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Vitex negundo: a. & b. Apis dorsata, c. & d. A. florea, e. Trigona iridipennis, f. Ceratina sp., g. Pithitis binghami, h. Eumenes conica, i. E. petiolata, j. Rhynchium sp., k. Bembix sp.
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Vitex negundo is a small aromatic semi-evergreen tree often cultivated as an ornamental plant. It sheds foliage and produces new foliage almost simultaneously in December-April and flowers in June-November. The flowers are homogamous, herkogamous, self-compatible and exhibit a facultative xenogamous breeding system. They are bi-labiate, gullet type...
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... of the corolla upon anthesis. The corolla lobes stretch out but do not reflex backwards. The flow- ers were foraged by five bee species, four wasp species and 18 butterfly species during day-time; all bee spe- cies foraged for both nectar and pollen while all oth- er insects foraged exclusively for nectar ( Table 2). The bees were Apis dorsata (Fig. 5a,b), A. florea (Fig. 5c,d), Trigona iridipennis ( Fig. 5e), Ceratina sp. (Fig. 5f) and Pithitis smaragdula (Fig. 5g). The wasps were Eumenes conica ( Fig. 5h), E. petiolata (Fig. 5i), Rhynchium sp. (Fig. 5j) and Bembix sp. (Fig. 5k). The butterflies were Pachliopta aristolochiae (Fig. 6a), Graphium agam emnon (Fig. 6c), G. nomius (Fig. ...
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... anthesis. The corolla lobes stretch out but do not reflex backwards. The flow- ers were foraged by five bee species, four wasp species and 18 butterfly species during day-time; all bee spe- cies foraged for both nectar and pollen while all oth- er insects foraged exclusively for nectar ( Table 2). The bees were Apis dorsata (Fig. 5a,b), A. florea (Fig. 5c,d), Trigona iridipennis ( Fig. 5e), Ceratina sp. (Fig. 5f) and Pithitis smaragdula (Fig. 5g). The wasps were Eumenes conica ( Fig. 5h), E. petiolata (Fig. 5i), Rhynchium sp. (Fig. 5j) and Bembix sp. (Fig. 5k). The butterflies were Pachliopta aristolochiae (Fig. 6a), Graphium agam emnon (Fig. 6c), G. nomius (Fig. 6d), Papilio polytes ( ...
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... out but do not reflex backwards. The flow- ers were foraged by five bee species, four wasp species and 18 butterfly species during day-time; all bee spe- cies foraged for both nectar and pollen while all oth- er insects foraged exclusively for nectar ( Table 2). The bees were Apis dorsata (Fig. 5a,b), A. florea (Fig. 5c,d), Trigona iridipennis ( Fig. 5e), Ceratina sp. (Fig. 5f) and Pithitis smaragdula (Fig. 5g). The wasps were Eumenes conica ( Fig. 5h), E. petiolata (Fig. 5i), Rhynchium sp. (Fig. 5j) and Bembix sp. (Fig. 5k). The butterflies were Pachliopta aristolochiae (Fig. 6a), Graphium agam emnon (Fig. 6c), G. nomius (Fig. 6d), Papilio polytes ( Fig. 6b) (Papilionidae), ...
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... backwards. The flow- ers were foraged by five bee species, four wasp species and 18 butterfly species during day-time; all bee spe- cies foraged for both nectar and pollen while all oth- er insects foraged exclusively for nectar ( Table 2). The bees were Apis dorsata (Fig. 5a,b), A. florea (Fig. 5c,d), Trigona iridipennis ( Fig. 5e), Ceratina sp. (Fig. 5f) and Pithitis smaragdula (Fig. 5g). The wasps were Eumenes conica ( Fig. 5h), E. petiolata (Fig. 5i), Rhynchium sp. (Fig. 5j) and Bembix sp. (Fig. 5k). The butterflies were Pachliopta aristolochiae (Fig. 6a), Graphium agam emnon (Fig. 6c), G. nomius (Fig. 6d), Papilio polytes ( Fig. 6b) (Papilionidae), Catopsilia pomona ( Fig. 6e), C. ...
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... by five bee species, four wasp species and 18 butterfly species during day-time; all bee spe- cies foraged for both nectar and pollen while all oth- er insects foraged exclusively for nectar ( Table 2). The bees were Apis dorsata (Fig. 5a,b), A. florea (Fig. 5c,d), Trigona iridipennis ( Fig. 5e), Ceratina sp. (Fig. 5f) and Pithitis smaragdula (Fig. 5g). The wasps were Eumenes conica ( Fig. 5h), E. petiolata (Fig. 5i), Rhynchium sp. (Fig. 5j) and Bembix sp. (Fig. 5k). The butterflies were Pachliopta aristolochiae (Fig. 6a), Graphium agam emnon (Fig. 6c), G. nomius (Fig. 6d), Papilio polytes ( Fig. 6b) (Papilionidae), Catopsilia pomona ( Fig. 6e), C. pyranthe (Fig. 6f), Cepora nerissa ...
