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Retirement is a major life-course transition for which some people plan more than others. Given that planning positively affects retirement adjustment, it is important to investigate the heterogeneity in retirement planning and its antecedents. While financial preparation has been thoroughly investigated, little is known about the activities older...
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... test the effects of opportunities for continuity and time perception on plans for the three types of retirement activities, we estimated a structural equation model (with a weighted least squares estimator) in which each type of plan was a latent factor determined by its respective items and in which the independent and control factors were regressed on all three types of plans. For a visual representation of this model, see Figure 1. In an additional analysis based only on the subgroup of older workers with a spouse (N 4,052), we added spouses' support for bridge employment, self-developmental leisure, and social leisure as independent variables. ...
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... Concretely, older workers' plans for retirement activities were found to typically focus on three categories: bridge employment (e.g., self-employment, occasional work for one's former organization), self-developmental leisure (e.g., resume hobbies, learning new skills), and social leisure (e.g., spending time with family, reconnecting with friends)the latter two being the most frequent (Eismann et al., 2019). These plans depended on concrete bridge employment opportunities, spousal support for the activities, and workers' time perceptions. ...
... These plans depended on concrete bridge employment opportunities, spousal support for the activities, and workers' time perceptions. Interestingly, while social and self-developmental leisure planning is associated with future-orientations, bridge employment planning is positively related to perceived life expectancy (Eismann et al., 2019). Further, van Solinge et al. (2021) highlighted that adaptation (adjusting to losing one's work role) and exploration (seeing retirement as a chance to pursue activities aligned with one's values) are crucial in understanding plans for post-retirement paid work and volunteering, but in distinct ways. ...
... Retirement leisure activities vary widely, including social leisure and community engagement, self-development leisure, and bridge employment (Eismann et al., 2019). During the adjustment phase, participating in valued activities that align with one's true values and interests (Pepin & Deutscher, 2011) and are meaningful and creative (Amabile, 2019) remains critical to replacing work's social structure with new networks (Dorfman, 2013). ...
As life expectancy increases, pursuing a meaningful life becomes more crucial. Retirement, often a challenging transition marked by losing meaningful career roles, prompts individuals to reevaluate their purpose and explore various meaningful activities. The current chapter conceptualizes activities as energies resources that enable older adults to (re)establish a meaningful life in retirement. It aims to review and integrate existing management and organizational psychology research on achieving a meaningful life through engaging in paid and unpaid activities during retirement, presenting an integrative conceptual model of meaningful life and activities throughout the retirement process. It summarizes the broader literature on meaning in life and meaningful work, followed by research focusing on older adults, and reviews prior literature on activities engagement during retirement - distinguishing between planning and decision-making, transition experience, and retirement adjustment phases of retirement. Finally, the chapter concludes by discussing future research directions.
... The processes including the amount and nature of planning and outcomes reflect the retirement experience itself. Adams and Rau emphasized that personal characteristics and actions, such as intentionality (e.g., anticipating and developing expectations) and self-regulation (e.g., monitoring progress), impact planning efforts (and efficacy) and suggested that these are directed to answering core life questions that include 'what will I do?' Consistent with continuity theory, researchers have suggested that plans for time use in retirement are largely influenced by people's pre-retirement lifestyle, including occupational status, social roles (e.g., volunteer or caregiving commitments), and the number of pre-retirement activities they were already engaged in, as well as people's perceptions of time (including their own perceived life expectancy) (Eismann et al., 2019). However, Rosenkoetter et al. (2001) found that almost 40 per cent of their sample reported being inadequately prepared for retirement and noted that this finding 'suggests that while they may have plenty to do with their time, a significant number nevertheless reported adjustment issues following retirement' (p. 7). ...
Background
There is a need to further understand the nature and role of planning for one’s lifestyle in retirement.
Objective
The purpose of this study was to examine retirement planning and how it impacts perceived preparedness and satisfaction with the retirement transition, as well as to explore personal experiences of retirement.
Methods
Canadians (n = 748) fully or partly retired participated in an online survey that included quantitative questions about perceived retirement preparedness and satisfaction and open-ended questions about retirement goals, fears, challenges, and advice.
FindingsResults determined that while both financial and lifestyle planning were significant predictors of higher perceived preparedness, only lifestyle planning was a significant predictor for satisfaction. Overall, no gender differences were detected. Open-ended comments highlighted the importance of planning for one’s lifestyle in retirement, including meaningful activities and social connections.
