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The Internet of Things (IoT) is the future technology, whose glimpses are already visible in various fields today. IoT promises a connection of about 50 billion devices in the near future to enhance data sharing and analysis between many otherwise independent modules. Smart sensors, smart antennas, and intelligent processors form the backbone of Io...
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A compact multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna is proposed with dual‐mode pattern diversity. A two‐port antenna with a single radiator is designed based on the composite right/left‐handed transmission‐line (CRLH‐TL) theory. An omnidirectional radiation pattern is excited by the port 1, while a directional radiation pattern is excited by th...
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... Antennas are fundamental elements within communication modules, ideal for integration into devices for future technologies within the IoT, that require wireless access, efficient communication with miniaturized designs, and low power consumption [363] . DLW can benefit the fabrication of such communication elements, by engineering several conductive materials with considerate form factors, which can be advantageous to meet many requirements, including modulated antenna designs and assemblies for specific applications, optimization of response and signal transmission, and easy incorporation with other functional elements. ...
Direct Laser Writing (DLW) has been increasingly selected as a microfabrication route for efficient, cost‐effective, high‐resolution material synthesis and conversion. Concurrently, lasers participate in the patterning and assembly of functional geometries in several fields of application, of which electronics stand out. In this review, recent advances and strategies based on DLW for electronics microfabrication are surveyed and outlined, based on laser material growth strategies. First, the main DLW parameters influencing material synthesis and transformation mechanisms are summarized, aimed at selective, tailored writing of conductive and semiconducting materials. Additive and transformative DLW processing mechanisms are discussed, to open space to explore several categories of materials directly synthesized or transformed for electronics microfabrication. These include metallic conductors, metal oxides, transition metal chalcogenides and carbides, laser‐induced graphene, and their mixtures. By accessing a wide range of material types, DLW‐based electronic applications are explored, including processing components, energy harvesting and storage, sensing, and bioelectronics. The expanded capability of lasers to participate in multiple fabrication steps at different implementation levels, from material engineering to device processing, indicates their future applicability to next‐generation electronics, where more accessible, green microfabrication approaches integrate lasers as comprehensive tools.
... Communication systems must be compact and energy efficient, supporting various technologies, increased coverage, higher speed, ultra-low latency, and massive connections [1]. Communication technology experienced a massive leap into its next-generation counterpart with the advent of various antennas. ...
The article proposes a broadband dual-port planar multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna for the lower sub-6 GHz band (1.67 GHz to 3.15 GHz) applications. The simple structure of the MIMO antenna system consists of a semi-annular ring-shaped patch with a covering cap-like structure connected with two symmetrical L-shaped like structures. A partial ground with a rectangular mesh-like structure at the centre is designed and the same rectangular mesh has been added as the parasitic element with the driven patch to attain circular polarization and enhanced isolation. The miniaturized dimensions of the two-port MIMO antenna system are 0.28 λ0 × 0.54 λ0. The suggested two-port MIMO antenna offers a wider impedance bandwidth (IBW) of 61.41% around the versatile resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz. The proposed MIMO also depicts a minimum isolation of 26 dB with an edge-to-edge spacing of 0.19 λ0. An axial ratio bandwidth of 280 MHz is attained between 2.36 GHz and 2.64 GHz. The proposed antenna shows good IBW with excellent isolation, along with good radiation and MIMO diversity characteristics to operate at 2.4 GHz with circular polarization. The designed MIMO antenna can be utilized for IoT and modern mobile wireless applications as the broad bandwidth covers various IoT communication protocol frequencies such as 1.8 GHz (NB-IoT) and 2.4 GHz (Wireless LAN).
... Due to their superiority in beam steering, data capacity augmentation, and diversity properties, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output systems herald the future of modern communication technology. [13][14] The integration of several radiating elements in constrained areas while guaranteeing strong isolation and minimal correlation between closely spaced antenna components provide tremendous obstacles in the creation of a state-of-the-art MIMO system. Additionally, supporting lower WLAN bands may have an influence on antenna size, necessitating wise design decisions, such as sufficient spacing between radiation elements to prevent reciprocal coupling. ...
