Fig 3 - uploaded by Francisco C. Ferreira Junior
Content may be subject to copyright.
Ventriculus subserosal ganglia. Amazona rhodocorytha. Moderate lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration associated with loss of neurons and axons. H&E. Fig. 4. Proventricular subserosal ganglion. Amazona rhodocorytha. Mild lymphoplasmacitic infiltration associated with loss of neurons. H&E. Fig. 5. Adrenal gland. Amazona rhodocorytha. There are many lymphocytes and a few plasma cells infiltrating the medullary chords. H&E. Fig. 6. Adrenal gland. Amazona rhodocorytha. Nucleus and cytoplasm of the cells of the medullary chords cells positive for avian bornavirus antigen. IHC. Fig. 7. Brain, cerebrum. Amazona rhodocorytha. Nucleus and cytoplasm of neurons and a few glial cells positive for avian bornavirus antigen. IHC.
Source publication
An outbreak of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), a fatal inflammatory disease of psittacines (Aves: Psittaciformes), is described in native Brazilian psittacines. Twenty captive psittacines that died of suspected PDD were necropsied and 10 were submitted to histopathology, reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) fo...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... nerves. These lesions are summarized in Table 2. All birds presented mild or moderate infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells in different organs. Three birds showed thickened ventriculus serosa and moderate multifocal to coalescing infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the nerves and ganglia, with loss of neurons and axons (Fig. 3). In two birds the inflammation was mild. The lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltra- tions were also observed in the ventriculus muscular layer and submucosa, associated with the nerves and perivascular space. Similar lesions associated with nerves and ganglia were observed in the crop and proventriculus (Fig. 4) of all birds. In one bird ...
Citations
... Few RT-PCR assays involve a small range of closely related viruses [12,13]. Previous studies using RT-PCR for PaBV surveillance revealed highly diverse prevalence rates between 2.1% and 54.1% in Asian countries, 28.6% in pet parrots, and 30.2% in free-ranging parrots in Brazil [14][15][16][17][18][19]. However, PaBV RNA can be detected intermittently, depending on the course of the infection, which significantly affects the detection results and allows the prevalence to be underestimated by RT-PCR [2]. ...
... This study used serological diagnostic measures to profile the prevalence of PaBV infection in parrots in Taiwan, determine associated risk factors, and calculate the risk of contracting PaBV. Some previous studies have provided information on the positive rate of PaBV in Japan, China, Thailand, Malaysia, and Brazil; however, the restricted sample size and limitations of RT-PCR can underestimate the prevalence of PaBV [14][15][16][17][18][19]. The population for this study consisted of 370 serum samples from different cities in Taiwan, which satisfied the epidemiological and statistical analysis requirements for PaBV surveillance and minimized bias for a limited sample size compared with previously reported results. ...
Parrots are traded globally and pose a substantial risk for disease transmission involving parrot-specific pathogens. Parrot bornavirus (PaBV) belongs to the Bornaviridae family and encompasses two clades: alphapsittaciforme (PaBV-1 to -4, PaBV-7, and -8) and betapsittaciforme (PaBV-5 and PaBV-6). These clades cause proventricular dilatation disease, a chronic disease affecting all parrot species. PaBV infections can persist for varying durations in parrots, but the transmission routes are still not well understood. Therefore, surveillance of PaBV-infected parrots is necessary for disease control and improving psittacine aviculture. This study used isolated PaBV-4 NTUCL7 and PaBV-5 NTUCL54 strains to establish and validate two serological diagnostic methods: immunoblotting (IB) and immunocytochemical staining (ICC). To determine the prevalence of PaBV in parrots in Taiwan, 370 clinical serum samples were collected from 13 collaborative veterinary hospitals during a 1-year surveillance period. Serological surveillance revealed a seropositivity rate of 25.68%. Among the seropositive samples, 91.58% were infected with alphapsittaciforme PaBV, demonstrating the predominance of this viral clade in parrots. An analysis of risk factors also demonstrated an association between seropositivity and parrot genera, age, and clinical signs. Cohen’s kappa coefficient analysis showed a high degree of similarity (kappa value = 0.975) between the IB and ICC results, which shows that these serological diagnostic measures are robust. This study established two reliable serological diagnostic measures that are instrumental in serological surveillance, particularly in one of the major parrot-exporting regions. The surveillance results increase the understanding of PaBV infection and associated risk factors and allow methods to be devised for the conservation and protection of parrot populations.
