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Venn diagram distribution of the total number of phytochemicals (A), the total number of phenolic acids (B), the total number of flavonoids (C), and the total number of other polyphenols (D) in Muntries (Mu), Kakadu plum (KP), Davidson plum (DP) and Quandong peach (QP).
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Phytochemicals play a pivotal role in human health and drug discovery. The safety evaluation of plant extracts is a prerequisite to ensure that all phytochemicals are safe before translational development and human exposure. As phytochemicals are natural, they are generally considered safe, although this is not always true. The objective of this st...
Citations
... Australian indigenous fruits, herbs, and spices have the potential to serve as a valuable reservoir of novel phytochemicals with advantageous properties for human use. The indigenous population utilizes these plants for therapeutic applications and the development of functional foods [1]. Phytochemicals are extensively researched due to their biological functionality, medical applications, and the combined therapeutic effects they provide [2,3]. ...
Phenolic compounds, present in plants, provide substantial health advantages, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which enhance cardiovascular and cognitive well-being. Australia is enriched with a wide range of plants with phytopharmacological potential, which needs to be fully elucidated. In this context, we analyzed leaves of aniseed myrtle (Syzygium anisatum), lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora), and cinnamon myrtle (Backhousia myrtifolia) for their complex phytochemical profile and antioxidant potential. LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS was applied for screening and characterizing these Australian myrtles' phenolic compounds and the structure-function relation of phenolic compounds. This study identified 145 and quantified/semi-quantified 27 phenolic compounds in these Australian myrtles. Furthermore, phenolic contents (total phenolic content (TPC), total condensed tannins (TCT), and total flavonoids (TFC)) and antioxidant potential of phenolic extracts from the leaves of Australian myrtles were quantified. Aniseed myrtle was quantified with the highest TPC (52.49 ± 3.55 mg GAE/g) and total antioxidant potential than other selected myrtles. Catechin, epicatechin, isovitexin, cinnamic acid, and quercetin were quantified as Australian myrtles' most abundant phenolic compounds. Moreover, chemometric analysis further validated the results. This study provides a new insight into the novel potent bioactive phenolic compounds from Australian myrtles that could be potentially useful for functional, nutraceutical, and therapeutic applications.
... As polyphenols are natural product, they are usually considered safe, but this is not always true depending on phenolic compounds and their metabolites, amount consumed and time of exposure. Therefore, scientific world is increasingly interested in investigating and assess the limits between safety and toxicity of phenolic compounds [7]. ...
In this study, we present data on the effects of condensed (CTs) and hydrolysable (HTs) tannins, polyphenols extracted from plants, at different concentrations on zebrafish development to identify the range of concentrations with toxic effects. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to CTs and HTs at two different concentration ranges (5.0, 10.0, 20.0 μgL-1 and 5.0, 10.0, 20.0 mgL-1) for 72 h. The toxicity parameters were observed up to 72 h of treatment. The uptake of CTs and HTs by zebrafish larvae was assessed by HPLC analysis. The qRT-PCR analysis was performed to evaluate gene expression of cd63, zhe1 and klf4, involved in the hatching process of zebrafish. CTs and HTs at 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 μgL-1 were not toxic. On the contrary, at 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 mgL-1 HTs induced a delayed in hatching starting from 48 h of treatment, while CTs showed a delayed in hatching mainly at 48h. The analysis of gene expression showed a down-regulation in the group exposed to HTs confirming the hatching data. We believe that this study is important to define the optimal doses of CTs and HTs, to be employed in different application fields such as chemical and animal feed industry, and medical science.
... Australian indigenous fruits, herbs, and spices have the potential to serve as a valuable reservoir of novel phytochemicals with advantageous properties for human use. The indigenous population utilizes these plants for therapeutic applications and the development of functional foods [1]. Phytochemicals are extensively researched due to their biological functionality, medical applications, and the combined therapeutic effects they provide [2,3]. ...
Phenolic compounds, present in plants, provide substantial health advantages, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which enhance cardiovascular and cognitive well-being. Australia is enriched with a wide range of plants with phytopharmacological potential, which needs to be fully elucidated. In this context, we analyzed leaves of aniseed myrtle (Syzygium anisatum), lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora), and cinnamon myrtle (Backhousia myrtifolia) for their complex phytochemical profile and antioxidant potential. LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS was applied for screening and characterizing these Australian myrtles’ phenolic compounds and the structure-function relation of phenolic compounds. This study identified 145 and quantified/semi-quantified 27 phenolic compounds in these Australian myrtles. Furthermore, phenolic contents (total phenolic content (TPC), total condensed tannins (TCT), and total flavonoids (TFC)) and antioxidant potential of phenolic extracts from the leaves of Australian myrtles were quantified. Aniseed myrtle was quantified with the highest TPC (52.49 ± 3.55 mg GAE/g) and total antioxidant potential than other selected myrtles. Catechin, epicatechin, isovitexin, cinnamic acid, and quercetin were quantified as Australian myrtles' most abundant phenolic compounds. Moreover, chemometric analysis further validated the results. This study provides a new insight into the novel potent bioactive phenolic compounds from Australian myrtles that could be potentially useful for functional, nutraceutical, and therapeutic applications.
