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The increased data traffic in Radio Frequency (RF) wireless communication has put tremendous pressure on already scarce bandwidth in the RF spectrum. The energy efficiency and importance of sustainable energy sources for the internet of things (IoT) devices owing to its large energy consumption is also a major concern in wireless communications. A...
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... Graham Bell in 1880 practically demonstrated VLC with his photophone and declared as "the greatest invention [I have] ever made than telephone" [15] [16]. When the RF communication is under the tremendous pressure on handling data traffic, the VL in electromagnetic (EM) spectrum in Fig.1 provides 100s of bandwidth in terahertz (430THz to 790THz) with wavelength from 750-380 nm free. ...
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... photon energy for each coloured light ranges from red with 1.65 to 2.00 eV to violet with 2.75 to 3.26 eV . Therefore, violet ray with 380 − 450 nm wavelength and 668−789 T Hz frequency in Fig.1 is known for its most energy contain. Also the conversion of monochromatic light at 633 nm wavelength to electricity is shown to be upto 9% efficient with output potentials of 0.4V while conversion of solar energy to electricity is estimated to be 2% efficient [45]. ...
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Localization has become an important aspect in a wide range of mobile services with the integration of the Internet of things and service on demand. Numerous mechanisms have been proposed for localization, most of which are based on the estimation of distances. Depending on the channel modeling, each mechanism has its advantages and limitations on...
Citations
... However, other communication techniques are being considered: VLC uses lightemitting diodes (LEDs) to achieve high-frequency (HF) bands [93]. Nonetheless, VLC has some constraints in terms of coverage and noise interference [94], whereby its application within confined spaces devoid of interference from other light sources. Molecular communication [64,65], whose signals are biocompatible, has low energy consumption because needs low power to obtain the signal as well as for transmission, and can support high data rates [95]. ...
The emergence of the sixth generation of cellular systems (6G) signals a transformative era and ecosystem for mobile communications, driven by demands from technologies like the internet of everything (IoE), V2X communications, and factory automation. To support this connectivity, mission-critical applications are emerging with challenging network requirements. The primary goals of 6G include providing sophisticated and high-quality services, extremely reliable and further-enhanced mobile broadband (feMBB), low-latency communication (ERLLC), long-distance and high-mobility communications (LDHMC), ultra-massive machine-type communications (umMTC), extremely low-power communications (ELPC), holographic communications, and quality of experience (QoE), grounded in incorporating massive broad-bandwidth machine-type (mBBMT), mobile broad-bandwidth and low-latency (MBBLL), and massive low-latency machine-type (mLLMT) communications. In attaining its objectives, 6G faces challenges that demand inventive solutions, incorporating AI, softwarization, cloudification, virtualization, and slicing features. Technologies like network function virtualization (NFV), network slicing, and software-defined networking (SDN) play pivotal roles in this integration, which facilitates efficient resource utilization, responsive service provisioning, expanded coverage, enhanced network reliability, increased capacity, densification, heightened availability, safety, security, and reduced energy consumption. It presents innovative network infrastructure concepts, such as resource-as-a-service (RaaS) and infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), featuring management and service orchestration mechanisms. This includes nomadic networks, AI-aware networking strategies, and dynamic management of diverse network resources. This paper provides an in-depth survey of the wireless evolution leading to 6G networks, addressing future issues and challenges associated with 6G technology to support V2X environments considering presenting +challenges in architecture, spectrum, air interface, reliability, availability, density, flexibility, mobility, and security.
... The exponential growth of demand for global internet data access is severely questioning the sustainability of Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum. The global internet demand has reached 2.5 exabytes per month in 2014 [1] and exponential deployment of internet of things (IoT) devices in the network is leading to RF spectrum exhaustion as predicted by 2020 [2] [3]. The wider coverage of RF wireless communication has few more problems like its security vulnerability for deployment in heightened security and its hazardous nature in applications such as business, industries, hospitals, and armed forces. ...
