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Various basic densities and wood chemical components
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Relations between various extracted basic densities and wood chemical components were investigated by their within-tree variations
in Eucalyptus globulus for assistance in the prediction of the properties of wood or wood-derived products. Extraneous compounds affect the relations
between various basic densities and wood chemical components such as...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... properties are summarized in Table 1, and the corre- lations of various extracted basic densities and wood chemi- cal components sought by their within-tree variations are summarized in Table 2. Within-tree variation of each wood property was observed as in Table 1, and the correlation coefficients were obtained from the combined data of two individuals because the relation of wood properties did not depend on between-tree variation but depended on only the values of the wood properties. 14 Basic density did not relate to holocellulose, although it significantly related to a-cellulose (positive, +), hemicellu- lose (negative, -), and lignin (-). ...
Context 2
... properties are summarized in Table 1, and the corre- lations of various extracted basic densities and wood chemi- cal components sought by their within-tree variations are summarized in Table 2. Within-tree variation of each wood property was observed as in Table 1, and the correlation coefficients were obtained from the combined data of two individuals because the relation of wood properties did not depend on between-tree variation but depended on only the values of the wood properties. 14 Basic density did not relate to holocellulose, although it significantly related to a-cellulose (positive, +), hemicellu- lose (negative, -), and lignin (-). ...
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ABSTRACT
Plant biomass is one of the major renewable raw material sources on earth.It is composed of carbohydrates and
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Citations
... They have almost the same proportion of mature wood since the cellulose content does not differ. Furthermore, Ona et al. (1998) reported that the specific gravity of wood is positively correlated with cellulose content. The ...
... Analisis t-student dengan selang kepercayaan 99% menyatakan bahwa kadar lignin klason berbeda sangat nyata pada masing-masing jenis kayu (Tabel 2). Kadar lignin klason yang diperoleh hampir sama dengan yang terdapat pada kayu A. mangium (Yahya et al. 2010), namun lebih tinggi dibanding E. globulus (Ona et al. 1998). Berdasarkan kelas komponen kimia kayu Indonesia, kadar lignin klason kayu sepetir dan nyatoh tergolong sedang (18-33%), sedangkan kayu pisang putih tergolong tinggi (>33%). ...
... Analisis t-student dengan selang kepercayaan 99% juga menunjukkan bahwa kadar holoselulosa berbeda sangat nyata pada masing-masing jenis kayu (Tabel 2). Kadar holoselulosa yang diperoleh hampir sama dengan yang terdapat pada A. mangium (Yahya et al. 2010), namun lebih rendah dibanding E. globulus (Ona et al. 1998). Dalam aplikasi di industri pulp dan kertas, tingginya kandungan holoselulosa sangat diharapkan karena akan menghasilkan rendemen pulp yang tinggi (Yahya et al. 2010). ...
... Analisis t-student dengan selang kepercayaan 99% menunjukkan bahwa kadar alphaselulosa berbeda sangat nyata pada masing-masing jenis kayu (Tabel 2). Kadar alphaselulosa yang diperoleh lebih tinggi dibanding pada A. mangium dan E. globulus (Ona et al. 1998;Yahya et al. 2010). Besarnya nilai alphaselulosa diperlukan dalam pembuatan kertas saring "whatman", selulosa nitrit, karboksil metil selulosa dan selulosa xantat (Fengel dan Wegener 1995). ...
Chemical, mechanical, and natural durability properties of three lesser-used wood species from North Kalimantan, namely nyatoh (Palaquium lanceolatum), pisang putih (Mezzettia leptopoda), and sepetir (Sindora wallichii) woods,were analyzed to seek the interrelationships amongthem and give an overview related to their utilization. The results showed that pH values of three wood species were categorized into moderate to weak acid levels. The extractive contentsin hot and cold water as well as in NaOH 1% of sepetir wood were higher than those of nyatoh and pisang putih woods. In contrast, the solubility in ethanol-benzene of nyatoh wood was the highest. The ash content in the three wood species were categorized intomedium level. Lignin contents in sepetir and nyatoh woods were classified as moderate, while lignin content in pisang putih wood was high. Holocellulose and hemicellulose contentsin sepetir wood were higher than those in nyatoh and pisang putih woods, whereas alpha cellulose in sepetir wood was the lowest. MOE values of the three wood species were classified as strength class of IV‒V, while MOR and compression parallel to the grain were classified as strength class of IV. The hardness value of nyatoh wood was higher than that of other woods.The durability of the three wood species was classified into poor (low durable). The relationship between chemical characteristics and mechanical properties of wood was primarily influenced by its major components (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin), whereas natural durability was influenced by its minor components (extractives and inorganic materials).
