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Vegetative characters of the three Paspalum species studied
Source publication
Investigations into the vegetative morphology and epidermal features of three species of the genus Paspalum L. (P. conjugatum Berg, P. scrobiculatum L. and P. vaginatum Sw.) was carried out. Pictorial illustrations are presented. For the vegetative features, it was observed that there is variability of hairs on both the margins of the lamina and le...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... morphological (vegetative) features of the three Paspalum species investigated are summarized in Table 1. The descriptions of the leaf epidermal studies are presented in Tables 2; the epidermal and morphological Keys are also presented while the epidermal slides are illustrated in Plates 1, 2 and 3. ...
Context 2
... differences in type of stem and the inflorescence and spikelets (Table 1) were observed, although the heights were almost the same in the three species except for P.scrobiculatum which grows up to 100cm. The analysis of the morphological structure of the three studied species has revealed characteristics, which correspond to those mentioned by Lowe (1989) and Akobundu and Agwayaka (1998). ...
Citations
... It is believed that kodo millet was mostly first harvested as a weed alongside other cereals like rice, resulting in multiple domestication events across its current range(De Wet et al. 1983b). This practice continues in parts of Africa, where weeds are sometimes harvested during times of famine(De Wet et al. 1983b;Neumann et al. 1996;Ogie-Odia et al. 2010). In Africa, Kodo is called black rice or bird and bird grass(M'Ribu and Hilu, 1996). ...
Millets, comprising a diverse group of small-seeded grains, have emerged as vital crops with immense nutritional, environmental, and economic significance. The comprehension of complex traits in millets, influenced by multifaceted genetic determinants, presents a compelling challenge and opportunity in agricultural research. This review delves into the transformative roles of phenomics and genomics in deciphering these intricate genetic architectures. On the phenomics front, high-throughput platforms generate rich datasets on plant morphology, physiology, and performance in diverse environments. This data, coupled with field trials and controlled conditions, helps to interpret how the environment interacts with genetics. Genomics provides the underlying blueprint for these complex traits. Genome sequencing and genotyping technologies have illuminated the millet genome landscape, revealing diverse gene pools and evolutionary relationships. Additionally, different omics approaches unveil the intricate information of gene expression, protein function, and metabolite accumulation driving phenotypic expression. This multi-omics approach is crucial for identifying candidate genes and unfolding the intricate pathways governing complex traits. The review highlights the synergy between phenomics and genomics. Genomically informed phenotyping targets specific traits, reducing the breeding size and cost. Conversely, phenomics identifies promising germplasm for genomic analysis, prioritizing variants with superior performance. This dynamic interplay accelerates breeding programs and facilitates the development of climate-smart, nutrient-rich millet varieties and hybrids. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the crucial roles of phenomics and genomics in unlocking the genetic enigma of millets.
... An intriguing historical note suggests Kodo millet might have initially been gathered as a weed alongside other cereals like rice in various Asian countries (De Wet et al. 1983). This practice is still observed in parts of Africa, where the weeds are occasionally collected, especially during periods of food scarcity (De wet et al. 1983;Ogie-odia et al. 2010). ...
Kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.) is an underutilized crop that encompasses nutritional benefits and climate resilience, making it a viable option for future crop development with nutraceutical properties. The cultivation of this crop has ancient roots, where it was revered for its ability to thrive in times of famine and was a vital companion crop to rice. Dishes made with Kodo millet are highly palatable and can be easily integrated into mainstream rice-based dishes. Among all cereals, Kodo millet is distinguished by its gluten-free composition, high phosphorus content, and significant antioxidant potential, which contributes to a diet that may reduce cardiovascular disease risk. Often grown in rainfed zones by marginal farmers, Kodo millet is valued for its grain and fodder. This less demanding crop can tolerate both biotic and abiotic stress, allowing it to thrive in soils with low organic matter and with minimal inputs, making it an ideal dual-purpose crop for rainfed areas. Despite its nutritional and agricultural benefits, Kodo millet's popularity is hindered by challenges such as low yield, market demand, lodging at harvest, and poor dehulling recovery, which necessitate the development of high-yielding varieties through the latest breeding advancements. Systematic investment and concerted breeding efforts are essential to harness the full potential of this nutrient-dense crop. The absence of whole genome sequence for Kodo millet poses a barrier to uncovering novel genetic traits. Consequently, there is an imperative to establish a millet-based value chain that elevates these underutilized crops, shaping smart cropping patterns and enhancing nutritional profiles for sustainable diets. Accordingly, this review highlights the significance of Kodo millet and the impact of breeding to establish it as a smart food choice for the future.
