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As display technology continues to improve, there will be an increasing diversity in the available display form factors and scales. Empirical evaluation of how display attributes affect user perceptions and performance can help designers understand the strengths and weaknesses of different display forms, provide guidance for effectively designing m...
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... second goal was to determine if the curvature of such large displays affects user performance for geospatial tasks (Figure 4). Therefore, we also hypothesized that curving the display would decrease the amount of time spent physically navigating, allowing for more time on task. Users would only have to turn rather than walk to far away pixels. Our main motivation for curving the displays was not to find an optimal curvature but to see if there exist any benefits of curving a display compared to keeping it flat. Therefore, we chose the same curve radius for all curved conditions (Figure 5). Furthermore, we also wanted to determine if there is an interaction effect between size and ...
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... independent variables for this experiment were display size, curvature, task type, and task difficulty. We chose three display sizes: one monitor, twelve monitors, and twenty-four monitors. For conditions requiring fewer monitors, the modified TerraServer Blaster [50] application we were using to display aerial imagery was simply resized to fit a subset of the monitors in the display. For the curvature variable, we chose two curvatures: flat, and a curve with radius equal to 30 inches ( Figure 5) which put all of the screens within the visual acuity range of a user with average vision seated at the center. We tested five of the six conditions (Table 1). The one monitor curved condition is not applicable since we could not curve a single monitor. Display size and curvature were between-subject variables because of the time it takes to reconfigure the display, and the order of tasks within each task type was counterbalanced using two 4×4 Latin Square designs, where one dimension represented the task type and the other dimension represented four of the eight participants. Each task type had one easy and one hard task. Within each task type (e.g. the two search tasks), half of the participants would get the easy task first and the other half would get the harder task first. There were forty participants spread evenly across the five conditions, eight participants per condition. All participants were undergraduate or graduate students. The majority of ...
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Extracting a set of generalizable rules that govern the dynamics of complex, high-level interactions between humans based only on observations is a high-level cognitive ability. Mastery of this skill marks a significant milestone in the human developmental process. A key challenge in designing such an ability in autonomous robots is discovering the...
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... ◾ Tamaño y layout: el tamaño se refiere a las dimensiones físicas que delimitan un espacio de información (figura 9). En relación a ello, los estudios reportaron que los displays grandes son más adecuados para visualización general [72] [73]. Sin embargo, para realidad aumentada, el efecto está relacionado con el FOV, por lo que generalmente se obtuvieron mejores resultados, en términos de tiempo [81] y carga mental subjetiva [72], con tamaños pequeños que no excedieran el FOV. ...
... En relación a ello, los estudios reportaron que los displays grandes son más adecuados para visualización general [72] [73]. Sin embargo, para realidad aumentada, el efecto está relacionado con el FOV, por lo que generalmente se obtuvieron mejores resultados, en términos de tiempo [81] y carga mental subjetiva [72], con tamaños pequeños que no excedieran el FOV. Para la selección de elementos dentro de un espacio de información, se identificó que el tamaño grande mejora el tiempo de la tarea [74]. ...
La realidad extendida es un conjunto de tecnologías inmersivas de la Cuarta Revolución Industrial que incluyen la realidad virtual, la realidad mixta y la realidad aumentada, y que son usadas en entornos inmersivos de aprendizaje. Sin embargo, para garantizar la utilidad de estas tecnologías se debe conocer el impacto de los principios multimedia que garantizan la integración espacial de la información, especialmente en entornos virtuales 3D, dado que estos son principios que buscan que el aprendiz use adecuadamente sus recursos cognitivos. Con el propósito de identificar la forma en que los mismos son usados y cómo influyen en la integración espacial de contenido en entornos de realidad extendida, se realizó una revisión sistemática de información. Los resultados muestran la influencia de tres características asociadas a las diferencias entre usuarios, permitiendo establecer un conjunto de técnicas que fomentan la integración espacial y proponer una taxonomía. Finalmente, se identificaron atributos de configuración del entorno virtual 3D y su influencia en la carga cognitiva de los aprendices. Estos resultados pueden orientar la aplicación de los principios de la teoría de la carga cognitiva en el diseño de entornos de realidad extendida para el aprendizaje y entrenamiento.