... The wider coverage of RF wireless communication has few more problems like its security vulnerability for deployment in heightened security and its hazardous nature in applications such as business, industries, hospitals, and armed forces. To counter the limitations of RF, visible light communication (VLC), a technology which enables the usage of energy efficient lighting luminaries, particularly the light emitting diodes (LEDs) as high speed data access points (APs) offers an alternative to RF [1], [2], [4], [5]. The deployment of VLC is an ideal choice for indoor environment like high security smart rooms where high speed data is transmitted by modulating [5] the varying light intensity imperceptible to human eyes. ...
The spectrum crunch in Radio Frequency (RF) Communication and the prospect of Visible Light Communication (VLC) as an alternative to RF has made way for high speed VLC deployment. The ubiquitous coverage of RF and the high speed data rate achieved with VLC, make the two technologies complimentary to each other, making the hybrid RF/VLC an emerging trend in wireless networks. This study presents a downlink communication of a hybrid RF-VLC, where the signal received through RF channel by a relay is decoded and the symbols are converted into an electrical signals. The electrical signal is fed to an array of LEDs in the relay where data is transmitted in rays of light from LEDs. The hybrid RFVLC system performance is compared with a conventional RF system to understand the performance difference between the two communication models. Thus, the performance of both system models are analysed in terms of Symbol Error Rate and Outage Probability. Numerical results show that the proposed hybrid RF-VLC system is superior to conventional lone RF cooperative system.
... The exponential growth of demand for global internet data access is severely questioning the sustainability of Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum. The global internet demand has reached 2.5 exabytes per month in 2014 [1] and exponential deployment of internet of things (IoT) devices in the network is leading to RF spectrum exhaustion as predicted by 2020 [2] [3]. The wider coverage of RF wireless communication has few more problems like its security vulnerability for deployment in heightened security and its hazardous nature in applications such as business, industries, hospitals, and armed forces. ...
... The wider coverage of RF wireless communication has few more problems like its security vulnerability for deployment in heightened security and its hazardous nature in applications such as business, industries, hospitals, and armed forces. To counter the limitations of RF, visible light communication (VLC), a technology which enables the usage of energy efficient lighting luminaries, particularly the light emitting diodes (LEDs) as high speed data access points (APs) offers an alternative to RF [1], [2], [4], [5]. The deployment of VLC is an ideal choice for indoor environment like high security smart rooms where high speed data is transmitted by modulating [5] the varying light intensity imperceptible to human eyes. ...
The spectrum crunch in Radio Frequency (RF) Communication and the prospect of Visible Light Communication (VLC) as an alternative to RF has made way for high speed VLC deployment. The ubiquitous coverage of RF and the high speed data rate achieved with VLC, make the two technologies complimentary to each other, making the hybrid RF/VLC an emerging trend in wireless networks. This study presents a downlink communication of a hybrid RF-VLC, where the signal received through RF channel by a relay is decoded and the symbols are converted into an electrical signals. The electrical signal is fed to an array of LEDs in the relay where data is transmitted in rays of light from LEDs. The hybrid RF-VLC system performance is compared with a conventional RF system to understand the performance difference between the two communication models. Thus, the performance of both system models are analysed in terms of Symbol Error Rate and Outage Probability. Numerical results show that the proposed hybrid RF-VLC system is superior to conventional lone RF cooperative system.
With the ubiquitous use of smart phones and other connected the number of devices connected to the internet is exponentially growing. This will test the efficiency of
the envisioned 5G network architectures for data acquisition and its storage. It is a common observation that the communication between smart devices is typically influenced by their social relationships. This suggests that the theory of social
networks can be leveraged to improve the quality of service for such communication links. In fact, the social networking concepts of centrality and community have been already investigated for an efficient realization of novel architectures. This work provides a comprehensive introduction to social networks and reviews the recent literature on the application of social networks in wireless communications. The potential challenges in communication network design are also highlighted, for a successful implementation of social networking strategies. Finally, some future directions are discussed for the application of social networking strategies to emerging wireless technologies such as
non-orthogonal multiple access and visible light communications.
