Fig 4 - uploaded by Javad Aliasgari
Content may be subject to copyright.
Various available approaches for implementation of the chipless RFID readers for frequency-coded tags.
Source publication
![Fig. 5. Block diagram of the modular reader in [29].](profile/Javad-Aliasgari/publication/340304367/figure/fig4/AS:902216164585472@1592116504222/Block-diagram-of-the-modular-reader-in-29_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 6. Block diagram of the reader in [30] operating by reconstruction...](profile/Javad-Aliasgari/publication/340304367/figure/fig7/AS:902216164573185@1592116504350/Block-diagram-of-the-reader-in-30-operating-by-reconstruction-of-the-tag-signature_Q320.jpg)
Printable ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency-coded chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) tags are suitable candidates for barcode replacement toward developing smart objects. A high-performance and low-cost UWB chipless RFID reader is needed to interrogate UWB frequency-coded tags. Time-domain and frequency-domain techniques are the most popul...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... chipless RFID reader architectures fall into three main categories of frequency-domain, timedomain, and hybrid as shown in Fig. 4. Different implemented methods have also been proposed for each category. In addition to the implementation technique, the antenna configuration also can vary from one to two antennas configuration. The readers in the literature mainly possess two antennas configuration. Two antennas configuration suggests lower RF leakages in ...
Context 2
... at the lowest total cost. It is not a simple task to compare the frequency-domain and time-domain techniques in general, because comparison parameters vary from one design to another design. We can conclude that each technique is appropriate for a specific application. Therefore, a compromise always is needed for choosing between the two methods. Fig. 14 summarizes the comparative advantages and disadvantages of the two techniques. Both solutions should be compatible with regulations and can be designed for orientation insensitive chipless RFID tags. According to TABLE II, the total cost for frequency-domain readers is relatively lower than the timedomain ones. As discussed before, the ...
Similar publications
-This project is based on designing of student identification system using RFID i.e. Radio Frequency Identification which is to fulfill broad range of purposes, least being an electronic student identification system focuses on academic and monitoring purposes, more also to address the problem when using the paper as student attendance such as chea...
Citations
... Con un costo en el rango de $ 0.01 USD son significativamente más baratos que las etiquetas basadas en chips que están en el rango de $ 0.10 USD [2] y también son más resistentes a las variaciones de las condiciones climáticas del ambiente en el que operan [3]. Otro factor importante es que las etiquetas sin chip pueden ser impresas en sustrato de papel o plástico, facilitando aún más su fabricación y reduciendo los costos [4], [5]. ...
... En busca de soluciones para este problema, investigadores están desarrollando lectoras para etiquetas sin chip de RFID, basadas en los dominios del tiempo, de la frecuencia o híbrido y sus arquitecturas se basan en los conceptos de onda continua de frecuencia escalonada, Stepped Frequency Continues Wave (SFCW) o onda continua modulada en frecuencia, Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave radar (FMCW), utilizando diferentes métodos de codificación binaria y son capaces de operar en una amplia gama del espectro de frecuencia utilizando antenas Ultra Wideband (UWB) [4]. ...
To solve problems related to Radio Frequency Identification, as well as to develop new technologies and applications with chipless RFID tags, this article describes the development of an innovative reader system based on Software-Defined Radios. Called SpuR, the system proposes a method of reading the spectral signature of RFID tags chipless, using general purpose hardware, reconfigurable by software, and operating in a wide frequency range without the need to change the reading equipment. This approach allows the accurate reading and identification of different types of chipless tags, using a classification procedure, by Euclidean distance, comparing them with a previously stored database.
... There are two main types of FD readers, which, based on how chipless RFID tag interrogation is done, can be found in the literature: frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) readers and linear stepped frequency continuouswave (LSFCW) readers [80]. On the other hand, based on the technique used to reconstruct the received signal (Rx), FD readers can be further classified into two groups: scalar and vector [81]. ...
... VNA is also a vector reader, and its GPD is equipped with an advanced digital-to-analog converter (DAC), analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and digital signal processing (DSP) unit. That is the reason for the higher price and complexity of the VNA compared to general-purpose vector readers [81]. ...
Chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) sensors have enormous potential for underground mining applications since this technology has the potential to meet all the requirements, such as wireless communication, maintenance-free, long lifespan, and battery-free, required to deploy in harsh underground environments. This paper has analysed existing frequency domain chipless RFID sensor technologies to understand suitability for potential applications, such as environmental condition monitoring, support system stability detection, and health monitoring of mining structures in underground mining sites. In light of the analysis, the paper has presented a new classification based on sensing materials and intrinsic sensing parameters such as effective length, coupling, conductivity and permittivity. Furthermore, the analysis has considered accuracy, performance and readability using 3D Electromagnetic (EM) analysis software, CST Studio Suite. Finally, based on our critical analysis and experimental simulations, the paper has identified challenges that need to be addressed by future research for chipless RFID sensors in the underground mining application domain.
... Demodulating and decoding the tag signal using digital signal processing methods is a common approach to signal reconstruction in RFID systems [9]. By processing the received signal, data transmission can be recovered and applied for various purposes, including authentication, asset tracking, and inventory management [10], [11]. Increasing the precision of signal reconstruction can be achieved by utilizing multiple antennas and beamforming strategies, allowing the system to focus on the tag's signal reception, reducing interference, and improving the signal reconstruction process's accuracy [12], [13]. ...
... However, when increasing N to 1000 iterations or more, the reconstructed signals are more accurate and of high performance. For the remaining transmitted windows, their 10 VOLUME 11,2023 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Access. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and average power ranges from 37.7% to 40.6%, which is lower than the previous windows. ...
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses electromagnetic waves (EMW) to send, process, and store data by using a built-in integrated circuit and antenna. However, its susceptibility to malware attacks poses a threat to data privacy and system performance. Thus, there is a need to develop techniques to protect RFID systems from malware injection and improve efficiency through spectrum optimization. An approach for improving the efficiency and data privacy of RFID systems operating in the UHF band is proposed for multiple data rates of 160, 256, 320, and 640 kbps. Firstly, a method is introduced for reconstructing regular data in a malware-free RFID system with optimized spectrum usage, which reaches up to 50% of the total spectrum and improves efficiency. Secondly, a spectrum injection-based approach (SIBA) is proposed by incorporating a bandpass filtering (BPF) technique to inject the missing spectrum of regular data with a portion of the malware-injected data spectrum. This approach results in faster and more precise data reconstruction with higher accuracy and overcomes the malware. A noise reduction technique based on BPF is also proposed to reduce the noise effects and enhance the accuracy of data reconstruction at different signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. This technique is evaluated through extensive analysis with various metrics such as reconstruction accuracy, robustness to noise, BUF, and computational complexity, making it suitable for resource-constrained environmental settings. These approaches address the challenges of malware injection and spectrum optimization, resulting in more efficient and secure RFID systems.
... While this work focuses on the measurement of frequency-coded tags, where the tag information is encoded and viewed in the frequency-domain, the tag response can be acquired either directly with a frequency-domain reader or indirectly with a time-domain reader, such as a ultrawideband (UWB) impulse radio (IR-UWB) system. The time-domain response can be translated to its frequency-domain response through a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) operation [142,143]. A brief description of the off-the-shelf and custom frequency-domain and timedomain readers and their respective limitations is provided here. ...
... All of these architectures have faced some common challenges, namely: balancing voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) performance and cost (i.e., having a VCO with a wide enough bandwidth to read the tags of interest), managing transmit power regulations, achieving a high read range, reducing read time/system latency, and mitigating self-interference due to signals from the transmitter leaking into the receiver subsection of the reader. By the virtue of lacking phase information, scalar readers also suffer from calibration-based limitations and high receiver noise power [82,86,143,[150][151][152][153][154][155][156]. In addressing the issue of self-interference, self-interference cancellation boards [86], an UWB compensation unit based on a polyphase power divider [107,151], a compensation unit based on wideband differential phase shifters [157], and a wideband directive filter have been proposed [153]. ...
