, Fig. 1). ...
Immature organic-rich siliceous chalk (‘oil shale’) and organic-poor limestones of the Maastrichtian-Paleocene Muwaqqar Chalk Marl Formation (MCM) (central Jordan) deposited on the southern Neo-Tethys epicontinental shelf provide a perfect example of carbonate sedimentation in a bioproductive upwelling environment. The MCM sediments have been studied by XRD, SEM, EMPA, sequential extraction, ICP-MS, GC–MS, and FTIR to gain insights into causes of their unusual composition. The sediments are remarkable by exceptionally high enrichment in phosphorus and redox sensitive elements (RSE), mainly Cd (up to 225 ppm), Zn (1500 ppm), and Mo (up to 180 ppm), as well as in Ni, V, Cr, and U, with a total RSE budget reaching 3200 ppm, coupled with up to 23 wt% organic matter and 4.3 wt% sulphur. The bulk organic matter consists of type I/II kerogens sulphurised during sulphate reduction. Redox sensitive metals were brought to sediments mainly by biogenic shuttle, while the terrestrial input was minor, and hydrothermal fluids apparently did not contribute to total RSE. The metals can reside in sulphide (Zn-Cd-(Cu)) in sphalerite or/and würtzite; Fe-Ni-V-Cu-(Mo) in pyrite, carbonate (Zn-Cd-(Mo-Ni-V)), and organic (Ni-V-Cu) phases. Authigenic Cd-rich sphalerite and würtzite are much more abundant than pyrite in immature ‘oil shales’, for three main reasons: (i) S-bearing ligands coordinating Cd and Zn in primary organic matter; (ii) high sulphur in organic matter; and (iii) low concentrations of reactive iron in bottom sediments. Limestones redeposited under oxic environments lose all sulphides, but high Zn (up to 337 ppm) and Cd (up to 29 ppm) become redistributed into the newly formed carbonates. Thus, shelf carbonates of different ages deposited under anoxic/sulfidic conditions in zones of high bioproductivity, as well as their derivative limestones and dolomites, can be the primary Zn and Cd storage for Mississippi Valley-type deposits with high Zn/Pb and Cd/Zn ratios.