The research presents a new type of antenna that makes use of MIMO technology, which employs multiple antennas for signal transmission and reception. This antenna also features a defective ground structure, a patterned ground plane that is frequently utilized to boost an antenna's performance. Adding or altering the ground plane patterns can enhance the antenna's performance. In order to improve antenna performance, a variety of designs, including rectangular and asymmetrical shapes, are being investigated, indicating a flexible method of antenna design optimization. The following features apply to the proposed MIMO antenna: 60 x 60 mm2 in size, two ports are present. Operating Band: 1-6 GHz, Gain: 6.40 dBi, Return Loss (RL): -30.06 dB. The antenna is made to work in the 1-6 GHz frequency band, which includes a large variety of wireless communication frequencies. It specifically indicates appropriateness for WLAN frequencies such as 1.2 GHz, 2.4 GHz, 5.2 GHz, and 5.98 GHz that are used in IoT applications. A single radiating element with two slits and enhanced rectangular patches are features of the antenna's design. It can support sub-6 GHz WLAN bands as a result, making it appropriate for IoT applications that use these frequencies. In this research, a MIMO antenna with a DGS is shown. It has good performance characteristics, such as a broad operating band and applicability for IoT applications in different WLAN frequency bands. This antenna design might be useful for wireless communication systems needing multiport capabilities and increased performance. URN:NBN:sciencein.jist.2024.v12.768
... Compared to the traditional communication solutions, MIMO systems are the future of present-day communication technology despite its additional cost and complexity. The three significant features of MIMO, which makes it unique and popular are its beam steering capability, the enhanced data capacity, and the diversity characteristics [12,13]. The major challenge faced in the modern-day MIMO design are in integrating multiple radiating elements in limited space with good isolation and attaining a low correlation between the closely placed antenna elements. ...
... For a given transmitted power (P t ) radiated by proposed antenna, the received power (P r ) is being measured and the plot of R 2 verses P t /P r gives a straight line with slope equal to ½ðλ/4πÞ 2 G r G t as per Equation (12). As the receiving antenna is standard Yagi-Uda antenna so its gain (G r ) is known whereas the gain of transmitting antenna is easily obtained from the gain plot of the proposed antenna. ...
A compact, dual-port, triband MIMO antenna is designed and tested for three sub-6 GHz WLAN bands for IoT applications. The size and performance of the antenna make it versatile for the emerging IoT applications communicating using the 2.4 GHz, 5.2 GHz, and 5.8 GHz WLAN frequencies. The single radiating element of antenna geometry includes a pair of modified and optimized rectangular patches. A complimentary split ring resonator (CSRR) structure is incorporated in the ground plane as a defect (defected ground structure) to attain the third operational band. The orientation of the elements, orthogonally arranged, along with DGS, enhances the isolation between the radiating elements keeping it below 18 dB throughout the three operating frequency bands. The size of the final antenna is as small as 0.32 λ 0 × 0.32 λ 0 mm2 build on commercially available and cheap FR4 substrate of thickness 1.5748 mm. A peak gain of 7.17 dBi is attained for the proposed MIMO system. This MIMO antenna also satisfies the diversity parameter requirements including DG > 9.8 , ECC < 0.5 , TARC < − 10 dB, and CCL < 0.5 bits/s/Hz. This makes the proposed antenna a good candidate for IoT applications employing WLAN frequencies.
... 3 Smart sensors, smart antennas, and intelligent processors represent the backbone of IoT technology. 4 Apart from the sophisticated sensing and processing platforms, the choice of an appropriate antenna systems is particularly critical for the successful implementation of the IoT solutions, as this component is responsible for sending/receiving the information generated by any source/sensor to the processing tools of the IoT. 4 Several antenna designs that address specific IoT application challenges at different frequencies have been proposed. The reported solutions include compact and low-profile multistandard antenna designs with wide frequency coverage in the sub-6 GHz bands such as inverted-F antennas, loop antennas, and monopole antennas. ...