Keywords: lesser-used wood species, mechanical properties, natural durability, parameters interrelationship, wood chemical characteristics
... Cuando la pared de la fibra es más gruesa, los contenidos de holocelulosa y celulosa incrementan y el contenido de la lignina decrece. La densidad, por lo tanto, refleja la morfología de la fibra en función de los contenidos de lignina y celulosa (Toshihiro et al., 1998). De otro lado, Londoño et al., (2002) encontraron para culmos de guadua que en los entrenudos más bajos (4 a 12) el espesor de la pared es mucho mayor, aunque no así el contenido de fibra y la densidad. ...
Culmos de la especie de bambú guadua (Guadua angustifolia Kunth) obtenidos de bosques naturales dominados por esta especie y localizados en dos sitios con condiciones ecológicas diferentes, fueron evaluados para determinar cambios en propiedades fisicomecánicas y lignina. Las probetas evaluadas fueron tomadas de culmos en diferente estado madurez cuya edad oscilaba entre 1 y 5 años. Dentro de cada sitio, los valores de las propiedades evaluadas tienden a ser más altos en edades mayores, pero no siempre estas diferencias fueron significativas (p>0.05). Mientras que aquellos culmos que provenían del sitio localizado a menor altitud, más cálido y más seco mostraron valores significativamente mayores (p<0.05) para las variables evaluadas. Con base en los resultados obtenidos, se debe considerar que aunque la madurez de los culmos es relevante para la definición de propiedades físico-mecánicas y lignina, las condiciones de sitio representan cambios que deben ser considerados cuando se quiere hacer una selección de los mismos y de ciertos atributos que son requeridos en el mercado.
... and Acacia spp. [8,10,23] Wood with low extractive content is preferable for pulpwood, because extractives in wood affect the pulp and paper end-products by producing color substances [5,6,9] and consuming pulp chemicals. In general, the presence of extraneous materials in wood reduces pulp yield, and the substances require cooking chemicals for their removal. ...
... and Acacia spp. [8,11,23,24] Their α-cellulose contents were higher than those of Acacia spp. [8,11,27] The mean values of total lignin content in terap, medang, and balik angin were 29.7, 25.0, and 24.6%, respectively. ...
... Pulp yield values of the common pulpwoods by the kraft process have been reported. [12,14,[21][22][23]25] The pulp yields of E. camaldulensis and E. globulus planted in Western Australia were 37.3 and 49.6%, respectively, [5] and those of E. globulus planted in Portugal were 49.0-58.7%. [25] The pulp yield of A. melanoxylon planted in Portugal was 47.9-55.0% ...
This study aimed to identify fast-growing tree species suitable for pulpwood obtained from a secondary forest in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Chemical and pulp properties were determined for terap (Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex Blume), medang (Neolitsea latifolia (Blume) S. Moore), and balik angin (Alphitonia excelsa (Fenzel) Reissek ex Benth). The mean values of ethanol-toluene extract and total lignin contents in terap, medang, and balik angin were 1.5 and 29.7, 2.1 and 25.0, and 3.0 and 24.6%, respectively. A significant negative correlation (r = −0.573) was obtained between lignin content and pulp yield, suggesting that low lignin content in these woods leads to high kraft pulp yields. On the basis of these results, it can be considered that medang and balik angin woods are promising raw materials for bleached pulp, whereas terap wood is suitable for unbleached pulp.
... For the same trees at 18 years of age in the first rotation, the range of wood density was between 563 and 594 kg m -3 , with an average of 582 kg m -3 (Miranda et al. 2003). These values are within the range (425-668 kg m -3 ) reported for the wood basic density of E. globulus trees at harvest age for pulping of 9-15 years in the first rotation (Ona et al. 1998, Miranda et al. 2001a, 2001b, Quilhó & Pereira 2001, Raymond & Muneri 2001, Callister & England 2010, Hamilton et al. 2010, Stackpole et al. 2010. ...