... After cytology, leaf epidermis plays the most important role in the taxonomy of plant species [78][79][80][81][82][83][84]. The grass epidermis has three categories of elements namely bulliform elements, differentiated elements, fundamental elements [85]. ...
Acrachne racemosa (B. Heyne. ex Roem. & Schult.) Ohwi of the subfamily Chloridoideae of the family Poaceae is an economically important grass species. Grasses are characterized by deposits of silica in the cells or tissues in the form of phytoliths which protect them from various types of biotic and abiotic stresses. Owing to variable shape and specificity of morphotypes, phytolith helps in taxonomical studies, reconstruction of paleoenvironments and prediction of climate changes. The present study focussed on developing a phytolith profile of the selected species. For isolation of phytolith, Dry Ashing Method was employed, and by epidermal peeling, in-situ location of phytoliths was deciphered. In the present study, silica percentage was studied from different parts of the plant and the maximum amount was found in the leaf. Frequency and morphometric data of phytolith morphotypes from different parts of the plants were also collected and analyzed. The strongest correlation was found between phytolith types of root and culm by Pearson’s correlation coefficient supported by cluster analysis. The saddle type of phytoliths had the highest frequency in the leaf; other types of phytoliths in different parts of the plant were bilobate, blocky types, elongate types, trapezoids, triangular, cross, sinuate elongate, tabular types, globular types. Functional groups and amorphous polymorphic phases of silica were also analyzed by FTIR and XRD. It was concluded that phytolith types are controlled by parts of plant body and by anatomical and environmental factors.
... The study of the epidermis of the leaves in specifying the types of variability between plant species has led to help in knowing and identifying the species according to the study which has been done by Ogie-Odia et al. (2010). Also, Stenglein et al. (2003) explained that the most important classification tools for many plants families are the anatomical characteristics, which show leaves epidermis such as stomata, long cells and varying shapes and sizes of silica bodies, as they help in the diagnosis of species. ...
... Since the epidermal cells of the Gramineae family have higher variability than the rest of the plant families (Chaudhari et al., 2014), based on Ogie-Odia et al. (2010) and Desai and Raole (2013). ...
... Therefore, the study of the Epidermis of the leaves helps to identify patterns of variability in plant species, which helps to identify or identify species, according to Ogie-Odia et al. (2010). In spite of the study, Cutler et al. (2007), the epidermis leaf distinct for two types of cells, they are long cells and short cells. ...
The research in this paper includes Anatomical studies for some genera of the tribe Agrostidea in Iraq, which are: Agrostis
olympica (Boss.) Bor, Apera intermedia Hack, Gastridium ventricosum (Gouan) Schinz and Thell.
Anatomical characters of leaves epidermisare studied and the importance of their taxonomies are discussed. Different kinds
of cells are recognized in the epidermis, which are long-cells, short cells, stomatal complex and epidermal trichomes. The
characteristic features of these cells show an important taxonomic value on both generic and species levels such as Aperainter
media.
Transverse sections of the vegetative organs have been studied and their characters are found to have a taxonomic importance
especially in the arrangement and distribution of parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissue and the existence of keel or not. The
shape of keel in Agrostis olympica has V shape in addition the presence of sclerenchyma tissue in the edge of transvers
section of the leaf blade.
... The study of the epidermis of the leaves in specifying the types of variability between plant species has led to help in knowing and identifying the species according to the study which has been done by Ogie-Odia et al. (2010). Also, Stenglein et al. (2003) explained that the most important classification tools for many plants families are the anatomical characteristics, which show leaves epidermis such as stomata, long cells and varying shapes and sizes of silica bodies, as they help in the diagnosis of species. ...
... Since the epidermal cells of the Gramineae family have higher variability than the rest of the plant families (Chaudhari et al., 2014), based on Ogie-Odia et al. (2010) and Desai and Raole (2013). ...