... 4 Apart from the sophisticated sensing and processing platforms, the choice of an appropriate antenna systems is particularly critical for the successful implementation of the IoT solutions, as this component is responsible for sending/receiving the information generated by any source/sensor to the processing tools of the IoT. 4 Several antenna designs that address specific IoT application challenges at different frequencies have been proposed. The reported solutions include compact and low-profile multistandard antenna designs with wide frequency coverage in the sub-6 GHz bands such as inverted-F antennas, loop antennas, and monopole antennas. ...
One of the essential issues in modern advanced materials science is to design and manufacture flexible devices, in particular in the framework of the Internet of Things (IoT), to improve integration into applications. An antenna is an essential component of wireless communication modules and, in addition to flexibility, compact dimensions, printability, low cost, and environmentally friendlier production strategies, also represent relevant functional challenges. Concerning the antenna's performance, the optimization of the reflection coefficient and maximum range remain the key goals. In this context, this work reports on screen-printed paper@Ag-based antennas and optimizes their functional properties, with improvements in the reflection coefficient (S11) from -8 to -56 dB and maximum transmission range from 208 to 256 m, with the introduction of a PVA-Fe3O4@Ag magnetoactive layer into the antenna's structure. The incorporated magnetic nanostructures allow the optimization of the functional features of antennas with possible applications ranging from broadband arrays to portable wireless devices. In parallel, the use of printing technologies and sustainable materials represents a step toward more sustainable electronics.
... While designing an antenna, the efficiency of the antenna is seen to be decreasing due to finite metal conductivity, which is an after-effect of miniaturization. There will be a tradeoff between miniaturization and radiation efficiency, and both of them are important parameters for good performance of any antenna used in IoT systems [6,7]. ...
Printed Antennas discusses the latest advances such as the Internet of Things for antenna applications, device-to-device communication, satellite communication, and wearable textile antenna in the field of communication. It further presents methods and techniques used for the enhancement of the performance parameters of the microstrip antenna and covers the design of conformal and miniaturized antenna structures for various applications. It will serve as an ideal reference text for senior undergraduates, graduate students, and researchers in fields including electrical engineering, electronics and communications engineering, and computer engineering.
... The Internet of Things (IoT) technology has been gaining a lot of popularity recently. IoT is nothing but a connected chain of a huge number of heterogeneous devices over the Internet [1,2]. A final communication standard has not yet been defined for IoT systems. ...
... The value of this parameter is desired around 10 and above 9.95. The equation for theoretical calculation of DG is given in (2). The DG for the proposed MIMO antenna is above 9.99. ...
Compact antenna with good performance characteristics is always preferred for small IoT (Internet of Things) sensor nodes. The novelty of this proposed work is not in terms of design but in terms of application as Log-Periodic antennas has been so far used for UHF/VHF (Ultra High Frequency/Very High Frequency) and TV reception applications, and in this paper, the advantages of Log-Periodic structure have been exploited for IoT applications. This antenna design consists of two Log-Periodic like structured radiating elements on an FR4 substrate of 1.6 mm thickness. The compact antenna of size of 15 mm x 17 mm covers a bandwidth ranging from 2.01 GHz to 4.04 GHz including the WiMAX (2.3 GHz-2.4 GHz, 2.5 GHz-2.7 GHz and 3.4 GHz-3.6 GHz) and WLAN (2.4 GHz and 3.6 GHz) frequency bands. This system employs Defected Ground Structure (DGS) technique to obtain the required range of bandwidth of operation, for improving the isolation and obtaining mutual coupling suppression between the two individual elements. This miniaturized cheap antenna has a very low ECC (Envelope Correlation Coefficient) value and all other MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) parameters in acceptable range. The isolation obtained over the entire range of operation is below -30 dB, and the performance efficiency is as good as 92.8% with a maximum gain of 2.9 dB. The simulated and measured results of the antenna system are also found to be in good agreement. The MIMO system can be considered as a good candidate for medium range IoT applications for its small size and good performance.