... In Brazil, known for its highly diverse avifauna and being the richest in psittacines, PaBVs have been detected in captive and free-ranging psittacines and Passeriformes [11][12][13]. These infections have mainly corresponded to the PaBV-4 genotype [11,12,14], with the PaBV-8 genotype unique to this country [15]. ...
... In Brazil, known for its highly diverse avifauna and being the richest in psittacines, PaBVs have been detected in captive and free-ranging psittacines and Passeriformes [11][12][13]. These infections have mainly corresponded to the PaBV-4 genotype [11,12,14], with the PaBV-8 genotype unique to this country [15]. This study describes a severe case of PDD in a sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) and includes comparative molecular and evolutionary analysis with other PaBV strains worldwide. ...
... This study incorporated a comprehensive set of PaBV sequences and available epidemiological information to present a global view of this virus's diversity. In Brazil, a few molecular studies with phylogenetic analyses on avian bornaviruses have mainly indicated the presence of the PaBV-4 genotype in captive and free-living birds [11,12,14]. PaBV-8 was identified and proposed as a new genotype but has only been detected in Brazil [15]. ...
Simple Summary
Parrot bornavirus (PaBV) causes Proventricular Dilatation Disease (PDD), a fatal neurological disorder in Psittaciformes. Its diversity in South America is poorly known. We detected the first case of a genotype 2 (PaBV-2) infection in Cacatua galerita in Brazil, which presented severe neuropathies and PDD. Evolutionary analysis estimated a potential Brazilian (or South American) ancestor as the origin of this genotype and possibly other genotypes of the Orthobornavirus alphapsittaciforme species. Additionally, a progressive decline in the size of the effective population was observed, which could be related to various factors, such as biodiversity loss and ecosystem disruption. The emergence or reemergence of PaBVs related to ancestral strains in Brazil and South America is a matter of concern, as the spread of these viruses poses a risk to bird biodiversity and endangered species. These results underscore the need for surveillance studies in this region.
Abstract
Parrot bornavirus (PaBV) is an RNA virus that causes Proventricular Dilatation Disease (PDD), neurological disorders, and death in Psittaciformes. Its diversity in South America is poorly known. We examined a Cacatua galerita presenting neuropathies, PDD, and oculopathies as the main signs. We detected PaBV through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and partial sequencing of the nucleoprotein (N) and matrix (M) genes. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic inferences classified it as PaBV-2. The nucleotide identity of the sequenced strain ranged from 88.3% to 90.3% against genotype PaBV-2 and from 80.2% to 84.4% against other genotypes. Selective pressure analysis detected signs of episodic diversifying selection in both the N and M genes. No recombination events were detected. Phylodynamic analysis estimated the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) as the year 1758 for genotype PaBV-2 and the year 1049 for the Orthobornavirus alphapsittaciforme species. Substitution rates were estimated at 2.73 × 10⁻⁴ and 4.08 × 10⁻⁴ substitutions per year per site for N and M, respectively. The analysis of population dynamics showed a progressive decline in the effective population size during the last century. Timescale phylogeographic analysis revealed a potential South American ancestor as the origin of genotypes 1, 2, and 8. These results contribute to our knowledge of the evolutionary origin, diversity, and dynamics of PaBVs in South America and the world. Additionally, it highlights the importance of further studies in captive Psittaciformes and the potential impact on endangered wild birds.
