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Ventral aspect of the skeleton on 3D-VR CT reconstructions with the spectrum of the malformations observed in piglets affected by Perosomus elumbis (the right side of the subjects is on the left). (A) Piglet #3: L6 (arrow) is present only Ventral aspect of the skeleton on 3D-VR CT reconstructions with the spectrum of the malformations observed in piglets affected by Perosomus elumbis (the right side of the subjects is on the left). (A) Piglet #3: L6 (arrow) is present only as a bud. (B) Piglet #2: the lumbar tract shows a scoliotic curvature; L2-L3-L4 are irregularly fused (arrow); L5 and L6 are present as a bud; the right 14th and 15th ribs are partially fused (empty arrowhead); both the knees have an inverted angle. (C) Piglet #4: the lumbar tract shows a severe lordotic-scoliotic curvature; L1 is partially fused with T14 and L2 (arrow); the remnant lumbar vertebrae are present only as a bud; S1 is present as a small bud and the pelvis is tilted toward the left; there is also a partial fusion of the left 13th and 14th ribs (empty arrowhead) and a severe inversion of the left knee angle. (D) Piglet #5: L1 has only a slight mineralization of the body (arrow), the remnant lumbar vertebrae are present as buds with a complex lordotic-scoliotic curvature; the body of S1 is partially fragmented (empty arrowhead); the coccygeal vertebrae are absent; both the knees have an inverted angle. (E) Piglet #6: partial aplasia of L2 and L3 with a right fragmented lateral process (arrow); the remnant lumbar vertebrae (L4-L6) are present only as a bud. (F) Piglet #8: absence of the vertebrae from L2 to L4; L5 and L6 are partially fused (arrow); S1 and S2 were partially fused and irregularly fragmented (empty arrowhead).
Source publication
Perosomus elumbis (PE) is a rare congenital condition characterized by agenesis of the lumbar, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae. Perosomus elumbis has rarely been reported in literature as morphological description of singles or few cases. Here we report the first extensive description of eight cases of PE detected in two consecutive litters from the...
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Citations
... In perosomus elumbis congenital abnormality of the skeletal system, developed lumbar and sacral vertebrae deformed pelvis and arthrogryposis of limbs and hypoplasia of spinal cord (Kulasekar et al., 1996). It was reported by Niyas et al., (2019) in Stallion and Piegari et al. (2021) in pigs. ...
A five-year-old female cow was presented to the Dharmapuri district veterinary clinic, Tamil Nādu with severe straining and ruptured first water bag. Per vaginal examination revealed incompletely dilated cervix, and foetal parts were not palpable. The treatment included induction therapy for further dilatation of cervix. The abnormality of the foetal parts may lead to certain congenital anomaly. After thorough lubrication of the birth canal mild traction was applied to deliver the impacted fetus. The morphological appearance of the stillborn calf revealed that the condition was perosomus elumbis. The cow had an uneventful recovery.
Two boxer dogs from the same litter were presented at 3 months of age for urinary and fecal incontinence. Both dogs had an abnormal tail consisting of a small stump, an atonic anal sphincter, and absent perineal reflex and sensation. Neurological evaluation was indicative of a lesion of the cauda equina or sacral spinal cord. Radiology and CT scan of the spine displayed similar findings in the two dogs that were indicative of sacral agenesis. Indeed, they had 6 lumbar vertebrae followed by a lumbosacral transitional vertebra, lacking a complete spinous process, and a hypoplastic vertebra carrying 2 hypoplastic sacral transverse processes as the only remnant of the sacral bone. Caudal vertebrae were absent in one of the dogs. On MRI, one dog had a dural sac occupying the entire spinal canal and ending in a subfascial fat structure. In the other dog, the dural sac finished in an extracanalar, subfascial, well-defined cystic structure, communicating with the subarachnoid space, and consistent with a meningocele. Sacral agenesis—that is the partial or complete absence of the sacral bones—is a neural tube defect occasionally reported in humans with spina bifida occulta. Sacral agenesis has been described in human and veterinary medicine in association with conditions such as caudal regression syndrome, perosomus elumbis, and Currarino syndrome. These neural tube defects are caused by genetic and/or environmental factors. Despite thorough genetic investigation, no candidate variants in genes with known functional impact on bone development or sacral development could be found in the affected dogs. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report describing similar sacral agenesis in two related boxer dogs.
Radiography and ultrasonography are the most used techniques in veterinary clinical practice, due to organizational, managerial and, mostly, economic reasons. However, in the last decades, Computed tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and, to a lesser extent, Nuclear Medicine (MN) are increasingly used. As we said in the previous article, all the Diagnostic Imaging techniques are actually “indispensable” in Veterinary Medicine, where many patients do not show any symptoms.This second part describes Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance (MRI) and Nuclear Medicine techniques in Veterinary Medicine are described.
