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... let us consider Proposition 2b. Figure 3 represents two value functions that differ only on the value of the loss aversion parameter λ. The gain function is unaffected by the parameter λ, and the two loss functions l 0 and l 1 on Figure 3 correspond respectively to λ = λ 0 and λ = λ 1 > λ 0 . ...
Context 2
... let us consider Proposition 2b. Figure 3 represents two value functions that differ only on the value of the loss aversion parameter λ. The gain function is unaffected by the parameter λ, and the two loss functions l 0 and l 1 on Figure 3 correspond respectively to λ = λ 0 and λ = λ 1 > λ 0 . The gain G 0 * is such that a decision maker with a loss aversion parameter λ 0 is indifferent between integration and segregation, i.e., ...
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... Most prominently, loss aversion is lower for experts (Abdellaoui, Bleichrodt, & Kammoun, 2013) or if losses are faced more frequently (van Oest, 2013). Loss aversion is also reduced following recent gains (Barberis, Huang, & Santos, 2001) or if greater attention is attributed to the gain (Jarnebrant, 2012). Finally, loss aversion decreases with the size of the outcomes (Bleichrodt & Pinto, 2000;Kahneman & Tversky, 1979). ...
Incentives guide human behavior by altering the level of external motivation. We apply the idea of loss aversion from prospect theory (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979) to the point reward systems in soccer and investigate the controversial impact of the three-point rule on reducing the fraction of draws in this sport. Making use of the Poisson nature of goal scoring, we compared empirical results with theoretically deduced draw ratios from 24 countries encompassing 20 seasons each (N = 118.148 matches). The rule change yielded a slight reduction in the ratio of draws, but despite adverse incentives, still 18% more matches ended drawn than expected, t(23) = 11.04, p < .001, d = 2.25, consistent with prospect theory assertions. Alternative point systems that manipulated incentives for losses yielded reductions at or below statistical expectation. This provides support for the deduced concept of how arbitrary aims, such as the reduction of draws in the world's soccer leagues, could be more effectively accomplished than currently attempted.