... CP-FTMW readers, in contrast to IR-UWB readers, use a broadband chirped pulse that is stretched in time while still generally having a shorter reader time than IR-UWB readers. This longer duration pulse provides for the transmitted power to be more evenly distributed over the frequency range of interest and provides for better frequency resolution post Fourier transform [108,143,166]. ...
Materials and structures are constantly subject to fatigue and degradation, and monitoring and maintaining civil, space, and aerospace infrastructure is an ongoing critical issue. As new materials, such as complex multilayer composites and additively manufactured (AM) components, come into wider use, the need to monitor their performance and overall health over time is also rapidly growing. Consequently, new and innovative nondestructive evaluation (NDE) and structural health monitoring (SHM) methods are needed in order to address this growing issue. To this end, wireless passive sensors are also of interest to the NDE and SHM
communities due to their small form factors, relative inexpensiveness, being minimally invasive (i.e., no power or communication hardware or wiring is required), and robustness in extreme environments. This dissertation aims to address this need through the development of chipless RFID systems consisting of wireless passively-coded microwave sensors with supporting technologies and measurement methods, while also investigating the efficacy of chipless RFID technology outside of a laboratory setting. To this end, first a comprehensive survey was conducted on the current state of the art of chipless RFID measurement methods, the instrumentation used in the measurement process, response detection approaches, and decoding techniques. Then, two different tag design approaches which provide for improved performance in identification (ID) applications, in terms of both increasing the amount of information that can be stored in a tag and mitigating the effects of tag/reader misalignment, are presented. This is followed by the presentation of three sensing approach innovations, namely: 1) utilizing a multibit coding approach to improve sensing resolution and demonstrating this performance improvement through a rotation sensor, 2) employing chipless RFID sensors for delamination detection in multi-layer dielectric structures while also thoroughly examining the parameters that can affect chipless RFID sensor performance, and 3) harnessing the power of polymer additive manufacturing (AM) to create tunable pressure sensors that can be easily customized for sensing
resolution and range requirements. Next, two different chipless RFID measurement approaches are developed. The first of these utilizes synthetic aperture radar (SAR) microwave imaging in conjunction with frequency-domain methods to provide for tag reading and verification. The second of these utilizes a custom dual circularly-polarized antenna to help mitigate the effects of tag/reader misalignment, which can result in improper decoding. Lastly, local sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo simulation are utilized to evaluate tag performance when different measurement uncertainties are considered. In doing so a tag performance assessment framework
is provided that can be applied to various measurement setups and decoding processes. In conducting these works, novel contributions have been made in the areas of addressing chipless RFID measurement challenges, including mitigating the effects of tag/reader misalignment; developing more optimal tags for identification applications; creating unique wireless passive sensing approaches; developing tag performance assessment methods that consider measurement uncertainties; and providing a wholistic view on the practicality of this technology for NDE and SHM applications and beyond.
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2767107392/BD4110217ED1481APQ/1?accountid=10906
... The three most commonly used chipless RFID sensing methods are time-domain reflection, spectral signature [39,40], and amplitude or phase backscatter modulation. The first is the time-domain reflection, which analyses the signal reflected back through the time domain, where information is encoded into the signal based on the feedback characteristics of the tag. ...
The outbreak of COVID-19 has attracted people’s attention to our healthcare system, stimulating the advancement of next-generation health monitoring technologies. IoT attracts extensive attention in this advancement for its advantage in ubiquitous communication and sensing. RFID plays a key role in IoT to tackle the challenges in passive communication and identification and is now emerging as a sensing technology which has the ability to reduce the cost and complexity of data collection. It is advantageous to introduce RFID sensor technologies in health-related sensing and monitoring, as there are many sensors used in health monitoring systems with the potential to be integrated with RFID for smart sensing and monitoring. But due to the unique characteristics of the human body, there are challenges in developing effective RFID sensors for human health monitoring in terms of communication and sensing. For example, in a typical IoT health monitoring application, the main challenges are as follows: (1) energy issues, the efficiency of RF front-end energy harvesting and power conversion is measured; (2) communication issues, the basic technology of RFID sensors shows great heterogeneity in terms of antennas, integrated circuit functions, sensing elements, and data protocols; and (3) performance stability and sensitivity issues, the RFID sensors are mainly attached to the object to be measured to carry out identification and parameter sensing. However, in practical applications, these can also be affected by certain environmental factors. This paper presents the recent advancement in RFID sensor technologies and the challenges for the IoT healthcare system. The current sensors used in health monitoring are also reviewed with regard to integrating possibility with RFID and IoT. The future research direction is pointed out for the emergence of the next-generation healthcare and monitoring system.