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... and 18 butterfly species during day-time; all bee spe- cies foraged for both nectar and pollen while all oth- er insects foraged exclusively for nectar ( Table 2). The bees were Apis dorsata (Fig. 5a,b), A. florea (Fig. 5c,d), Trigona iridipennis ( Fig. 5e), Ceratina sp. (Fig. 5f) and Pithitis smaragdula (Fig. 5g). The wasps were Eumenes conica ( Fig. 5h), E. petiolata (Fig. 5i), Rhynchium sp. (Fig. 5j) and Bembix sp. (Fig. 5k). The butterflies were Pachliopta aristolochiae (Fig. 6a), Graphium agam emnon (Fig. 6c), G. nomius (Fig. 6d), Papilio polytes ( Fig. 6b) (Papilionidae), Catopsilia pomona ( Fig. 6e), C. pyranthe (Fig. 6f), Cepora nerissa ( Fig. 6g), Ana phaeis aurota (Fig. 6h), ...
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... during day-time; all bee spe- cies foraged for both nectar and pollen while all oth- er insects foraged exclusively for nectar ( Table 2). The bees were Apis dorsata (Fig. 5a,b), A. florea (Fig. 5c,d), Trigona iridipennis ( Fig. 5e), Ceratina sp. (Fig. 5f) and Pithitis smaragdula (Fig. 5g). The wasps were Eumenes conica ( Fig. 5h), E. petiolata (Fig. 5i), Rhynchium sp. (Fig. 5j) and Bembix sp. (Fig. 5k). The butterflies were Pachliopta aristolochiae (Fig. 6a), Graphium agam emnon (Fig. 6c), G. nomius (Fig. 6d), Papilio polytes ( Fig. 6b) (Papilionidae), Catopsilia pomona ( Fig. 6e), C. pyranthe (Fig. 6f), Cepora nerissa ( Fig. 6g), Ana phaeis aurota (Fig. 6h), Colotis fausta ( Fig. ...
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... spe- cies foraged for both nectar and pollen while all oth- er insects foraged exclusively for nectar ( Table 2). The bees were Apis dorsata (Fig. 5a,b), A. florea (Fig. 5c,d), Trigona iridipennis ( Fig. 5e), Ceratina sp. (Fig. 5f) and Pithitis smaragdula (Fig. 5g). The wasps were Eumenes conica ( Fig. 5h), E. petiolata (Fig. 5i), Rhynchium sp. (Fig. 5j) and Bembix sp. (Fig. 5k). The butterflies were Pachliopta aristolochiae (Fig. 6a), Graphium agam emnon (Fig. 6c), G. nomius (Fig. 6d), Papilio polytes ( Fig. 6b) (Papilionidae), Catopsilia pomona ( Fig. 6e), C. pyranthe (Fig. 6f), Cepora nerissa ( Fig. 6g), Ana phaeis aurota (Fig. 6h), Colotis fausta ( Fig. 6i) (Pieri- dae), Junonia ...
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... nectar and pollen while all oth- er insects foraged exclusively for nectar ( Table 2). The bees were Apis dorsata (Fig. 5a,b), A. florea (Fig. 5c,d), Trigona iridipennis ( Fig. 5e), Ceratina sp. (Fig. 5f) and Pithitis smaragdula (Fig. 5g). The wasps were Eumenes conica ( Fig. 5h), E. petiolata (Fig. 5i), Rhynchium sp. (Fig. 5j) and Bembix sp. (Fig. 5k). The butterflies were Pachliopta aristolochiae (Fig. 6a), Graphium agam emnon (Fig. 6c), G. nomius (Fig. 6d), Papilio polytes ( Fig. 6b) (Papilionidae), Catopsilia pomona ( Fig. 6e), C. pyranthe (Fig. 6f), Cepora nerissa ( Fig. 6g), Ana phaeis aurota (Fig. 6h), Colotis fausta ( Fig. 6i) (Pieri- dae), Junonia lemonias ( Fig. 6j), ...
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The three-leaved chaste tree (Vitex trifolia) is a medicinal and ornamental plant widely distributed from East Africa to the Pacific but has no complete chloroplast genome sequence. We assembled and characterized the V. trifolia accession from the germplasm collection of the Institute of Crop Science, University of the Philippines Los Baños. The co...
