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Through space technology it has become possible to study the planets of the Solar System in ever greater detail. This is particularly
true for Venus, whose surface is hidden by a thick atmosphere so that the surface relief has only been observed using radar
techniques. The new hypsometric map of Venus will improve and accelerate the study of its su...
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... When every 583 days Venus is positioned between the Earth and the Sun, the hemisphere of Venus centered at 320°E longitude turns toward the Earth (Burba 1996). This peculiarity can be visualized when selecting the cartographic central meridian of Venus or its hemispheres: 320°and 140°E longitudes are in fact used as the central meridians for the Venus relief map compiled in Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area projection (Lazarev and Rodionova 2011). ...
Reference surfaces, coordinate systems and projections are the prerequisites for the geospatial analysis of planetary surfaces. In the followings we discuss how these parameters are defined and used on different types of planetary bodies, including rocky planets, satellites, irregular bodies and gas giants.
... From one to three such structures are observed in one polar region, and their location and sizes are unstable. There are also mountain systems and depressions on Venus (Lazarev et al., 2010;Lazarev and Rodionova, 2011). The reference level for the altitudes is the surface of a sphere centered at the mass center of Venus and having a radius equal to the mean radius of Venus. ...
The results of numerical simulations of the global circulation of the atmosphere of Venus in the framework of the complete set of gas dynamics equations, taking into account surface relief, are presented. To calculate the radiative heating/cooling of the atmosphere, the relaxation approximation is used. The heating parameters, at which the modeled zonal superrotation velocity turned out to be close to the observed one, have been found. The results obtained are compared to the earlier published estimates from a model with a spherical surface of Venus. It has been shown that the presence of high mountains on Venus induces a substantial increase of the vertical component of the wind speed and noticeably influences the global distribution of the horizontal wind at altitudes exceeding 80 km, while its effect on this distribution below 60 km is weak.
... A gazetteer of selected names of Venusian features for map scale of 1:40 000 000 has been compiled at Vernadsky Institute by Burba (2005). At SAI MSU, a new, biscriptal map of Venus was produced, showing names in both Latin and Russian (Lazarev and Rodionova, 2011) (Fig. 3). SG Pugacheva) and the other at the Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography (MIIGAiK) (lead by KB Shingareva). ...
... This may or may not be followed in the planetary nomenclature. For example, the originally nominative case Aphrodite Terra is transformed in genitive case as земля Афродиты [zemlya afrodity] 'The Land of Aphrodite') (Lazarev and Rodionova, 2011). These forms may be more acceptable for the Russian reader. ...
The Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature (GPN) is maintained by the International Astronomical Union Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature. It contains the internationally approved forms of place names of planetary and lunar surface features. In the last decades, spacefaring and other nations have started to develop local standardized equivalents of the GPN. This initiated the development of transformation methods and created a need for auxiliary information on the names in the GPN that is not available from the database of the GPN. The creation of ‘localized’ (local language) variants of the GPN in non-Roman scripts is an unavoidable necessity, but is also a cultural need. This paper investigates the localization methods into Chinese, Russian two nations with different scripts, and two that are spacefaring ones. The need for the creation of a localized GPN is related to the local importance of scientific papers published in the local language and the existence of locally developed and operated scientific planetary spacecrafts, but exceptions exist.
Does the language of place names affect the interpretation of a planetary map? Is there any consistent change in the reading of a planetary map if the language of descriptor terms is changed from the official Latin to the mother language of the map reader? A survey made at a middle school in Hungary addressed these questions. The method was to collect preconceptions the landscape of Mars, then to show maps in Latin and Hungarian, and again ask the same questions. The results show that there are considerable differences in the two groups.