... Therapeutic qualities are possessed by secondary plant metabolites include phenolic acids, flavonoids, coumarins, alkaloids, triterpenes, and various other bioactive metabolites [50,51]. The analytical approach LC/MS is widely used by researchers to identify bioactive compounds that are still unknown [27]. ...
... Therapeutic qualities are possessed by secondary plant metabolites include phenolic acids, flavonoids, coumarins, alkaloids, triterpenes, and various other bioactive metabolites [50,51]. The analytical approach LC/MS is widely used by researchers to identify bioactive compounds that are still unknown [27]. ...
... Overall, TPC and TFC are highly correlated with antioxidant activities (DPPH and FICA). The results are supported by previous studies where it has been reported that total phenolics and flavonoids are the main compounds responsible for the antioxidant capacity of fruits, vegetables, and herbs [25,43,44]. Moreover, a biplot analysis (Figure 1) was conducted to further under-stand the contribution of selected sour fruits in phenolic contents and their antioxidant activities. ...
... correlated with antioxidant activities (DPPH and FICA). The results are supported vious studies where it has been reported that total phenolics and flavonoids are th compounds responsible for the antioxidant capacity of fruits, vegetables, and [25,43,44]. Moreover, a biplot analysis (Figure 1) was conducted to further underst contribution of selected sour fruits in phenolic contents and their antioxidant activ The biplot indicates that PC1 (principal component 1) shares a 98.5% contribu this study, showing that unripe mango has the highest concentration of phenol pounds and strong antioxidant activities. ...
The food sector's interest in sustainability and the demand for novel bioactive compounds are increasing. Many fruits are wasted every year before ripening due to various climatic conditions and harsh weather. Unripe mangoes, grapes, and black lemons could be rich sources of phenolic compounds that need to be fully elucidated. Using fruit waste as a source of bioactive chemicals has grown increasingly appealing as it may have significant economic benefits. Polyphenols are beneficial for human health to inhibit or minimize oxidative stress and can be used to develop functional and nutraceutical food products. In this context, this study aimed to characterize and screen unripe mangoes, grapes, and black lemons for phenolic compounds using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and their antioxidant activities. Unripe mangoes were quantified with higher total phenolic content (TPC, 58.01 ± 6.37 mg GAE/g) compared to black lemon (23.08 ± 2.28 mg GAE/g) and unripe grapes (19.42 ± 1.16 mg GAE/g). Furthermore, unripe mangoes were also measured with higher antioxidant potential than unripe grapes and black lemons. A total of 85 phenolic compounds (70 in black lemons, 49 in unripe grapes, and 68 in unripe mango) were identified, and 23 phenolic compounds were quantified using LC-MS/MS. Procyanidin B2, gallic acid, epicatechin, caffeic acid, quercetin, and chlorogenic acid were measured with higher concentration in these selected unripe fruits. A positive correlation was found between phenolic contents and the antioxidant activities of unripe fruits. Furthermore, chemometric analysis was conducted to validate the results. This study will explore the utilization of these unripe fruits to develop functional and therapeutic foods.
... The separation and identification of phenolic metabolites from unripe grape and black lemon samples were carried out as previously described by Ali et al. [27][28][29]. Both negative and positive modes were applied using Accurate-Mass QTOF Agilent 6520. ...
Unripe grapes are pruned waste fruits of wine farming, while black lemons are dried products of agriculture waste lemons from lime fields. These fruit wastes are a rich source of bioactive molecules, especially polyphenols that are beneficial metabolites for human health to reduce or inhibit the oxidative stress and can be utilized in foods or pharmaceuticals. Therefore, this project aimed to study the wasted sour fruits for their polyphenols, antioxidant activities, and to support their symbiotic utilization as therapeutic and pharmaceutical products. This research was completed with solvent extraction optimization of polyphonic extracts, their in-vitro antioxidant activities using four different assays, and characterization of polyphenols by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. Efficient extraction for phenolic compounds was obtained using 80% acidified methanol with 0.1% formic acid. Results found that black lemons had a higher total phenolic content (TPC 10.11 ± 0.47 mg GAE/g), assimilated to unripe grapes (8.75 ± 0.33 mg GAE/g). Moreover, black lemons were also found with higher antioxidant potential than unripe grapes, possibly due to the presence of higher flavonoids, especially anthocyanins. 124 phenolic metabolites, including 21 phenolic acids, 45 flavonoids, 8 isoflavonoids, 2 chalcones, 7 stilbenes, 15 lignans and 25 other compounds were identified using mass spectrometry. In conclusion, these results supported the utilization of these products in combination as therapeutical ingredients in the food, biomedicine, and pharmaceutical industries.
Graphical abstract
... For example, herbal tea from plants treats digestive issues [2]. Traditional phytotherapy uses plants for medicinal purposes, and it has long been a choice for historical and modern treatment [3]. More than 80% of the population, particularly in underdeveloped nations, benefits from herbal products for medicinal purposes. ...