... Therefore, the study of the Epidermis of the leaves helps to identify patterns of variability in plant species, which helps to identify or identify species, according to Ogie-Odia et al. (2010). In spite of the study, Cutler et al. (2007), the epidermis leaf distinct for two types of cells, they are long cells and short cells. ...
The research in this paper includes Anatomical studies for some genera of the tribe Agrostidea in Iraq, which are: Agrostis olympica (Boss.) Bor, Apera intermedia Hack, Gastridium ventricosum (Gouan) Schinz and Thell. Anatomical characters of leaves epidermisare studied and the importance of their taxonomies are discussed. Different kinds of cells are recognized in the epidermis, which are long-cells, short cells, stomatal complex and epidermal trichomes. The characteristic features of these cells show an important taxonomic value on both generic and species levels such as Aperainter media. Transverse sections of the vegetative organs have been studied and their characters are found to have a taxonomic importance especially in the arrangement and distribution of parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissue and the existence of keel or not. The shape of keel in Agrostis olympica has V shape in addition the presence of sclerenchyma tissue in the edge of transvers section of the leaf blade.
... The study of the epidermis of the leaves in specifying the types of variability between plant species has led to help in knowing and identifying the species according to the study which has been done by Ogie-Odia et al. (2010). Also, Stenglein et al. (2003) explained that the most important classification tools for many plants families are the anatomical characteristics, which show leaves epidermis such as stomata, long cells and varying shapes and sizes of silica bodies, as they help in the diagnosis of species. ...
... Since the epidermal cells of the Gramineae family have higher variability than the rest of the plant families (Chaudhari et al., 2014), based on Ogie-Odia et al. (2010) and Desai and Raole (2013). ...
... Therefore, the study of the Epidermis of the leaves helps to identify patterns of variability in plant species, which helps to identify or identify species, according to Ogie-Odia et al. (2010). In spite of the study, Cutler et al. (2007), the epidermis leaf distinct for two types of cells, they are long cells and short cells. ...
The research in this paper includes Anatomical studies for some genera of the tribe Agrostidea in Iraq, which are: Agrostis olympica (Boss.) Bor, Apera intermedia Hack, Gastridium ventricosum (Gouan) Schinz and Thell. Anatomical characters of leaves epidermisare studied and the importance of their taxonomies are discussed. Different kinds of cells are recognized in the epidermis, which are long-cells, short cells, stomatal complex and epidermal trichomes. The characteristic features of these cells show an important taxonomic value on both generic and species levels such as Aperainter media. Transverse sections of the vegetative organs have been studied and their characters are found to have a taxonomic importance especially in the arrangement and distribution of parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissue and the existence of keel or not. The shape of keel in Agrostis olympica has V shape in addition the presence of sclerenchyma tissue in the edge of transvers section of the leaf blade.
... The epidermal cells were almost evenly distributed between the adaxial and abaxial epidermes; the epidermal surfaces were glabrous without trichome but the presence of papillae characterized both epidermal surfaces but their presence was more on the abaxial surfaces. Ogie-Odia [27] gave the description of papillae as the simplest of trichomes, characterized by wall projection followed by the protoplast of epidermal cells. However, the precise function of the papillae is not clear and the need to extensively investigate the function of papillae on plant epidermes was reiterated by De Oliveira and Miglioranza [28]. ...
... Estudos da anatomia das lâminas foliares de Paspalum têm sido conduzidos no sentido de auxiliar trabalhos taxonômicos de revisões dos grupos informais do gênero (Aliscioni & Arriaga, 1998;Morrone, Vega & Zuloaga, 1996;Morrone, Denham & Zuloaga, 2004) ou simplesmente descrições morfológicas e anatômicas (Aliscioni & Denhan, 2008;Baréa et al. 2006;Camacho de Torres, Rodriguez & Guevara, 1999;Ogie-Odia et al., 2010;Scheffer-Basso, Rodrigues & Bordignon, 2002). As gramíneas forrageiras são a base da alimentação de ruminantes no Brasil, por isso, estudos que avaliem a variação nas características morfológicas e de composição química desta fonte de alimento auxiliam o sistema pecuário. ...