... There are interesting examples in the literature, such as memorizing tasks [5,11,98]. Studies assessing the usability of multi-scale interactions are also interesting for the choice of the task because they also seek to a multi-scale exploration of the map during the task [35,48,52,74]. Regarding task performance, completion time and error rate, frequently used in human-computer interaction studies, can also be used as a proxy to map usability [40]. ...
... This is why we chose a task that requires associations and delineations. The task designed in the survey is to follow a route by clicking on the road intersections of the route (Figure 12), and is inspired by [35,74]. To force multiple zooming interactions, the route is made visible at the small scales (around 1:100k), but the task can only be performed by clicking on the intersections at the largest scale (1:25k), as proposed in the route memorizing task by You et al. [98]. ...
When you zoom in or out of current multi-scale cartographic applications, it is common to feel lost and disoriented for a few seconds because dimensions and map symbols have changed. To make the exploration of these multi-scale maps more fluid, one option is to design maps where the transformations due to scale change are more progressive. This paper proposes to use cartographic generalization techniques to design these multi-scale maps with additional intermediate scales to improve progressiveness. These more progressive maps are tested in a user study with a task requiring multiple zooms in and out. The users perform better with the progressive maps, and in particular, the total quantity of required zooming is reduced compared to maps without additional intermediate scales. However, the survey is not fully conclusive on task performance due to the complexity of such a survey with real maps. This difficulty in assessing how well progressive map generalisation reduces disorientation is discussed and guidelines are proposed to design further studies.
... These studies showed that linear target amplitude (i.e., the linear distance between targets) and linear target width significantly affect users' pointing performance on large physical flat displays [27,47,52,61,64]. Previous work also revealed that curved displays offer improved user performance compared to flat displays as they are free from region bias: the entire display is situated uniformly around users, which mimics their natural field of view [44,60]. Although extensive research has been carried out on users' pointing performance on large flat displays, the effect of curved display-related properties (e.g., different display curvature) while pointing has not been explored due to hardware and cost-related constraints [12,67]. ...
... We found the following two predominant research streams on large curved displays. Flat versus Curved Large Displays: Shupp et al. [60] compared a large flat display and a curved display for different geospatial tasks. They showed that curved displays i) lead to higher performances than flat displays, ii) suffered less from region bias effects (i.e. ...
... Curved Displays Specificities: Due to their improved ergonomics, curved screens have been proven to be more suitable for visual tasks compared to a flat display [1,14,44,60,68]. Kyung and Park [44] compared 33" and 50" displays with different display curvatures (i.e., 40 cm, 60 cm, 120 cm radius) and recommended using a 60 cm radius for both displays for visual search tasks. ...
Large curved displays inside Virtual Reality environments are becoming popular for visualizing high-resolution content during analytical tasks, gaming or entertainment. Prior research showed that such displays provide a wide field of view and offer users a high level of immersion. However, little is known about users' performance (e.g., pointing speed and accuracy) on them. We explore users' pointing performance on large virtual curved displays. We investigate standard pointing factors (e.g., target width and amplitude) in combination with relevant curve-related factors, namely display curvature and both linear and angular measures. Our results show that the less curved the display, the higher the performance, i.e., faster movement time. This result holds for pointing tasks controlled via their visual properties (linear widths and amplitudes) or their motor properties (angular widths and amplitudes). Additionally, display curvatures significantly affect the error rate for both linear and angular conditions. Furthermore, we observe that curved displays perform better or similar to flat displays based on throughput analysis. Finally, we discuss our results and provide suggestions regarding pointing tasks on large curved displays in VR.
... In addition, researchers showed that large arXiv:2310.06307v1 [cs.HC] 10 Oct 2023 curved displays offer many advantages over flat displays, as the user can be situated at a uniform distance from the center, offering higher levels of immersion and satisfaction [40,62]. However, there is limited research on pointing performance on curved displays as previous work on curved displays focuses mainly on viewing tasks [1,62,70] and reading tasks [40,54]. ...