Coppiced Eucalyptus globulus trees with 18 years of age and in a second rotation were analysed in relation to wood and bark density in a spacing trial with five initial plant densities. A total of 25 stumps, with a variable number of stems per stump, from one to three, were analysed. A comparison was made to the previous first rotation single stem trees, also harvested at 18 years of age. The average wood basic density at breast height of the eucalypt coppiced trees was 567 kg m-3, with lower wood density for the closest spacings. The wood of coppiced Eucalyptus globulus trees was 2.5% less dense than that of the single stem trees in the first rotation (average 582 kg m-3). Within the tree, the wood density decreased from stump level to breast height level and then gradually increased until 11.3 m and then decreased slightly. The bark density was, on average, 473 kg m-3, ranging from 455 to 487 kg m-3. The mean bark density was comparable to the bark density in the first rotation. The average bark content was 17.4% of the stem volume, providing 25 to 52 ton ha-1. Compared to the first rotation, the average tree volume in the coppice was lower because the individual trees were smaller by 40 to 66%, while the estimated volume production per ha of the coppice was 1.1 to 1.8 times more due to the increased number of trees that were left in each stump.
... ) . Pseudotsuga menziesii es un árbol de importancia eco - nómica forestal , por la calidad de su madera y usos múl - tiples en la construcción y mueblería , por ser una especie de rápido crecimiento y resistente a climas fríos ( INFOR - CONAF 1998 , Quiroz y Rojas 2003 ) . Estas cualidades han llevado a esta conífera a ser plantada en varios países del mundo , donde P . ...
... gaeumannii en un amplio rango de edades de las plantaciones genera un riesgo en la productividad de P . menziesii , considerando que es una de las especies emergentes para los programas de diversificación forestal del país , y podrían generarse pérdidas volumétricas y eco - nómicas considerables ( INFOR - CONAF 1998 , Kimberley et al . 2011 ) . ...
En bosques templados lluviosos (> 600 m s.n.m.) de Sudamérica la bambúcea Chusquea culeou (colihue) es la especie dominante del sotobosque. Su floración y muerte puede generar una oportunidad para el establecimiento o crecimiento de la regeneración arbórea, especialmente en claros del dosel. En este estudio fue evaluado el efecto de esta alteración endógena sobre el establecimiento de especies arbóreas y el crecimiento de la regeneración avanzada en claros de dos bosques primarios -uno dominado por Nothofagus dombeyi-Saxegothaea conspicua-Dasyphyllum diacantoides y el otro dominado por Araucaria araucana-Nothofagus-, ubicados en la cordillera andina del centro-sur de Chile. En cada bosque (San Pablo de Tregua y Quetrupillán), entre los años 2001-2003 se registró el establecimiento del colihue post-floración y los cambios demográficos y el crecimiento de la regeneración arbórea en claros con colihue vivo y muerto. En ambos bosques, la mortalidad de la regeneración avanzada fue superior en claros con colihue muerto. Solamente en San Pablo de Tregua el crecimiento en altura de Saxegothaea conspicua fue mayor en claros con colihue muerto. El establecimiento de individuos post-floración fue bajo, sin presentar diferencias entre condiciones. El reclutamiento de plántulas de colihue fue superior en claros con colihue muerto en ambos bosques, siendo el patrón más claro de respuesta ante el evento de su propia muerte. La muerte del colihue puede favorecer el crecimiento de la regeneración avanzada pero sin representar una gran oportunidad para el establecimiento de especies arbóreas en estos bosques.
... Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo se oponen a lo reportado por Tsoumis (1991) que indica que la densidad se ve afectada positivamente (en menor o mayor grado) por la presencia de grandes cantidades de extraíbles. Por el contrario, Ona et al. (1997Ona et al. ( , 1998 determinan que los extraíbles afectan negativamente la densidad básica en base a la madera libre de extraíbles de Eucalyptus globulus Labil. y E. camaldulensis Dehn. ...