... An RFID tag uses a sensor or transponder to retrieve and store data remotely for identification purposes using radio waves, labels, or ordinary RFID cards attached to a product, an animal, or even a human. (1) An RFID tag comprises a silicon microchip and antenna and contains electronically stored information. It can be read from up to several meters away if it passes through an RFID reader, depending on the frequency and power used in the regulatory standards for RFID. ...
... As illustrated in Fig. 1, an RFID system is a wireless data transfer technology that consists of three major components: the reader, the middleware, and the tag. The reader is a dedicated and expensive hardware that contains a software that maintains the interface and the communication protocol to encode and decode the identification data from the reader to a mainframe or personal computer (PC) and from the reader to the tag that contains the identification code [1,3,4]. The objective of this article is to create a kit that is a combination of lowcost hardware and software capable of replacing the reader, making it possible to receive chipless tag data through SDR. ...
... The objective of this article is to create a kit that is a combination of lowcost hardware and software capable of replacing the reader, making it possible to receive chipless tag data through SDR. Although a lot has been studied on the chipless tag side, less has been done on the reader side [4]. ...
... Since its inception, RFID technology has shown a greater reading range of tags, a greater capacity of data bits without requiring a direct line of sight due to the use of RF [5] and despite improvements in RFID research, particularly on chipless tags, where sensors were added to monitor humidity, temperature, and other natural variables [6,7], less has been done on the reader and software side, which are the most difficult and expensive components of a chipless RFID system [4,5]. ...
Chipless RFID systems are an emerging technology, and there is little published literature on the use of software-defined radio (SDR) to make an RFID reader, specifically for tags chipless. In this article, we propose the Adalm-Pluto platform for the implementation of the functions of a chipless RFID system reader. The main contribution of this work is to prove that replacing the dedicated hardware used by expensive classic readers is possible. Thus, we developed a program for Adalm-Pluto, a low-cost generic platform, using the GNU Radio software development toolkit and coupled it to a laptop to design a kit capable of replacing an RFID reader without a chip. Specifically, the program creates and modulates “the interrogation signal” to be transmitted through the TX antenna and receives the “response signal” from the chipless tag on the receiving antenna of the Adalm-Pluto. The main advantage of the proposal is the system control through software, where an SDR module can interrogate the chipless RFID tag and identify its encoding, operating in a wide frequency range, without the need to use other hardware. A more advantage is that the proposed kit has the potential for use in engineering education.KeywordsRFIDChiplessGNU RadioSoftware-defined radioADALM-PLUTOPLUTOSDR
... While this work focuses on the measurement of frequencycoded tags, where the tag information is encoded and viewed in the frequency-domain, the tag response can be acquired either directly with a frequency-domain reader or indirectly with a time-domain reader, such as a ultrawideband (UWB) impulse radio (IR-UWB) system. The time-domain response can be translated to its frequencydomain response through a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) operation [253], [254]. A brief description of the off-the-shelf and custom frequency-domain and time-domain readers and their respective limitations is provided here. ...
... Fig. 5 shows schematics of one custom frequency-domain reader and one custom time-domain reader for basic comparison purposes. However, many different architectures of frequency-domain and time-domain readers have been proposed and therefore, interested readers can refer to the block diagrams of frequency-domain and time-domain reader architectures with more in-depth descriptions of the individual components that can be found in [63], [236], [254], [255], [256]. ...