... For several infectious agents, ancillary tests have been performed, and the methodology can be found in previous publications by the authors. These include immunohistochemistry for Chlamydia psittaci [6], conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Psittacid herpesvirus 1 [7], conventional PCR and genetic sequencing for Trichomonas gallinae [10], Fowl aviadenovirus A [20] and PsAHV 5 [21], and reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR for the diagnosis of Proventricular Dilatation Disease (PDD) virus [22]. ...
Simple Summary
Wild and captive birds are affected by infectious, metabolic, and neoplastic diseases. Some of these diseases are worrying for public health and the conservation of the affected species, and some diseases may be associated with captivity or with a disturbed environment. A survey of cases was therefore conducted to establish the frequency of diseases affecting wild and captive birds and the relationship with the bird’s origin. All cases (necropsy and biopsy) were examined by histopathology, and in some birds, the tissues were subjected to ancillary laboratory tests such as immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and genetic sequencing. A total of 243 birds were examined, and 39.1% were wild birds from illegal trade. The most common primary diseases were infectious diseases caused by parasites (18.1%) or viruses (17.7%). Coinfections were also found in this study (18.1%), mainly in birds confiscated from illegal trade. For exotic birds, the identification of Psittacid alphaherpesvirus 5 (PsAHV 5) raised concerns about the possibility of spreading this virus to native psittaciform species. Due to the infectious nature of some pathogens, it is crucial to diagnose and monitor the health of native and exotic birds to prevent the dissemination of pathogens to avifauna.
Abstract
Native and exotic avian species can act as reservoirs of pathogens, including bacteria and viruses, with conservation and public health implications. A retrospective study on the diagnosis and frequency of diseases in wild and exotic avian species was conducted. The occurrence of particular diseases was associated with the type of captivity or the bird’s origin. The investigation included macroscopic and microscopic descriptions and the molecular determination of the causative agent(s). Additional immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis, PCR, and genetic sequencing were conducted. A total of 243 cases were compiled for the study, mainly consisting of native wild species (39.1%) obtained from illegal trade. Primary infectious diseases, mainly parasitic (18.1%) and viral (17.7%), were the most common, although coinfections were substantial (18.1%) in birds rescued from trafficking. Fractures and neoplasms accounted for 3.7% and 3.3% of the cases, respectively. Parasitic and viral diseases were the most common in both exotic and wild birds. Chlamydia psittaci, a lethal and zoonotic bacterium, was an important cause of death, especially in native Psittaciformes. The recent detection of Psittacid alphaherpesvirus 5 (PsAHV 5) in exotic psittacines and the diagnosis of coinfections in trafficked birds highlight the importance of monitoring avian health to control potential pathogens that may endanger conservation efforts.
... The budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus Shaw, 1805), a species of the parrot subfamily (Psittacidae), the only member of the genus Melopsit-tacus, is the most favoured exotic bird at home, however, research on their diet is limited and the nutritional requirements of nestlings are not well understood (Cornejo et al., 2021). Poor nutrition and digestive diseases are a major problem and a common cause of death in captive parrots (Donatti et al., 2014). In addition, the conditions of cellular maintenance significantly affect the health of parrots, which, together with the food factor, has a negative impact. ...