Respuesta inicial de la regeneración arbórea luego de la floración y muerte de Chusquea culeou (Poaceae) en bosques andinos del centro-sur de Chile Early response of tree regeneration after Chusquea culeou (Bambuceae) dieback in Andean old-growth forests of south-central Chile SUMMARY In temperate rainforests at mid-elevation (> 600 m a.s.l.) in South-America the Chusquea culeou bamboo (colihue) is the dominant understory species and potentially can impede tree regeneration. Dieback of colihue subsequent to its gregarious flowering may result in an opportunity for tree establishment or growth release of previously suppressed juvenile trees, especially in canopy gaps. In this research we evaluated the bamboo dieback effect on tree species establishment and advance regeneration growth in two old-growth forests. The first forest is dominated by Nothofagus dombeyi-Saxegothaea-conspicua-Dasyphyllum diacantoides and the second is dominated by Araucaria araucana-Nothofagus, located in the Andean Cordillera of south-central Chile. In each forest (San Pablo de Tregua and Quetrupillán) following the gregarious flowering and dieback of colihue, between 2001 and 2003, we recorded new establishment of colihue and tree demographic changes and growth of advance regeneration in gaps with live versus dead colihue. In both forests the mortality of the advance regeneration was higher in gaps with dead colihue. Only in San Pablo was the height growth of Saxegothaea conspicua higher in gaps with dead colihue. New tree establishment did not show differences between flowered and non-flowered conditions. The recruitment of colihue seedlings was higher in gaps with dead colihue in both forests, being the clearest pattern of response to this dieback event. Overall, similar to other studies, the colihue dieback results in growth of advance regeneration, but it did not represent a major opportunity for new tree establishment in these forests. RESUMEN En bosques templados lluviosos (> 600 m s.n.m.) de Sudamérica la bambúcea Chusquea culeou (colihue) es la especie dominante del sotobosque. Su floración y muerte puede generar una oportunidad para el establecimiento o crecimiento de la regeneración arbórea, especialmente en claros del dosel. En este estudio fue evaluado el efecto de esta alteración endógena sobre el establecimiento de especies arbóreas y el crecimiento de la regeneración avanzada en claros de dos bosques primarios-uno dominado por Nothofagus dombeyi-Saxegothaea conspicua-Dasyphyllum diacantoides y el otro dominado por Araucaria araucana-Nothofagus-, ubicados en la cordillera andina del centro-sur de Chile. En cada bosque (San Pablo de Tregua y Quetrupillán), entre los años 2001-2003 se registró el establecimiento del colihue post-floración y los cambios demográficos y el crecimiento de la regeneración arbórea en claros con colihue vivo y muerto. En ambos bosques, la mortalidad de la regeneración avanzada fue superior en claros con colihue muerto. Solamente en San Pablo de Tregua el crecimiento en altura de Saxegothaea conspicua fue mayor en claros con colihue muerto. El establecimiento de individuos post-floración fue bajo, sin presentar diferencias entre condiciones. El reclutamiento de plántulas de colihue fue superior en claros con colihue muerto en ambos bosques, siendo el patrón más claro de respuesta ante el evento de su propia muerte. La muerte del colihue puede favorecer el crecimiento de la regeneración avanzada pero sin representar una gran oportunidad para el establecimiento de especies arbóreas en estos bosques. Palabras clave: dinámica regenerativa, Saxegothaea conspicua, sotobosque, regeneración en claros. INTRODUCCIÓN no de floración de las bambúceas afecta el patrón de dispo nibilidad de recursos (luz, espacio, nutrientes, etc.) pudiendo Numerosas especies de bambú presentan un patrón de generar un pulso de crecimiento rápido en la regeneración floración, fructificación y muerte sincronizada en ciclos que avanzada o el reclutamiento de nuevos individuos de espe pueden ser de varias décadas. Dentro del bosque el fenóme-cies arbóreas (Gratzer et al. 1999). Los efectos de este fe 153
... Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo se opo nen a lo reportado por Tsoumis (1991) que indica que la densidad se ve afectada positivamente (en menor o mayor grado) por la presencia de grandes cantidades de extraí bles. Por el contrario, Ona et al. (1997Ona et al. ( , 1998 determinan que los extraíbles afectan negativamente la densidad bá sica en base a la madera libre de extraíbles de Eucalyptus globulus Labil. y E. camaldulensis Dehn. ...