DiscussionIndividualized career advising as well as group-based educational programs or peer-assisted learning initiatives appear warranted to support people in planning for their lifestyle in retirement.
... Additionally, a key personality attribute that emphasizes how one can see the future is future time perspective . People that are future-focused enjoy thinking about the future, are interested in what it has to offer, and are more inclined to make plans in advance (Eismann et al., 2019). Eismann et al. also emphasized the significance of two different forms of time perception in the context of retirement. ...
... The first one, called future time perspective, measures how much an older worker is focused on the future. The second one, referred to as projected life expectancy, concerns how long a senior worker believes the "future" will last (Eismann et al., 2019). In other words, individuals who think about the future would plan their finances more carefully as they want to have effective personal financial management practices in the future (Ponchio et al., 2019). ...
Financial planning for retirement for gig workers is relatively hard given their insecure employment. Factors like employer misplacement of gig workers, a lack of employer-sponsored pension plans, uncertain income, and insufficient financial guidance may make it difficult and stressful for gig workers to arrange their money for retirement. The researchers offer a relationship model in this study, with a quantitative research design chosen to validate the hypothesized elements and construct linkages between them. The main factors that may influence financial planning for retirement stated as financial literacy, retirement goals, future time perspective, social influence, and saving attitude as a mediator. To confirm that, a design questionnaire, which is reliable and acceptable, two steps of verification have followed. First, there is a validation phase in which the questionnaire is reviewed by a panel of experts. Before moving on to the next level, the feedback gathered was followed up on. Second, the pilot study proceeding to investigate the consistency of the instrument analyzed through Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient reliability screening in SPSS 26 software package. Moreover, the results found that all the items were reliable and the Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient above 0.7.
... Regarding the perspectives on retirement, some of the respondents reported having no perspectives on retirement, in line with some studies, for example, [50], where they state that uncertainty about this phase of life is a real situation for workers and should not be ignored, since retirement planning is closely linked to positive experiences of satisfaction [51] and well-being [52] in retirement. Still, there are other reasons that may help to understand this scenario, namely, the existence of unanticipated and involuntary types of retirement reported by some interviewees, such as disability retirement and early retirement due to long-term unemployment. ...
... What is particularly insightful about our results is the interplay between people's perspectives and their actual experiences during retirement. While recent research from a gender perspective tends to focus on retirement planning or in retirement outcomes [50,56], the participants in our study engaged in meaningful processing about their current standing, with women falling shorter in terms of their expected accomplishments. ...
This article aimed to explore the perspectives and experiences of women and men at the stage in their lives following professional retirement, enriching the present and future of a continuously ageing Portuguese society. In order to better capture the diversity and complexity of each individual's experiences, a qualitative methodology was used. Semi-structured individual interviews were carried out with sixteen retired people, eight women and eight men, aged between 59 and 88 years old. A thematic analysis allowed us to identify five themes in the interviewees' discourses. We concluded that gender may be a source of heterogeneity at this stage of life, suggesting that these findings should be analysed in the scope of a life course perspective, and highlighting the impact that the different trajectories of women and men have, as well as the historical and social context in which they take place.
... The trust issues and anxiety experiences of visiting the financial adviser were the critical answers to that question. Eismann et al. (2019) hypothesized that older employees' aspirations for pursuits after retirement may be split into three main categories: bridge employment, self-developmental leisure, and social leisure, and confirmed the relationship between workers' opportunities for continuity, spousal support, and perception of time (FTP) with those three categories. Table 6 demonstrates the summary of the Co-citation network analysis. ...
... The publishing timeframe of all 466 articles uncovers the academic fascination with the subject that has risen tremendously since 2010 (See Fig. 2), implying that the FTP area of investigation started gaining acceleration after 2011. In addition, a considerable number of research with significant implications were published between the years 2010 and 2021 (Brothers et al. 2014;Eismann et al. 2019;Freund and Blanchard-Fields 2014;Hill et al. 2018;Kooij et al. 2014Kooij et al. , 2018Kooij et al. , 2013Kooij et al. , 2017Kozik et al. 2020;Rudolph et al. 2018;Van Dalen et al. 2017;Wang et al. 2022;Zacher and Rudolph 2021). ...