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de utilização de lâminas foliares da gramínea tropical Paspalum spp. para o consumo animal por meio das características morfofisiológicas, da anatomia quantitativa e das características químicas. O experimento foi realizado no período de agosto de 2009 a junho de 2010, no município de Dourados -MS. Foram avaliadas oito espécies de Paspalum spp., sendo as sementes cedidas pela Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. As médias das características foram agrupadas pelo teste Scott-Knott. Foram evidenciados genótipos com potencial para forrageamento. Paspalum malacophyllum destacou-se em relação às características morfofisiológicas, químicas e anatômicas. Para as características anatômicas com proporções de tecidos de maior qualidade, o genótipo Paspalum glaucescens também se destacou, apresentando altas proporções de mesofilo e bainha parenquimática dos feixes. As avaliações anatômicas de lâminas foliares de Paspalum spp. indicaram importantes diferenças entre os genótipos quanto à proporção e à composição de tecidos.
... Many of these attributes have been found to be diagnostic at generic or specific levels while others are important only in combination of other characters. This fact is illustrated in the works of Stace (1984), Ogundipe and Olatunji (1991), Nwokeocha (1996), Jayeola et al. (2001), Adedeji and Faluyi (2001), Adedeji and Illoh (2004), Kadiri et al. (2005), Ayodele and Olowokudejo (2006), Adedeji and Jewoola (2008), Ogie-Oda et al. (2010), Adedeji (2011), Munir et al. (2011), Adeniji and Ariwaodo (2012), Thakur and Patil (2014). The outcome of these works is a better understanding of the taxonomy of the taxa involved. ...
Twenty-nine accessions of Oryza punctata Kotschy ex Steud, from local and other African habitats were studied to establish the attributes that can delineate the two ploidy levels based on agro-botanical, foliar epidermal and nodal anatomical characteristics. The diploid plants of O. punctata are early-maturing annuals with a small biomass, while the tetraploids are large, vigorous perennials. From the anatomical and morphological traits: the diploids have narrower leaves (0.95 - 1.36 cm wide) than the tetraploids (1.9 - 2.3 cm); the culms of diploids are generally thin (0.28 - 0.35 cm in diameter) compared to the tetraploids (0.37 - 0.57 cm); the diploids have longer spikelets (6.20 - 7.04 mm) with length/breadth > 3; longer awns (52 - 86 mm) than the tetraploids (20 - 31 mm). The basal cells of microhairs in the diploids are about twice the length of apical cells, but only slightly longer than the apical cells in the tetraploids; prickle hairs are sparse in the intercostal zone of diploids, but abundant in tetraploids; short cells are paired and abundant in the intercostal zone of diploids, but sparse and solitary in the tetraploids. These indices delineated the ploidy levels and are reliable for use as identification aids.
... It is believed that kodo was probably first harvested as a weed alongside other cereals like rice, perhaps leading to multiple domestication events of the millet across its current range (de Wet et al., 1983b). This practice continues in parts of Africa where the weed is also sometimes harvested during famine (de Wet et al., 1983b;Neumann et al., 1996;Ogie-Odia et al., 2010). In Africa, kodo is referred to as black rice or bird's grass (M'Ribu and Hilu, 1996). ...
Small millets are nutrient-rich food sources traditionally grown and consumed by subsistence farmers in Asia and Africa. They include finger millet (Eleusine coracana), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum), proso millet (Panicum miliaceum), barnyard millet (Echinochloa spp.), and little millet (Panicum sumatrense). Local farmers value the small millets for their nutritional and health benefits, tolerance to extreme stress including drought, and ability to grow under low nutrient input conditions, ideal in an era of climate change and steadily depleting natural resources. Little scientific attention has been paid to these crops, hence they have been termed “orphan cereals.” Despite this challenge, an advantageous quality of the small millets is that they continue to be grown in remote regions of the world which has preserved their biodiversity, providing breeders with unique alleles for crop improvement. The purpose of this review, first, is to highlight the diverse traits of each small millet species that are valued by farmers and consumers which hold potential for selection, improvement or mechanistic study. For each species, the germplasm, genetic and genomic resources available will then be described as potential tools to exploit this biodiversity. The review will conclude with noting current trends and gaps in the literature and make recommendations on how to better preserve and utilize diversity within these species to accelerate a New Green Revolution for subsistence farmers in Asia and Africa.