... [cs.HC] 10 Oct 2023 curved displays offer many advantages over flat displays, as the user can be situated at a uniform distance from the center, offering higher levels of immersion and satisfaction [40,62]. However, there is limited research on pointing performance on curved displays as previous work on curved displays focuses mainly on viewing tasks [1,62,70] and reading tasks [40,54]. Due to the gap in previous literature on pointing performance on virtual and large curved displays, it is critical to compare users' pointing performance between virtual and physical large curved displays. ...
... Research on large curved displays can be divided into two major streams: their comparison to flat displays, and the exploration of curved display specificities. Flat vs. Curved Large Displays: Shupp et al. [62] compared flat and curved large displays for search, comparison, and overview tasks. They found that curved displays outperformed flat displays for search (i.e., locating a symbol on a map) and comparison (finding differences between 2D graphs ) tasks. ...
Large curved displays have emerged as a powerful platform for collaboration, data visualization, and entertainment. These displays provide highly immersive experiences, a wider field of view, and higher satisfaction levels. Yet, large curved displays are not commonly available due to their high costs. With the recent advancement of Head Mounted Displays (HMDs), large curved displays can be simulated in Virtual Reality (VR) with minimal cost and space requirements. However, to consider the virtual display as an alternative to the physical display, it is necessary to uncover user performance differences (e.g., pointing speed and accuracy) between these two platforms. In this paper, we explored users’ pointing performance on both physical and virtual large curved displays. Specifically, with two studies, we investigate users' performance between the two platforms for standard pointing factors such as target width, target amplitude as well as users' position relative to the screen. Results from user studies reveal no significant difference in pointing performance between the two platforms when users are located at the same position relative to the screen. In addition, we observe users' pointing performance improves when they are located at the center of a semi-circular display compared to off-centered positions. We conclude by outlining design implications for pointing on large curved virtual displays. These findings show that large curved virtual displays are a viable alternative to physical displays for pointing tasks.
... Do mesmo modo, recomendamos que seja feito mais investimento na visualização em forma de curva, quer desenhando as paredes da sala sem linhas retas para assegurar uma projeção imersiva, quer desenhando a visualização do ecrã do projetor com uma forma curva. Estes resultados são apoiados pela pesquisa que avaliou a satisfação do utilizador e a eficácia dos grandes ecrãs curvos em comparação com os grandes ecrãs planos (Andrews et al., 2011;Shupp et al., 2009). Finalmente, recomendamos a utilização de tablets institucionais personalizáveis como uma ferramenta para promover uma aprendizagem mais interativa nas salas de aula, uma vez que são vistos pelos alunos como dispositivos simples e utilizáveis. ...
Este artigo visa discutir o objetivo e o valor das tecnologias, redesenhando uma sala de aula potenciada pela tecnologia de grande e de pequena dimensões. Pretende-se explorar de que forma os estudantes e professores redesenhariam os seus espaços de aprendizagem e de como utilizariam a tecnologia para responder aos diferentes desafios da concepção do espaço. A pesquisa realiza-se no âmbito do ensino superior, mas os seus resultados podem e devem ser refletidos e enquadrados noutros contextos educativos.
... Ball and North (2005) demonstrated that high-resolution tiled displays are contributed to the participant perception and the ability to find and compare visual objects can be improved with a larger display area and a higher resolution. Shupp et al. (2009) demonstrated that curved tiled displays in the context of map visualization could improve the participant perception in route and target search tasks. The properties of head tracking can also improve the participant perception. ...
In this paper, we propose a novel approach to visualizing global geographical information: a panoramic sphere in an immersive environment. The whole geographical surface can be observed through the rotating of heads as the viewpoint of the panoramic sphere is inside the sphere. We compared three approaches to visualizing the earth for rendering the geographical information in a virtual reality environment. On the tasks of terrestrial and marine geographical information, we compare the visualization effects on a) a globe, b) a flat map and c) a panoramic sphere. Terrestrial geographical information tasks include the area comparison and direction determination. Marine geographical information tasks contain the visualization of sea surface temperature and sea surface currents. For terrestrial geographical information tasks, the experimental results show that the panoramic sphere outperforms the globe and the flat map, with a higher average accuracy and a shorter time. On marine geographical information task, the panoramic sphere visualization is also superior to the flat map and the globe in an immersive environment for the sea surface temperature data and the sea surface current fields. In all three visualization experiments, the panoramic sphere is most preferred by the participants, particularly for global, transcontinental and transoceanic needs.