... The future research needs to investigate the links between individuals' beliefs that they have many opportunities, their motivation to attain these opportunities, and subsequent work performance (Zacher et al. 2010) Students' motivation and learning, academic achievement 1: Gap between performance and learning can be bridged by embedding behavioral patterns into dynamic system, 2: Students' ability to think, value, and internally regulated goals are adaptive to the consequences on motivation, health and well-being 1: Further longitudinal and experimental research examining the relationship of educational experiences overtime on the development of students' FTP and career connectedness are required Additional research is needed to understand ways in which student learning within one classroom can support their perceptions of the instrumentality of particular content, the degree to which their understanding of thecontent can support their understanding of the particular career path, and the degree to which the career path can clarify persons imagined future Lens and his colleagues (Lens et al. 2012) have called for an expansion of this research into more emerging adult contexts, encouraging us to continue to examine family and social life domains, nonwestern contexts, and adult developmental contexts (Husman et al. 2016) 5 Retirement and financial planning 1: Inclusion of Psychosocial and structural Variables in designing and delivering the retirement education program, 2: Development of effective marketing campaigns aimed at improving pattern of pre-retirement savings, 3: Instituting regulatory reforms in Banking and Financial Institutions, 4: Separate retirement intervention programs based on gender 1: Future studies might investigate to what extent and how older workers' plans for activities in retirement shape actual retirement behavior Future research is also needed to test the effect of cognitive resources, such as processing speed and working memory, on plans for retirement activities. (Eismann et al. 2019) 2: These future studies might also look into the differentiated impact of adviser anxiety on seeking professional advice from private-sector financial consultants and professional advisers who are publicly funded at, for instance, the municipal level, who help people to reschedule their debts (Van Dalen et al. 2017) opportunity for future studies to broaden the scope of the work using selection criteria that are distinct from those we established for Scopus. First, this report is based on studies conducted in the FTP research area from 1956 to 2022. ...
... Much of the reviewed research on literacy focuses on financial literacy. This is justified as financial literacy is widely regarded as the most important variable that explains retirement planning intentions, behavior and post-retirement well-being (Eismann et al., 2019;Lusardi & Mitchell, 2007, 2017. Nevertheless, fiscal matters are not the only factors that underlie post-retirement well-being. ...
... Nevertheless, fiscal matters are not the only factors that underlie post-retirement well-being. Physical well-being (health) and social support systems play a vital role in making retirees satisfied (Eismann et al., 2019;Garba & Mamman, 2014). Therefore, studies would be welcome that measured potential retirees' knowledge of physical and social issues, the effects of these issues on retirement satisfaction and quality of life in senior years, and how those issues in retirement can be planned for. ...
Planning for retirement is positively related to retirement well-being and satisfaction. Africa’s largely youthful population will eventually age, with most people exiting the workforce in time. However, much of the world’s research on retirement planning is focused more on the developed world contexts. This scoping review was done to ascertain the vigor and breadth of research on retirement planning in Sub-Saharan Africa from 2000 to 2020. Using Boolean combinations of keywords, the researchers accessed 1546 documents from Google Scholar. After screening, 53 articles were reviewed. It was found that publications about Nigeria dominated the literature; most studies in the sub-region are quantitative and, most studies focused on predictors of retirement planning, preparedness and satisfaction. Retirement planning in Africa is generally under-researched. The authors made suggestions for future studies.
... The trust issues and anxiety experiences of visiting the financial adviser were the critical answers to that question. Eismann et al. (2019) hypothesized that older employees' aspirations for pursuits after retirement may be split into three main categories: bridge employment, self-developmental leisure, and social leisure, and confirmed the relationship between workers' opportunities for continuity, spousal support, and perception of time (FTP) with those three categories. Table 6 demonstrates the summary of the Co-citation network analysis. ...
... The publishing timeframe of all 466 articles uncovers the academic fascination with the subject that has risen tremendously since 2010 (See Fig. 2), implying that the FTP area of investigation started gaining acceleration after 2011. In addition, a considerable number of research with significant implications were published between the years 2010 and 2021 (Brothers et al. 2014;Eismann et al. 2019;Freund and Blanchard-Fields 2014;Hill et al. 2018;Kooij et al. 2014Kooij et al. , 2018Kooij et al. , 2013Kooij et al. , 2017Kozik et al. 2020;Rudolph et al. 2018;Van Dalen et al. 2017;Wang et al. 2022;Zacher and Rudolph 2021). ...
