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VONDRÁK J., FROLOV I., ARUP U., KHODOSOVTSEV A. (2013). Methods for phenotypic evaluation of crustose lichens with emphasis on Teloschistaceae. Chornomors’k. bot. z., 9 (3): 382-405.
We present methods for phenotype evaluation of crustose lichens, which enhances the chances to identify highly similar taxa using anatomical and morphological features...
Citations
... Consequently, accurate placement of taxa at generic level without molecular data is difficult or often impossible (e.g., taxa with the 'Flavoplaca citrina morphology'; Vondrák et al. 2009;Wilk et al. 2021). It is, however, unclear whether such diagnostic characters are indeed absent or have not been properly assessed using quantitative approaches (Vondrák et al. 2013). Although morphology is often integrated into phylogenetic revisions at the family level, e.g., in Collemataceae (Otálora et al. 2013), Graphidaceae (Rivas Plata et al. 2012a), Pannariaceae (Ekman et al. 2014), Parmeliaceae (Thell et al. 2012), or Ramalinaceae (Kistenich et al. 2018), morphological data are less frequently quantitatively assessed in the form of a matrix or using statistical methods (e.g., Kistenich et al. 2018). ...
... When complementing molecular studies, the power of quantitative approaches to properly delimit and define taxa becomes apparent, e.g., in the Graphidaceae (Parnmen et al. 2012;Rivas Plata et al. 2012a;Lücking et al. 2015;Lücking and Kalb 2018) or in the Arthoniales (Perlmutter et al. 2020). Crustose Teloschistaceae have been subjected to quantitative phenotypic analysis within a phylogenetic framework (Frolov et al. 2016), using a comprehensive character and data matrix established by Vondrák et al. (2013); however, the applied technique has been limited to morphometric (continuous) data. ...
The genus Wetmoreana was studied using quantitative integrative taxonomy methods to resolve the genus delimitation and explore its taxonomy diversity at the species level. As a result, the genus Fulgogasparrea is synonymized with Wetmoreana , and the latter includes 15 formally described species, one subspecies, and three further, thus far undescribed species: W. appressa , W. awasthii comb. nov., W. bahiensis sp. nov., W. brachyloba comb. nov., W. brouardii , W. chapadensis comb. nov., W. circumlobata sp. nov., W. decipioides , W. intensa comb. nov., W. ochraceofulva comb. nov., W. rubra sp. nov., W. sliwae sp. nov., W. sliwae ssp. subparviloba subsp. nov., W. subnitida comb. nov., W. texana , and W. variegata sp. nov. Eleven of 19 examined taxa are newly placed within this genus or confirmed to belong to it. Two species, W. awasthii and W. intensa , are transferred to Wetmoreana without additional analysis but based on previous studies. The W. brouardii and W. ochraceofulva species complexes are discussed in detail . Additionally, Caloplaca muelleri and C. rubina var. evolutior are transferred to Squamulea , and the latter is elevated to the species rank.
... extremes)xx-mean-xx(max. extremes). The measurements of anatomical and morphological characters mainly follow the guidelines of Vondrák et al. (2013). ...
The genus Parvoplaca is extended with four new species: P. candanii from Antarctica, P. lamprocarpa from Alaska, and P. macroborealis and P. tenebrosa from Oregon. Collections identified as P. tiroliensis are shown to form two independent clades when DNA was analyzed, but it is currently not clear which clade represents the species in a strict sense. Parvoplaca athallina has been considered an Antarctic species, but according to our analyses, the species is shown to be bipolar occurring also in northern Europe, Greenland, Alaska and in California.
... Additionally, water-mounted hand sections of thallus and apothecia were examined using a light microscope (Carl ZEISS-Axioskope 40, Germany). Ten samples of each lichen species were obtained for this purpose, and ten measurements were made for each specimen using a standard calibrated slide in accordance with the Vondrak protocol (Vondrak & al. 2013). The lichen specimens were further identified using the standard chemical spot test, which involved placing a drop of K (KOH) 10%, C (NaCLO), KC, N, and KOH/I solutions on the thallus and apothecia of lichen specimens. ...
The Khorasan-Razavi Province in northeastern Iran boasts a diverse lichen flora, fostered by its climatic diversity and extensive calcareous substrates, which provide an ideal habitat for crustose saxicolous lichens. However, the distribution of these lichens in this province has remained inadequately explored. Thus, this study aims to conduct a taxonomic investigation of crustose saxicolous lichens within this area. Between 2018 and 2019, we employed survey methods to collect 436 rock substrates from 44 locations within the province. Lichen specimens were meticulously examined, considering their morphological, anatomical, and ecological attributes. Light microscopy was utilized to scrutinize morphological and anatomical features, with a specific focus on the thallus and perithecium. Our findings reveal the first-ever documentation of the species Caloplaca atroalba (Tuck) Zahlbr. (1930) in Asia. Additionally, we report the presence of the species Pyrenodesmia micromontana (Frolov, Wilk, and Vondrák) Hafellner & Türk (2016), Arthonia mediella Nyl. (1859), Lecania erysibe (Ach.) Mudd (1861), Placopyrenium canellum (Nyl.) Gueidan & Cl. Roux, Verruculopsis minutum (Hepp.) Krzewicka, and Involucropyrenium waltheri (Kremp.) Breuss, along with the genus Involucropyrenium, as new records for the Iranian flora.