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... The scented flowers of Vitex negundo (Verbenaceae) were studied to be hermaphrodite and pollinated by entomophily (Reddy & Reddi, 1994). Kumar et al. (2017) carried out a detailed observation of the breeding system of Vitex chinensis in India, and the results were similar to the previous studies. The flowers of Vitex chinensis were homogamous, herkogamy, self-compatible and exhibited a facultative xenogamous breeding system. ...
Plant reproductive ecology is one of the research hotspots in ecology. With the increasing attention paid to the conservation of plant diversity, the research on reproductive characteristics and flowering biological characteristics of more species has attracted more attention. However, plant reproduction is affected by multiple interacting factors such as pollen limitation and resource availability. Vitex negundo var. heterophylla (Franch.) Rehder (Lamiaceae) is a significant species for water and soil conservation. Previous studies have revealed its mating system by the biological characteristics of flowering and SSR markers, but its reproductive strategies remain to be further studied. We evaluated reproductive success through artificial pollination to explore the reproductive characteristics of V. negundo var. heterophylla for the first time. From the results of fruit set, there is a mixed mating system dominated by outcrossing in V. negundo var. heterophylla accompanied by self‐compatibility, and it cannot carry out autonomous selfing. Our data show the pollinator‐mediated interaction in the success of reproduction, whereas the effect of anemophily is very weak. And the seed germination rate of inbred line progenies was lower than that of hybrid progenies, which is suspected to be caused by inbreeding depression. The research will provide scientific information for the protection and conservation of V. negundo var. heterophylla from the point of view of reproduction. In sum, the results are necessary to protect animal vectors in the background of insect decline.
... The predicament cascades to greater complications as the phenotype is predetermined by the genotype, environment, and genotype by environment interaction through time; thus, as an implication, the active ingredients present in these herbal medicines may also be fluctuating due to the variable genetic constitution of the plants where the raw materials are sourced. Genotypic variations are to be expected in this species complex as its members have recorded high outcrossing (Aswathi and Sabu, 2016;Kumar et al., 2017;Sun et al., 2020) and they also produce germinable seeds in situ. These differences were exhibited in the V. bicolor germplasm collection of the Philippine Biorepository Network (Gentallan, 2020) and V. negundo germplasm collection of the National Plant Genetic Resources Laboratory (NPGRL), Philippines (Bautista et al., 2015). ...
An identified reference germplasm is needed to facilitate the stable sourcing of medicinal plants with correct genotype(s). We aimed to evaluate phytochemical and agro-morphological properties of four pre-selected, genetically stable, and native Vitex trifolia s.l. accessions from the Philippines to provide baseline information and present promising and available genetic materials as standards. Yield and yield components of four V. trifolia s.l. accessions from the Philippine Biorepository Network (PBN) were evaluated using a randomized complete block design in one growing season. Quantification of macromolecules of the dried samples were determined through proximate analysis. Phytochemicals were qualitatively screened while antioxidant activity were evaluated for total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity. PBN 2019–138 had the highest dry yield at 128 ± 21.16 g per plant and showed moderate to high antioxidant activity. Its high biomass throughput was attributed to its higher number of leaves per plant, heavier petiole weight, and high fiber content at 25.29%. PBN 2019–332 exhibited the highest antioxidant activity among all assays but with relatively lower fiber content (24.24%) and lower yield at 60.62 ± 17.63 g per plant. The genotypes varied significantly in 17 out of 29 evaluation parameters. Thirteen traits had moderate to high heritability values, indicating the potential for clonal selection of promising types. Using principal component analysis, we identified PBN 2019–138 as the most promising genotype across the four accessions as it had the highest leaf yield per plant and intermediate antioxidant activity. Thus, the accessions presented can be asexually propagated and used as genotypic standards for subsequent RDE activities centered on the medicinal use of V. trifolia s.l. genotypes.
... The movement of stamens and pistils provides additional evidence for the adaptive significance and evolutionary ecology of flowers 5,6 . Different pollination methods were used to deal with a series of plants in order to realize the discussion of their reproductive ecological characteristics in previous studies 7 . Some hermaphroditic flowering plants have a temporal separation of male and female functions, which is traditionally considered an effective mechanism to prevent self-pollination in flowers 8 . ...
... Different pollination methods have different effects on fruit and offspring quality 25 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ result in less seed setting and seed yield 26 and the seed setting is significantly improved by cross-pollination 7,27 . Artificial pollination ensures that plants receive enough pollen, which is then used to study pollen restrictions 28,29 . ...
Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa has been used as a windbreak and for soil conservation and water retention. Previous studies focused on pharmacological effects and extraction of chemical components in this species, and very few explored the breeding system. The present study combined the analysis of floral morphology, behavior of flower visitors, and artificial pollination to reveal reproductive characteristics of the species. Its flowers are characterized by dichogamy, herkogamy, and stamen movement, which are evolutionary adaptations to its breeding system. There were more than 40 species of visiting insects, mainly Hymenoptera and Diptera, and the characteristics of dichogamous and herkogamous flower adapted to the visiting insects. The breeding system is outcrossing, partially self-compatible, and demand for pollinators. The fruit setting rate after natural pollination was 2%. Geitonogamy and xenogamy did not significantly increase the fruit setting rate, indicating that the low fruit setting rate was not due to pollen limitation by likely caused by resource limitation or fruit consumption. The fruit setting rate of zero in emasculated and in naturally and hand self-pollinated individuals suggested the absence of apomixis and spontaneous self-pollination. The above results can be utilized in studies on evolution and cultivation of Z. jujuba var. spinosa.
... Study site : The studies on pollination biology and breeding (Ladda and Magdum 2012, Venkateswarlu 2012, Basri et al. system of Vitex negundo were conducted at an altitude of 1179 2014, Kumar et al. 2017). It is medicinally valuable and m.a.s.l. in Danni Dhar locality (33º 39' N latitude and 74º 34' E distributed over tropical and sub-tropical regions of Asia, longitudes) of Rajouri district (J&K). ...
... et al. 2014. Plants are reportedly self-compatible, display Pollen output per flower was calculated by first counting the mixed breeding system and entomophilous pollination number of pollen grains per anther and multiplying this figure (Kumar et al. 2017). The species has been explored for by the number of anthers per flower. ...
Vitex negundo (Lamiaceae), a highly important medicinal plant is widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions of, Asia Africa and Australia. In the present investigation, studies on pollination biology and breeding system were carried out. The flowers are gamosepalous, gamopetalous, hermaphrodite and zygomorphic. Structurally the flower and functionally the reproductive apparatus show entomophilous characteristics. Major and regular insect pollinators belong to family Apidae, with Bombus trifasciatus, Apis cerana, Apis dorsata and Andrena flavipes being the most significant ones. Availability of pollinator fauna leads to the variable pollen load at the beginning, peak and end of season to 49.3, 74.3 and 43.38 respectively. The pollen count determined per flower was 1452±312.17 and Pollen-Ovule ratio worked at 363:1. Flowers are self-compatible and promote xenogamy with narrow chance of spontaneous selfing in nature. Vitex negundo, pollination, breeding system, self-compatible, xenogamy Revised 26.12.2020 Vitex negundo L. is a large shrub or small tree of about 3-9
... Butterflies were identified by consulting the books of Kunte (2007) and Gunathilagaraj & al. (1998). The methodology described by Dileepu Kumar & al. (2017) was followed to record the daily foraging activity rate, observe foraging behavior and determine pollen carryout capacity of each insect species, so as to evaluate their role in pollination. ...
... Butterflies were identified by consulting the books of Kunte (2007) and Gunathilagaraj & al. (1998). The methodology described by Dileepu Kumar & al. (2017) was followed to record the daily foraging activity rate, observe foraging behavior and determine pollen carryout capacity of each insect species, so as to evaluate their role in pollination. ...
Vernonia albicans and Vernonia cinerea produce two or three generations from seeds during rainy season. In both, the capitulua produce only disc florets. The florets are monochromatic in V. albicans and dichromatic in V. cinerea. The florets are protandrous, temporally dioecious and display secondary pollen presentation using brush mechanism to avoid autonomous pollination. The two Vernonia species are entomophilous. V. albicans is exclusively psychophilous while V. cinerea is principally psychophilous (pollination by butterflies). Thrips also pollinate the florets in both the species while using them as breeding and feeding sites. The fruit is cypsela and anemochorous. As the plants grow in well-drained nutrient-deficient soils of open habitats, they act as pioneer species and, hence, have the potential for use in the restoration of degraded lands.
In the field of crop science, it is fundamental to identify, characterize, and classify cultivated plants. Doing so could unlock the value and potential of a particular crop species. Knowledge of these also allows us to assess and consider the various genotypic and environmental factors that are vital to its effective management. This field guide will introduce the first 99 commonly cultivated plants of the Philippines. As a guiding principle, we have prioritized to include crops that have a higher volume of production, and a wider area planted/harvested in the country. We have also stratified the selection process to reflect the various agricultural classifications. Although there are a lot of ways to characterize and classify plants, we have selected salient traits and classification systems that would provide a user-friendly means of identification, and, at the same time, give insights into the efficient cultivation/production, breeding, and conservation of the crop species.