Information about the morphology of the budgerigar intestines is a necessary condition for the preparation of diets for feeding, prevention and treatment of diseases of the digestive system, the state of which determines the intensity of growth and development of the bird’s body. The features of the histological structure of the intestines of the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) of 9 ages: 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 30, 60, 180 and 365 days of age were studied. Histological preparations were made according to the classical method with hematoxylin and eosin staining of sections, according to Mallory and Grimelius. Morphometric parameters of microstructures were determined on preparations from a transverse section of the middle section of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and rectum. In the intestinal wall of the budgerigar, three membranes were identified: mucous, muscular and serous. Three layers were found in the mucosa: epithelial, lamina propria, and muscular lamina. The predominant type of epitheliocytes were rim enterocytes, goblet cells were found in a smaller number, the number of which increased towards the rectum, as well as enteroendocrine cells, which were located mainly in the crypts. The muscularis mucosa consists of several layers of cells of smooth muscle tissue, which delimits the lamina propria from the muscle membrane, encircles the crypts, and accompanies the blood capillaries of the villi. The submucosa was not found. The muscular coat consists of two layers formed by smooth muscle tissue: the inner circular and the outer longitudinal. The enteric nervous system is represented by two nerve plexuses: the submucosal, located between the muscularis mucosa, and the myenteric, located in the outer layer of the muscular membrane. There was a general pattern of increase in changes in most parameters with age : the diameter of the intestine, wall thickness, mucous membrane and muscle membrane, height, width and surface area of the villi, the depth of the crypts. Changes in the size of the microstructures of the intestines were asynchronous. The most intensive changes in the size of microstructures occurred in the first month after hatching, especially in the first week. They corresponded to the values of an adult bird mainly at 21–30 days of age. A decrease in the thickness of the wall, mucosa, height of the villi, and their surface area in the direction from the duodenum to the rectum was established.
... Avian bornavirus (ABV), which belongs to the Bornaviridae family, is a major threat to captive and wild birds, causing a disease known as proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) (11). This disease has been reported in more than 80 species of birds, mainly in the Psittacidae family, where it affects lovebirds, macaws (Ara spp.), African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus), Afrotropical parrots (Poicephalus spp.), Amazon parrots (Amazona spp.), and conures (Aratinga spp.), but also in the Cacatuidae family, where cockatoos (Cacatua spp.) and cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) fall prey to PDD (4,5,18,20). Among these species of birds, the most commonly affected by ABV were blue and gold macaws (Ara ararauna), African grey parrots, Afrotropical parrots, conures, and cockatoos (20). ...
... Birds with PDD may show signs of gastrointestinal tract deficit or neurological dysfunction or both (5,21). Birds with gastrointestinal tract dysfunction may show signs of weight loss, pectoral muscle atrophy, lethargy, reduced appetite, constant or intermittent regurgitation, delayed crop emptying, passage of undigested seed in faeces and proventricular dilatation with the presence of undigested food (4,6). Infection of the central nervous system with ABV may manifest in ataxia, abnormal head movements, proprioceptive deficits, seizures, and blindness (6,15). ...
... Proventricular dilatation disease caused by ABV is a fatal infectious disease reported mostly in psittacine birds as well as waterfowl such as swans, geese, gulls and ducks (4,9,18). In this study, there was 4.5% occurrence of this virus among pet birds from the Psittaciformes order, indicating the first ABV occurrence in Malaysia. ...
Introduction
Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) is caused by avian bornavirus (ABV) has been identified in psittacine, non-psittacine birds and waterfowl. Birds may show signs of gastrointestinal tract deficit or neurological dysfunction or even both. The objectives of this study were to determine the molecular prevalence, risk factors and public awareness of ABV and PDD among captive and non-captive birds in Peninsular Malaysia.
Material and Methods
A total of 344 cloacal swabs or faeces were collected and subjected to detection using the RT-PCR assay. Meanwhile, KAP questionnaires were distributed by using the Google forms platform.
Results
Molecular prevalence studies revealed that 4.5% (9/201) of the pet birds were ABV-positive, whereas 0% (0/143) in waterfowl. Nine positive pet birds were identified to be PaBV-2, which is closest to ABV isolates EU781967 (USA). Among the risk factors analysed, category, age and, location, were found to show an association with the ABV positivity. The KAP survey result showed: the respondents have low knowledge (32.9%), however, they showed positive attitude (60.8%) and good practice (94.9%). The association between knowledge, attitude and practice showed that there was a significant association between knowledge-attitude and also attitude-practice (P<0.05).