... Measurements of morphological characters follow Vondrák et al. (2013) and microscopic observations are based on hand-cut sections mounted in water without chemical treatment. Measurements are accurate to 0.5 μm for cells and 5-10 μm for larger structures. ...
... Measurements of particular characters are given as x 1 -x 2 -x 3 (n), where x 1 is the minimum value, x 2 is the arithmetic mean of all measurements, x 3 is the maximum value, and n is the total number of measurements. Morphological terminology follows Vondrák et al. (2013) and the LIAS glossary (available at https://glossary.lias.net/wiki/). ...
The production of anthraquinones is a major characteristic of most species in the Teloschistaceae . Other secondary metabolites are quite rare in this family, but some species are known to produce depsides, depsidones, xanthones and usnic acid. A new monotypic genus, Neoplaca , with a new species N. mirabilis, is described from the subfamily Caloplacoideae of the family Teloschistaceae , lacking anthraquinones but containing the naphthopyrans simonyellin and consimonyellin. This is the first time this class of organic compounds has been found in the family Teloschistaceae and the second in the order Teloschistales , where simonyellin has been detected in Brigantiaeaceae . Simonyellin and consimonyellin have also previously been reported in the family Roccellaceae . Neoplaca mirabilis is currently known from the two nearby localities in Yakutia, Russia, where it is common and grows on base-rich soil on exposed south-facing siliceous outcrops. The thallus consists of scattered whitish to greyish, or rarely with pale yellow tinge, squamules 1–4.5 mm diam. and 0.3–1 mm thick with citrine to orange-yellow blastidia produced from their margin; apothecia and pycnidia are unknown. In addition to naphthopyrans, N. mirabilis contains an unidentified brown pigment similar in some features to melanin. The new species is also interesting in that the pigments are apparently located inside the cells of the cortex, not on their surface, where anthraquinones are found in Teloschistaceae .
... Furthermore, thallus and perithecium hand sections were mounted in water for anatomical examination under a light microscope (Carl ZEISS-Axioskope 40). Ten samples of each lichen species were collected for this purpose, and 10 measurements were made for each specimen using a standard calibrated slide, as described by Vondrak and colleagues (Vondrak et al., 2013). ...
This study focused on the taxonomic evaluation of the genus Verrucaria Shrad (Ascomycota, Verrucariaceae) in northeast Iran. Lichen samples were collected from the Khorasan Razavi province and their morphological, anatomical, and ecological characteristics were investigated. According to the result, the species Verrucaria ahtii Pykälä, Launis and Myllys, Verrucaria cataleptoides (Nyl.) Nyl., Verrucaria dolosa Hepp., Verrucaria hochstetteri Fr., and Verrucaria muralis Ach., are new records from Iran.
... We also observed some lecanorine apothecia without a distinct protruding proper margin but a wide parathecium can always be seen in section. The term parathecium has been used as a synonym for 'true exciple' or 'proper exciple', as the inner apothecial margin in the phenotypic study of Teloschistaceae by Vondrák et al. (2013); it is a thin layer consisting of relatively thick-walled, radiating fungal hyphae lacking photobiont cells, adjacent to the hymenium and subhymenium, from which it can easily be distinguished by its negative iodine reaction (Miyawaki 1988;Guderley 1999). ...
A new lichen species, Lecanora zeorina Li J. Li & Printzen is described here from the south-west of China. Lecanora zeorina is characterized by its somewhat areolate-squamulose thallus, zeorine to lecanorine apothecia, an epihymenium without crystals around expanded paraphyses tips, an amphithecium with large calcium oxalate crystals and the production of atranorin. A new combination, Lecanora crystalliniformis (B.G. Lee & Hur) Li J. Li & Printzen, is based on Protoparmeliopsis crystalliniformis B.G. Lee & Hur, which was described as a new species from South Korea. Collections from China are almost identical in morphology and chemistry, and are phylogenetically closely related. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on ITS and mtSSU suggest that these two lecanoroid species belong in Lecanora s. str. where they form a sister group to sorediate species such as L. barkmaniana Aptroot & Herk and L. variolascens Nyl. Detailed descriptions, discussions, distributions and phylogenetic trees, based on multiple collections, are presented.
... All microscopic observations were based on hand-cut sections mounted in water, without chemical treatments. Measurements of morphological characters follow Vondrák et al. (2013); morphological terminology follows Smith et al. (2009) and Vondrák et al. (2013). ...