Plant bioactive phenolic metabolites have recently attracted the attention of researchers due to their numerous health advantages. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate with advanced techniques the bioactive metabolites and antioxidant and antidiabetic capacity of four unconventional edible plant leaves: lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf), chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.), and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). The extraction process was optimized using different solvents. These plants’ phenolic composition, identification, and characterization have been determined herein using LCESI-QTOF-MS/MS. This research identified 85 phenolic compounds, including 24 phenolic acids, 31 flavonoids, 7 stilbenes and lignans, and 17 other metabolites. Moreover, the study determined that moringa has the highest total phenolic content (TPC; 18.5 ± 1.01 mg GAE/g), whereas ryegrass has the lowest (3.54 ± 0.08 mg GAE/g) among the selected plants. It seems that, compared to other plants, moringa was found to have the highest antioxidant potential and antidiabetic potential. In addition, twenty-two phenolic compounds were quantified in these chosen edible plants. Rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid, chicoric acid, ferulic acid, protocatechuic acid, and caffeic acid were the most abundant phenolic acids. In silico molecular docking was also conducted to investigate the structure–function relationship of phenolic compounds to inhibit the alpha-glucosidase. Finally, the simulated pharmacokinetic characteristics of the most common substances were also predicted. In short, this investigation opens the way for further study into these plants’ pharmaceutical and dietary potential.
... Both herbs and spices contain phenolic acid species. This study discovered the two phenolic acid subclasses, hydroxybenzoic acids (11) and hydroxycinnamic acids (14) [74]. ...
... Processes 2023,11, 2721 ...
Culinary herbs and spices are widely used in daily diets. Pakistan’s flora is enriched with phytochemicals due to a diverse range of land. Phytochemicals, including volatile and non-volatile compounds, have captured much interest due to their numerous health advantages and significance in daily diet. The present study aimed to conduct in-depth metabolomic profiling of Pakistani-grown fenugreek leaves (Trigonella foenum-graecum), fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare), mint leaves (Mentha royleana), coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum) and basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum) by using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The first study was conducted to optimize extraction using different solvents (methanol, ethanol, chloroform, acetone, and water). Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total condensed tannins (TCT) were quantified along with the antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities. The highest TPC (125.42 ± 10.89 mg GAE/g) and the highest antioxidant and anti-diabetic potential were quantified in mint. Seventy-one phytochemical metabolites were identified using LC-MS/MS, while forty-nine volatile constituents were identified using GC-MS. A positive correlation was identified between phenolic contents and their biological activities. Furthermore, molecular docking helped to find drug molecules with more excellent anti-diabetic activity based on their binding affinities. This study suggests that selected herbs and spices from Pakistan have significant nutraceutical and phytopharmaceutical potential. This study could further help in drug discovery.
... As a result, culinary herbs as well as spices have the potential to be used to avoid a variety of health issues that result from oxidative stress and different metabolic disorders in one's body. Owing to the phenolic compounds as well as antioxidant activity of culinary herbs and spices, numerous studies have been done on their recognition, characterization, and investigation [2,9]. Due to their complex nature, framework, and widely used cultivars in different parts of the globe, and mainly because there aren't any commercial standards for precisely identifying and validating the bioactives in the system, comprehensive characterization of culinary herbs as well as spices, not yet available. ...
... Following our previously established procedures, we were able to precisely identify and measure the phenolic metabolites from mint, coriander, fenugreek, sweet basil as well as fennel [9,16]. Both negative and positive modes were applied using Accurate-Mass QTOF Agilent 6520. ...
... Flavanones Compounds 6,7,8,9 were also detected with the negative mode of ionization. The compound 6 (Hesperidin, C28H34O15) was found at m/z 609.1805 in basil, mint, coriander and fennel leaves extract [54]. ...
Culinary herbs and spices are widely used in daily diets. Pakistan flora is enriched with phytochemicals due to a diverse range of land. Phytochemicals, including volatile and non-volatile compounds, have captured much interest due to their numerous health advantages and significance in daily diet. The present study aimed to conduct in-depth metabolomic profiling of Pakistani-grown fenugreek leaves (Trigonella foenum-graecum), fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare), mint leaves (Mentha royleana), coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum) and basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum) by using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The first study was conducted to optimize extraction using different solvents (methanol, ethanol, chloroform, acetone, and water). Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total condensed tannins (TCT) were quantified along with the antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities. The highest TPC (125.42 ± 10.89 mg GAE/g) and the highest antioxidant and anti-diabetic potential were quantified in mint. Seventy-one phytochemical metabolites were identified using LC-MS/MS, while forty-nine volatile constituents were identified using the GC-MS. A positive correlation was identified between phenolic contents and their biological activities. Furthermore, molecular docking helped to find drug molecules with more excellent anti-diabetic activity based on their binding affinities. This study suggests that selected medicinal herbs from Pakistan have significant nutraceutical and phytopharmaceutical potential. This study could further help in drug discovery.