Conclusion
This study proved that avian bornavirus (ABV) causes proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) among a group of pet birds of Psittaciformes , but it is present in Peninsular Malaysia with a low prevalence rate. Furthermore, in addition to the useful databases obtained from this study, the level of public awareness on the importance of avian bornavirus that causes fatal disorders among a wide range of bird species is satisfactorily raised.
... Avian bornavirus infections have been described in a wide range of families within the order Psittaciformes, and it has to be assumed that the vast majority of psittacine species are susceptible to infection. The viruses can be found in captive psittacine populations worldwide [1,2,21,24,[83][84][85][86][87]. Information on the distribution of avian bornaviruses is mainly based on opportunistic sampling of birds presented to veterinary clinicians or submitted to veterinary pathologists, whereas systematic prevalence studies have not been published. ...
Avian bornaviruses constitute a genetically diverse group of at least 15 viruses belonging to the genus Orthobornavirus within the family Bornaviridae. After the discovery of the first avian bornaviruses in diseased psittacines in 2008, further viruses have been detected in passerines and aquatic birds. Parrot bornaviruses (PaBVs) possess the highest veterinary relevance amongst the avian bornaviruses as the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). PDD is a chronic and often fatal disease that may engulf a broad range of clinical presentations, typically including neurologic signs as well as impaired gastrointestinal motility, leading to proventricular dilatation. It occurs worldwide in captive psittacine populations and threatens private bird collections, zoological gardens and rehabilitation projects of endangered species. In contrast, only little is known about the pathogenic roles of passerine and waterbird bornaviruses. This comprehensive review summarizes the current knowledge on avian bornavirus infections, including their taxonomy, pathogenesis of associated diseases, epidemiology, diagnostic strategies and recent developments on prophylactic and therapeutic countermeasures.
... Cinco indivíduos de papagaio-de-peito-roxo foram pesquisa-dos no mesmo local, sendo todos negativos para a detecção deste vírus (Araújo et al., 2015). Em relação ao bornavirus, entre diversas espécies de psitacídeos nativos pesquisadas em um criatório, três A. vinacea foram avaliados e lesões histológicas compatíveis com infecção por bornavirus foi observada em um dos indivíduos (Donatti et al., 2014). Outro estudo mais recente avaliou a presença de bornavirus em dois criatórios no estado de Minas Gerais, demonstrando uma elevada prevalência do bornavírus em diversas espécies de psitacídeos nativos. ...
O livro apresenta 20 capítulos destinado a ecologia e comportamento de Amazona vinacea, estratégias de conservação e educação para a conservação da espécie. Trinta e cinco autores foram envolvidos.
... Although some of these ABV have been able to induce clinical disease and characteristic lesions, several aspects of PDD pathogenesis are still not elucidated. Even though the epidemiological studies of parrot bornavirus have increased substantially in different parts of the world in recent years, few studies have been conducted in captive psittacine in Brazil [16][17][18]. Nevertheless, PDD has already been described in Brazilian threatened species, such as Spix's macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii), extinct in the wild [19]. ...
... Since the discovery of PaBV in 2008, several studies have been carried out demonstrating PaBV-4 as a predominant genotype in Europe and North America [1,3,11,27,28]. In Brazil, PaBV was first identified in 2014 and since then we have only identified PaBV-4 [16,17] and the unclassified PaBV-8 [17]. Supporting this observation our results corroborate it once we demonstrate a high prevalence (73.7%) of PaBV-4 in these two Brazilian psittacine aviaries. ...
... The first PDD outbreak reported in Brazil was described in this aviary between 2010-2011. A reemergence of cases has happened in 2013 affecting 20 birds, resulting in four out of ten birds evaluated were positive for PaBV [16]. Despite the fact there was no introduction of new birds in this aviary since 2012, no other sanitary or biosecurity measures have been instituted at this place. ...