... All of these architectures have faced some common challenges, namely: balancing voltagecontrolled oscillator (VCO) performance and cost (i.e., having a VCO with a wide enough bandwidth to read the tags of interest), managing transmit power regulations, achieving a high read range, reducing read time/system latency, and mitigating self-interference due to signals from the transmitter leaking into the receiver sub-section of the reader. By the virtue of lacking phase information, scalar readers also suffer from calibration-based limitations and high receiver noise power [82], [86], [186], [254], [258], [259], [260], [261], [262], [263]. In addressing the issue of self-interference, self-interference cancellation boards [86], an UWB compensation unit based on a polyphase power divider [186], [235], a compensation unit based on wideband differential phase shifters [264], and a wideband directive filter have been proposed [260]. ...
Chipless RFID systems can be considered as a special case of passive RFID systems, where the tag contains no power source and no electronics. Instead, the tag’s information is stored in its structure and accessed through its electromagnetic (EM) scattering response. However, robust response detection, which is primarily a function of the measurement method, measurement equipment, and processing method used, is still a major challenge in the chipless RFID field. The consequences of not properly capturing a tag response include, incorrectly assigning an ID or incorrectly reporting a sensing parameter. Due to the criticality of these challenges, this review seeks to provide an overview of the current measurement methods, equipment architectures, and processing methods as they relate to chipless RFID tag response detection and decoding. Since chipless RFID started gaining popularity around 2005, the developments in this area have been focused on three major categories: time-domain, frequency-domain, and spatial-domain systems. Frequency-domain systems have emerged as the most popular among these three categories, and thus, this review focuses on techniques used for these systems.
... C Hipless radio frequency identification (RFID) tags lack an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chipset. Therefore, the reader takes the primary responsibility in establishing a successful wireless communication link and fulfilling intelligent signal processing functions in the chipless RFID system [1,2]. ...
This paper presents the design and fabrication of a high-performance frequency-domain vector reader focused on improving the baseband section of the reader. First, a wideband directive filter for canceling out the strong IF harmonics and local oscillator (LO) leakages is implemented in the baseband of the reader to improve the sensitivity of the reader. Then, a modified gain-phase detector (GPD) module is implemented to find the accurate phase of the tag’s received response, enabling the digital background calibration process in the reader. Later, a high featured and compact control unit is proposed for the digital section of the vector reader. To demonstrate the reading performance of the vector reader, we fabricated a modular single-antenna (SNGA) reader to detect the resonances of frequency-coded-based chipless RFID tags over the C-band (4-8 GHz). The reader uses digital and analogue calibrations to yield a high reading range of up to 60 cm while being compatible with the UWB regulations and at desirably compact geometries.
... In our measurement, VNA is connected to a computer, and the measurement is implemented automatically in adjusted time intervals using a Matlab-based program. The background measurement is implemented prior to the beginning of the measurement and subtracted from the tag response to cancel out the constant effect of the antenna on the received signal from the tag [33]. ...
In this paper, we realize a non-invasive, bio-compatible, reliable and compact sensor to measure relative humidity (RH) levels by depositing keratin bio-polymer on a dual-polarized ultra wide band (UWB) chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) tag. The bio-compatible and hydrophilic properties of keratin make the proposed sensor an appropriate solution for monitoring RH level in different food and pharmaceutical industries, where non-toxic materials are in high demand. The proposed sensor comprises two main parts: a three-armed Fermat spiral resonator and the keratin bio-polymer mounted on the surface of the resonator. Keratin is extracted through the alkaline hydrolysis process and analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) methods. The three-armed Fermat spiral resonator acts as a scatterer, generating both co- and cross-polarized resonant responses when interrogated by a signal in a UWB frequency range. Having a cross-polarized response increases the robustness of the proposed sensor in the presence of interference and helps enhance the reliability of the sensor by offering three additional parameters. Amplitude, quality factor, and resonant frequencies are three main parameters that have been extracted from the responses of the proposed RH sensor at both co- and cross-polarization by modelling its responses as a function of frequency. To examine the performance of the sensor, laboratory measurements are carried out in the Esky box. The results show that the proposed sensor can be used to monitor RH changes from 54% to 74% at 26° Celsius.