... ts, and adult developmental contexts(Husman et al. 2016) Future studies might investigate to what extent and how older workers' plans for activities in retirement shape actual retirement behavior Future research is also needed to test the effect of cognitive resources, such as processing speed and working memory, on plans for retirement activities.(Eismann et al. 2019) ...
This article aimed at employing systematic analysis and bibliometric information to probe the emergence of the Future Time Perspective (FTP) study paradigm over the last fifty-five years. The scope and trajectory of the FTP field, common themes and future research lines across various clusters were mapped out to identify possible future research pathways that might significantly augment already knowledge and understanding established thus far. Authors have accomplished this by integrating bibliometric analysis with an extensive qualitative review of 648 articles published between 1956 and 2022. The content analysis and bibliometric analysis, aided by co-citation analysis, bibliographic coupling, and thematic and conceptual mapping, were taken to identify recent developments, potential prospects, impactful authors and prominent nations and organizations. While bibliometric analysis allowed us to map the evolving structure of the FTP literature, it also aided the content analysis of emerged clusters, enabling us to visualize literature changes over time, link knowledge to practice, and present future research prospects across the clusters. The five research clusters and future research viewpoints concerning each cluster emerged and was unearthed that, despite the multiplicity of studies, the FTP literature has evolved around some distinct themes with a fundamental set of authors hailing from the USA, Germany, Netherlands, China and Canada. The evidence indicates that FTP is a multifaceted construct emerging as a distinct and independent research discipline with many fruitful areas for further academic, social, industrial/organizational psychological, and behavioral inquiry. The authors are mindful that the current study demonstrates the overall progression and prominence of FTP literature by employing bibliometric and content analysis techniques. The outcomes of this study might be helpful for research scholars in persuading their research endeavors.
... Residential planning includes a section on older adults' actions regarding age-friendly home remodeling. Existing retirement planning questionnaires mainly focused on four sub-domains: financial planning, health planning, social planning, and psychological planning (Eismann et al., 2019). Although residential planning public areas of neighborhoods, villages, and residential institutions to collect completed questionnaires, each lasting approximately 20 min. ...
Retirement planning fulfillment is necessary for older adults to adapt to later life and maintain their quality of life. This study investigates the internal mechanisms between retirement planning fulfillment and positive mental health among older adults. 1200 Chinese older adults (Mage = 68.49, SD = 7.27; 57% female) completed a questionnaire package measuring retirement planning fulfillment, positive mental health, post-retirement social activities, and self-esteem. Results indicated that older adults in rural areas had significantly lower retirement planning fulfillment than those in urban areas. Retirement planning fulfillment was positively associated with social activity, self-esteem, and positive mental health. Social activities and self-esteem mediated the relationship between retirement planning fulfillment and positive mental health. This study suggests the need for further investigation of retirement planning fulfillment, which helps improve older adults’ ability to cope with later life.
... The trust issues and anxiety experiences of visiting the financial adviser were the critical answers to that question. Eismann et al. (2019) hypothesized that older employees' aspirations for pursuits after retirement may be split into three main categories: bridge employment, self-developmental leisure, and social leisure, and confirmed the relationship between workers' opportunities for continuity, spousal support, and perception of time (FTP) with those three categories. Table 6 demonstrates the summary of the Co-citation network analysis. ...
... The publishing timeframe of all 466 articles uncovers the academic fascination with the subject that has risen tremendously since 2010 (See Fig. 2), implying that the FTP area of investigation started gaining acceleration after 2011. In addition, a considerable number of research with significant implications were published between the years 2010 and 2021 (Brothers et al. 2014;Eismann et al. 2019;Freund and Blanchard-Fields 2014;Hill et al. 2018;Kooij et al. 2014Kooij et al. , 2018Kooij et al. , 2013Kooij et al. , 2017Kozik et al. 2020;Rudolph et al. 2018;Van Dalen et al. 2017;Wang et al. 2022;Zacher and Rudolph 2021). ...