Psittaciform orthobornaviruses are currently considered to be a major threat to the psittacine bird population worldwide. Parrot bornavirus (PaBV) was identified recently in Brazil and, since then, few studies have been conducted to understand the epidemiology of PaBV in captive psittacine birds. In the present study, natural infections by PaBV in South American parrots were investigated in two breeding facilities: commercial (A) and conservationist (B). Thirty-eight psittacine of 21 different species were presented for postmortem examination. Tissue samples were collected and investigated for the presence of PaBV-RNA using RT-PCR. In addition, clinical information about these birds was used when available. PaBV infection was detected in 73.7% of all birds investigated, indicating a wide dissemination of this virus in both facilities. From birds investigated in aviary A, 66.7% showed clinical signs, 100% had typical lesions of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), 100% had mild to severe proventricular dilatation and 88.9% were PaBV-positive. In birds from aviary B, 27.6% showed clinical signs, 65.5% had typical lesions of PDD, 62% had mild to severe proventricular dilatation and 69% were PaBV-positive. Neurological disease was observed more frequently than gastrointestinal disease. Sequencing analysis of the matrix gene fragment revealed the occurrence of genotype 4 (PaBV-4) in both places. About 15.8% of birds in this study are threatened species. We discussed the difficulties and challenges for controlling viral spread in these aviaries and implications for South American psittacine conservation. These results emphasize the urgent need to develop a national regulatory and health standard for breeding psittacine birds in the country.
... Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) is a lethal and important disease of captive psittacine birds, affects a wide range of species, including several endangered species,and lacks an effective treatment (Staeheli et al. 2010, Wyss et al. 2009). PDD has been identified worldwide, in North America, Europe, Asia, Africa , and South America, including Brazil (Donatti et al. 2014, Encinas-Nagel et al. 2014, Philadelpho et al. 2014. ...
... Fewer exotic species such as Australian ringnecks (Barnadius zonarius), cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus), African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus), and umbrella cockatoos (Cacatua alba) have been reported as positive. These birds were originated from breeding facilities, clinics, or rehabilitation centers from the states of Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Mato Grosso do Sul and Minas Gerais (Donatti et al. 2014, Encinas-Nagel et al. 2014, Philadelpho et al. 2014. Although one of these studies reported PaBV infection or PDD signs in free-ranging psittacines (Encinas-Nagel et al. 2014), these birds were kept in captivity after rescue or confiscation by environmental authorities, and information about how long these animals were kept in these facilities and their status prior captivity are unclear. ...
Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) is a lethal and important disease of captive psittacine birds, and affects a wide range of species, including endangered ones, and lacks an effective treatment. This report describes PDD in three blue-and-gold macaws (Ara ararauna) in southern Brazil. All three macaws originated from the same aviary and presented similar clinical signs including anorexia, apathy, emaciation and prostration. At necropsy, one of the macaws presented an enlarged proventriculus. Histologically, lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates was observed in the ganglia and nerves of the esophagus, crop, proventriculus, ventriculus, heart, adrenal glands, and adrenal medulla of all three cases. Two macaws had meningoencephalomyelitis and one had myocarditis. Immunohistochemistry identified PaBV antigen in the brain, proventricular, ventricular ganglia, and epicardial ganglia, and cardiomyocytes of all three macaws.
... In total, 112 psittacines with PDD-like symptoms were tested; 32 (28.6%) of these birds were bornavirus-positive. These results emphasize that avian bornaviruses are present in Brazil, as reported recently by other groups (Marietto-Gonçalves et al., 2009;Donatti et al., 2014). Because we selectively tested diseased birds, the comparably high detection rate was not unexpected. ...
... This sample (NP-166) originated from a white cockatoo (Cacatua alba), which had been exported from North America and traveled between countries at least twice, presenting the possibility of having been exposed to the virus abroad. PaBV-4 was also recently reported to be present in pet psittacines in Brazil (Donatti et al., 2014). All of the other seven sequences belonged to the new PaBV-8. ...