... All microscopic observations were based on hand-cut sections mounted in water, without chemical treatments. Measurements of morphological characters follow Vondrák et al. (2013); morphological terminology follows Smith et al. (2009) and Vondrák et al. (2013). ...
Caloplaca elvebakkiana is a rare lichen from the family Teloschistaceae known only from Svalbard. Due to lack of molecular data, it still does not have a certain generic affiliation in the current taxonomy of Teloschistaceae, remaining within an unsorted pile of species called “Caloplaca s. l.”. Here we present two new records of the species from Russia — from Wrangel Island and the southeastern part of the Chukotka Peninsula. On the base of two nrITS sequences obtained from the fresh material, we discovered that the species belongs to the genus Calogaya and formally proposed a new combination Calogaya elvebakkiana.
... Furthermore, hand sections from the thallus and perithecium were prepared with razor blades and evaluated in water under a light microscope (Carl ZEISS-Axioskope 40, Germany) for anatomical evaluation. Ten samples of each lichen species were collected for this purpose, and ten measurements were made for each specimen using a standard calibrated slide, as described by Vondrak and colleagues (Vondrak et al. 2013). In addition, thallus and perithecium sections were stained with 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) and Lugol solution in spot tests. ...
This study aimed to the taxonomic investigation of the genus Staurothele (Ascomycota, Verrucariaceae) in northeast Iran. Lichen samples were collected from the Khorasan Razavi province and their morphological, anatomical, and ecological features were studied. Five species (Staurothele lecideoides, Staurothele frustulenta, Staurothele drummondii, Staurothele rufa, and Staurothele polygonia) were documented for the first time from Iran.
... Spores with poorly distinguishable septa were measured after heating (Steiner & Peveling 1984). Measurements of morphological characters follow Vondrák et al. (2013b). Measurements are accurate to 0.5 μm for cells (ascospores, paraphyses etc.) and 5-10 μm for larger structures (hymenium, hypothecium etc.). ...
... are minimum and maximum values observed in all specimens, x̄1 is the lowest specimen arithmetic mean observed, x̄2 is the arithmetic mean of all measurements, x̄3 is the highest specimen arithmetic mean observed, n is the total number of measurements, N is the number of specimens studied, and SD is the standard deviation from all measurements. Morphological terminology follows Smith et al. (2009) andVondrák et al. (2013b). ...
A new epiphytic species of crustose Teloschistaceae, Coppinsiella extremiorientalis, is described from the floodplain forests of the boreal zone of the Russian Far East. It is characterized by its white to whitish grey, thin to disappearing thallus mostly without anthraquinones, dull orange zeorine pruinose apothecia with an anthraquinones composition corresponding to chemosyndrome A. Phylogeny of the genus Coppinsiella, which was previously unknown in the Far East, is discussed, as well as the morphology, ecology and geographical distribution of Coppinsiella species. A new combination for Caloplaca fiumana, an older name for Coppinsiella orbicularis, is also formally proposed.
... For example, in the crustose genus Lecanora, with 550 species [111], species are usually recognized by a combination of thallus morphology, apothecial disc color, epihymenial and excipular crystals, and chemistry [121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130], whereas in Usnea, a combination of growth form, branching pattern, thallus sectional structure, branch outgrowths and appendices, and secondary chemistry and pigments define species [131][132][133][134][135][136]. Other examples can be found in foliose Parmeliaceae review in [137], such as Bulbothrix [138], or the crustose genera Caloplaca [139,140], Graphis and Allographa [141,142]. Thus, in both Asco-or Basidiomycota, phenotypical characters may not correspond to molecular phylogenies at all clade levels [31], but they are useful in diagnosing closely related species within clades. ...
Lichen collected worldwide for centuries have resulted in millions of specimens deposited in herbaria that offer the potential to assess species boundaries, phenotypic diversification, ecology, and distribution. The application of molecular approaches to historical collections has been limited due to DNA fragmentation, but high-throughput sequencing offers an opportunity to overcome this barrier. Here, we combined a large dataset of ITS sequences from recently collected material and historical collections, obtained through Sanger, 454, or Illumina Sequencing, to test the performance of ITS barcoding in two genera of lichenized Basidiomycota: Cora and Corella. We generated new sequence data for 62 fresh specimens (from 2016) and 274 historical collections (collected between 1888 and 1998), for a dataset of 1325 sequences. We compared various quantitative approaches to delimit species (GMYC, bPTP, ASAP, ABGD) and tested the resolution and accuracy of the ITS fungal barcoding marker by comparison with a six-marker dataset. Finally, we quantitatively compared phylogenetic and phenotypic species delimitation for 87 selected Cora species that have been formally described. Our HTS approach successfully generated ITS sequences for 76% of the historical collections, and our results show that an integrative approach is the gold-standard for understanding diversity in this group.