... The future research needs to investigate the links between individuals' beliefs that they have many opportunities, their motivation to attain these opportunities, and subsequent work performance (Zacher et al. 2010) Students' motivation and learning, academic achievement 1: Gap between performance and learning can be bridged by embedding behavioral patterns into dynamic system, 2: Students' ability to think, value, and internally regulated goals are adaptive to the consequences on motivation, health and well-being 1: Further longitudinal and experimental research examining the relationship of educational experiences overtime on the development of students' FTP and career connectedness are required Additional research is needed to understand ways in which student learning within one classroom can support their perceptions of the instrumentality of particular content, the degree to which their understanding of thecontent can support their understanding of the particular career path, and the degree to which the career path can clarify persons imagined future Lens and his colleagues (Lens et al. 2012) have called for an expansion of this research into more emerging adult contexts, encouraging us to continue to examine family and social life domains, nonwestern contexts, and adult developmental contexts (Husman et al. 2016) 5 Retirement and financial planning 1: Inclusion of Psychosocial and structural Variables in designing and delivering the retirement education program, 2: Development of effective marketing campaigns aimed at improving pattern of pre-retirement savings, 3: Instituting regulatory reforms in Banking and Financial Institutions, 4: Separate retirement intervention programs based on gender 1: Future studies might investigate to what extent and how older workers' plans for activities in retirement shape actual retirement behavior Future research is also needed to test the effect of cognitive resources, such as processing speed and working memory, on plans for retirement activities. (Eismann et al. 2019) 2: These future studies might also look into the differentiated impact of adviser anxiety on seeking professional advice from private-sector financial consultants and professional advisers who are publicly funded at, for instance, the municipal level, who help people to reschedule their debts (Van Dalen et al. 2017) opportunity for future studies to broaden the scope of the work using selection criteria that are distinct from those we established for Scopus. First, this report is based on studies conducted in the FTP research area from 1956 to 2022. ...
... The trust issues and anxiety experiences of visiting the financial adviser were the critical answers to that question. Eismann et al. (2019) hypothesized that older employees' aspirations for pursuits after retirement may be split into three main categories: bridge employment, self-developmental leisure, and social leisure, and confirmed the relationship between workers' opportunities for continuity, spousal support, and perception of time (FTP) with those three categories. Table 6 demonstrates the summary of the Co-citation network analysis. ...
... The publishing timeframe of all 466 articles uncovers the academic fascination with the subject that has risen tremendously since 2010 (See Fig. 2), implying that the FTP area of investigation started gaining acceleration after 2011. In addition, a considerable number of research with significant implications were published between the years 2010 and 2021 (Brothers et al. 2014;Eismann et al. 2019;Freund and Blanchard-Fields 2014;Hill et al. 2018;Kooij et al. 2014Kooij et al. , 2018Kooij et al. , 2013Kooij et al. , 2017Kozik et al. 2020;Rudolph et al. 2018;Van Dalen et al. 2017;Wang et al. 2022;Zacher and Rudolph 2021). ...
... The future research needs to investigate the links between individuals' beliefs that they have many opportunities, their motivation to attain these opportunities, and subsequent work performance (Zacher et al. 2010) Students' motivation and learning, academic achievement 1: Gap between performance and learning can be bridged by embedding behavioral patterns into dynamic system, 2: Students' ability to think, value, and internally regulated goals are adaptive to the consequences on motivation, health and well-being 1: Further longitudinal and experimental research examining the relationship of educational experiences overtime on the development of students' FTP and career connectedness are required Additional research is needed to understand ways in which student learning within one classroom can support their perceptions of the instrumentality of particular content, the degree to which their understanding of thecontent can support their understanding of the particular career path, and the degree to which the career path can clarify persons imagined future Lens and his colleagues (Lens et al. 2012) have called for an expansion of this research into more emerging adult contexts, encouraging us to continue to examine family and social life domains, nonwestern contexts, and adult developmental contexts (Husman et al. 2016) 5 Retirement and financial planning 1: Inclusion of Psychosocial and structural Variables in designing and delivering the retirement education program, 2: Development of effective marketing campaigns aimed at improving pattern of pre-retirement savings, 3: Instituting regulatory reforms in Banking and Financial Institutions, 4: Separate retirement intervention programs based on gender 1: Future studies might investigate to what extent and how older workers' plans for activities in retirement shape actual retirement behavior Future research is also needed to test the effect of cognitive resources, such as processing speed and working memory, on plans for retirement activities. (Eismann et al. 2019) 2: These future studies might also look into the differentiated impact of adviser anxiety on seeking professional advice from private-sector financial consultants and professional advisers who are publicly funded at, for instance, the municipal level, who help people to reschedule their debts (Van Dalen et al. 2017) opportunity for future studies to broaden the scope of the work using selection criteria that are distinct from those we established for Scopus. First, this report is based on studies conducted in the FTP research area from 1956 to 2022. ...