... Research has highlighted that display size and resolution influences a wide range of variables including viewing distance [105,157,158], text legibility [159,160], accommodation [161], asthenopia [162], pupil size [163], musculoskeletal strain [164,165] and visual performance [166], although many of these effects are likely to be device specific. These larger high-resolution displays have been shown to aid productivity [167][168][169][170][171] and improve the ability to share content [172], but such displays typically have increased power demands, device weight/bulk and a requirement for more graphical processing power. ...
Eye strain when performing tasks reliant on a digital environment can cause discomfort, affecting productivity and quality of life. Digital eye strain (the preferred terminology) was defined as "the development or exacerbation of recurrent ocular symptoms and/or signs related specifically to digital device screen viewing". Digital eye strain prevalence of up to 97% has, due to no previously agreed definition/diagnostic criteria and limitations of current questionnaires, failed to differentiate such symptoms from those arising from non-digital tasks. Objective signs such as blink rate or critical flicker frequency changes are not 'diagnostic' of digital eye strain nor validated as sensitive. The mechanisms attributed to ocular surface disease exacerbation are mainly reduced blink rate and completeness, partial/uncorrected refractive error and/or underlying binocular vision anomalies, together with the cognitive demand of the task and differences in position, size, brightness and glare compared to an equivalent non-digital task. In general, interventions are not well established; patients experiencing digital eye strain should be provided with a full refractive correction for the appropriate working distances. Improving blinking, optimizing the work environment and encouraging regular breaks may help. Based on current, best evidence, blue-light blocking interventions do not appear to be an effective management strategy. More and larger clinical trials are needed to assess artificial tear effectiveness for relieving digital eye strain, particularly comparing different constituents; a systematic review within the report identified use of secretagogues and warm compress/humidity goggles/ambient humidifiers as promising strategies, along with nutritional supplementation (such as omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and berry extracts).
... and North (2009) showed that people completed searching, route tracing, and comparing tasks faster and felt more comfortable mentally and physically with a curved display clusters compared with a flat panel display clusters. Visual attention plays a major role in a pilot's ability to conduct safe and precise flight operations. ...
... It can be caused by constant exposure to a screen projector or VDT and can, in turn, lead to various disturbances such as eye strain, visual impairment, surface impairment of the eye, and the out-of-eye problem [1,11]. Technological developments such as curved displays that enable more efficient movement and utilize more display area simultaneously still cause visual fatigue after 15 min of use [12,13]. ...
... However, instead of individual visualizations, this technique aims to provide an overview of and awareness for the entire screen. Curved displays improve the perception of peripheral content, as shown by Shupp et al. [79]. Therefore, we propose to simulate such a curved display in AR. ...
In this work we propose the combination of large interactive displays with personal head-mounted Augmented Reality (AR) for information visualization to facilitate data exploration and analysis. Even though large displays provide more display space, they are challenging with regard to perception, effective multi-user support, and managing data density and complexity. To address these issues and illustrate our proposed setup, we contribute an extensive design space comprising first, the spatial alignment of display, visualizations, and objects in AR space. Next, we discuss which parts of a visualization can be augmented. Finally, we analyze how AR can be used to display personal views in order to show additional information and to minimize the mutual disturbance of data analysts. Based on this conceptual foundation, we present a number of exemplary techniques for extending visualizations with AR and discuss their relation to our design space. We further describe how these techniques address typical visualization problems that we have identified during our literature research. To examine our concepts, we introduce a generic AR visualization framework as well as a prototype implementing several example techniques. In order to demonstrate their potential, we further present a use case walkthrough in which we analyze a movie data set. From these experiences, we conclude that the contributed techniques can be useful in exploring and understanding multivariate data. We are convinced that the extension of large displays with AR for information visualization has a great potential for data analysis and sense-making.