La presencia de extraíbles en la madera tiene un efecto importante en sus propiedades y en sus procesos de transformación. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de los extraíbles en tres propiedades físicas: la variación dimensional, la densidad y el punto de saturación de la fibra de la madera de duramen de parota (Enterolobium cyclocarpum). Se comparó el comportamiento de probetas no extraídas y extraídas con acetona y con etanol-agua (1:1). La extracción con acetona se realizó con equipos Soxhlet durante 120 horas efectivas de reflujo y 260 horas sumergidas en el solvente; y la extracción con etanol-agua (1:1) se realizó con tiempos de 155 y 370 horas, respectivamente. Se encontró que los extraíbles otorgaron menor variación dimensional al duramen de parota al ejercer un efecto de "abultamiento" en la pared celular que disminuyó la contracción y el hinchamiento. Este efecto fue estadísticamente significativo en las determinaciones radiales, tangenciales y volumétricas; mientras que en determinaciones longitudinales no fue significativo. Las densidades anhidra, saturada y básica no se vieron afectadas por la remoción de extraíbles en la madera de parota. La presencia de extraíbles ocasionó una disminución en el punto de saturación de la fibra, lo cual se comprobó empleando las ecuaciones de Stamm y de Babiak y Kúdela.
... A negative phenotypic correlation between S/G and wood density was found in E. globulus by da Seca and Domingues (2006), a result that occurred at the phenotypic, additive genetic, and subrace levels in the present study. No additive genetic relationship was observed between density and extractives, similar to previous studies that also did not find a genetic (Miranda and Pereira 2002;Poke et al. 2006) or phenotypic (Ona et al. 1998) correlation. The present study also indicated that selection for increased pulp yield would result in increased cellulose content and S/G but reduced lignin and extractives content and higher S/G. ...
... A significant negative genetic correlation of pulp yield and cellulose with Klason lignin has been reported previously in E. globulus (Poke et al. 2006). A negative phenotypic correlation has also been reported between Klason lignin and cellulose content (Ona et al. 1998). Such a negative relationship is expected due to the physical complementarity of cellulose and lignin in wood structure (Plomion et al. 2001). ...
Despite the ecological and economic importance of lignin and other wood chemical components, there are few studies of the natural genetic variation that exists within plant species and its adaptive significance. We used models developed from near infra-red spectroscopy to study natural genetic variation in lignin content and monomer composition (syringyl-to-guaiacyl ratio [S/G]) as well as cellulose and extractives content, using a 16-year-old field trial of an Australian tree species, Eucalyptus globulus. We sampled 2163 progenies of 467 native trees from throughout the native geographic range of the species. The narrow-sense heritability of wood chemical traits (0.25-0.44) was higher than that of growth (0.15), but less than wood density (0.51). All wood chemical traits exhibited significant broad-scale genetic differentiation (Q(ST) = 0.34-0.43) across the species range. This differentiation exceeded that detected with putatively neutral microsatellite markers (F(ST) = 0.09), arguing that diversifying selection has shaped population differentiation in wood chemistry. There were significant genetic correlations among these wood chemical traits at the population and additive genetic levels. However, population differentiation in the S/G ratio of lignin in particular was positively correlated with latitude (R(2) = 76%), which may be driven by either adaptation to climate or associated biotic factors.
... No significant correlations were identified between acid-soluble lignin content and Klason lignin content, consistent with the findings of Miranda and Pereira [23] who suggested differences in the lignin composition may be responsible. Lignin and extractives contents were generally positively correlated here and Ona et al. [28] found similar relationships in a within-tree study of two E. globulus individuals. In E. nitens Kube and Raymond [21] reported a very high negative genetic correlation between extractives and cellulose contents. ...
... It is therefore likely that favourable lignin profiles are being indirectly selected along with high basic density. Similar to other studies in E. globulus [23,28] no apparent relationship was found between basic density and extractives content, although there are reports of positive associations in both E. globulus [41] and E. nitens [21]. ...
Eucalyptus globulus is grown in temperate regions of the world for pulp production. The chemical and physical properties of its wood make it highly suited to this purpose. This study analysed genetic variation in lignin content, extractives content and decay, for nine localities of E. globulus. Heritability estimates were also obtained, and the relationships between these traits and physical wood traits and growth were examined. Significant genetic variation was found between localities for lignin content (Klason lignin and acid-soluble lignin contents) and decay. The only trait for which significant variation between families within locality was detected was acid-soluble lignin content, which resulted in this trait also having the highest narrow-sense heritability (0.51 ± 0.26). However, family means heritabilities were high for lignin content, extractives content and decay (0.42-0.64). The chemical wood traits were strongly correlated with each other both phenotypically and genetically, with important correlations found with density and microfibril angle. Correlations suggested that during selection for the breeding objective traits, it is likely that favourable states in the chemical wood traits, decay resistance and fibre properties are concurrently being selected, whereas growth may be selected for independently. This initial study provides a stepping stone for future studies where particular localities of the breeding population may be characterised further.
