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Variation of tensile strength of wood filler reinforced unsaturated polyester biocomposite at different filler loading
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Physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of wood flour reinforced ungrafted and maleic anhydride grafted unsaturated polyester biocomposites were investigated. Composites were prepared using a Resin Transfer Moulding technique by varying wood flour loading (10, 15, 20, and 25 wt%) for both ungrafted and maleic anhydride grafted unsaturated poly...
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This study investigates the characteristic of the microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) isolated from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) fronds using acid hydrolysis method. The morphology and size of the MCC were characterized using both Scherrer equations for X-ray diffraction (XRD) result and transmission electron microscopy. The thermal stability of MCC w...
Citations
... As the by-product of the wood industry, wood flour (WF) is one of the abundant and renewable industry residues, it is cheap, light, biodegradable and easily available, and it also has a high strength-to-weight ratio; for these reasons, WF has been widely introduced into both thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers to form composites. The thermosetting polymers concerned included unsaturated polyester resin [5,6], epoxy resin [7,8], phenolic resin [9,10] and polyurethane [11,12]; the thermoplastic polymers included some traditional undegradable polymers, such as polypropylene [13,14], polystyrene [15,16], polyethylene [17,18], acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) [19,20] and polyvinyl chloride [21,22]; and some degradable polymers, such as polylactic acid (PLA) [23,24], polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) [25,26], polycaprolactone (PCL) [27,28] and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) [29,30], were also included. The incorporation of WF had obvious effects on the properties of the polymers; however, no definite changing rules were suitable for all kinds of WF/polymer composites. ...
... The incorporation of WF had obvious effects on the properties of the polymers; however, no definite changing rules were suitable for all kinds of WF/polymer composites. Taking the tensile strength and modulus as examples, both the tensile strength and modulus increased when the WF content in the composites increased from 20 wt.% to 40 wt.% for the WF/PE composites [17], the WF content increased from 0 wt.% to 15 wt.% for WF/PCL [27], the tensile strength decreased, while the tensile modulus increased when the WF content increased from 0 wt.% to 30 wt.% for WF/PHA [25], and the WF content increased from 0 wt.% to 15 wt.% for WF/UP [6]. For the WF/PLA composites [23], the tensile strength increased when the WF content increased from 0 wt.% to 10 wt.% and then decreased; however, the tensile strength of the composite containing 20 wt.% of WF was almost the same as that of the composite containing 30 wt.% of WF, and the change in the tensile modulus was complicated, as the tensile moduli of the WF/PLA composites were 3.27 GPa, 3.63 GPa, 3.94 GPa, 3.84 GPa, 3.86 GPa and 3.00 GPa when the WF contents were 0 wt.%, 10 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 30 wt.%, 40 wt.% and 50 wt.%, ...
Biodegradable polymers have recently become attractive and have been increasingly used as matrix materials to replace fossil plastics due to concerns about the environmental issue. However, their application areas are limited due to their high costs and natural properties. In this study, we fabricated ecofriendly and economical polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) composites loaded with various concentrations of wood flour (WF) to investigate the effects on the PBAT and WF interfaces as well as the physical properties of the WF/PBAT biocomposites. Then, WF was acetylated with acetic anhydride, and the effect of WF acetylation on the mechanical and thermal properties of the biocomposites were investigated. The results showed that the tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength and flexural modulus increased with WF loading in the composites, and acetylation could not only further increase these properties, but also increase the impact strength and elongation at break. The incorporation of WF would weaken the thermal stability of PBAT, but the thermal stability of the biocomposite could be improved after WF acetylation. The cold crystallization temperature and hydrophobicity of the WF/PBAT samples would be increased with the increasing load of the WF, while the melting enthalpy and the crystallinity of the samples reduced gradually. A morphological analysis of the modified composites revealed that the matrix exhibited greater interfacial interactions with the WF compared to the WF/PBAT. Considering the much lower cost of WF compared to PBAT, the improved properties of WF/PBAT biocomposites will make it economically competitive with other commercial polymers, and these biocomposites should have much wider application areas.
... The bands at 600, 1030, 1263, 1591 and the band at 3338 cm À1 originate from the redwood whereas the narrow peaks at 718, 1472, 2848, and 2915 cm À1 are from the HDPE polymer. The small intensity band at (1700-1800 cm À1 ) shown in the 3 graphs, typically from a carbonyl stretching vibration, may have originated from the coupling agent since maleic anhydride should absorb at that wavenumber [12,35,36]. ...
To keep up with the rate of growth and global demand, it is necessary to manufacture products with high performance and improved durability. Wood-plastic composites (WPCs) are a rapidly growing class of construction materials formed by mixing wood fibers with a polymer matrix at a high temperature. However, significant technical issues remain, such as low thermal resistance, low water resistance, and limited interfacial contact or compatibility between wood fiber and the polymer matrix, which results in poor adhesion of the wood particles, etc. The structure and properties of the matrix/fiber interface can indeed have an impact on the final properties of the composites. To this end, good interfacial adhesion improves stress transmission from the matrix to the fiber, as well as composite performance. Therefore, chemical modification has been the most effective way to chemically bond the matrix to the filler. In this study, the modification is achieved by using maleic anhydride as a coupling agent which promotes the formation of chemical or material bonds between the wood flour (WF) and the polymer matrix. Three WF/high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composite blends with WF contents of 40%, 50%, and 60% were evaluated for density, flexural properties, hardness test, and thermal analysis. Physical tests showed that increasing the wood content of the composite from 40% to 60% increases the density and hardness of the WPC from 1,047 g/cm³ to 1,097 g/cm³ and from 64.5 to 67.7 respectively. On the other hand, increasing the wood flour content to 60% decreases the flexural strength from 37.524 MPa to 27.512 MPa, while the flexural modulus increases from 2176.125 MPa to 3568.284 MPa. In general, the results indicate that the developed WF/HDPE has suitable mechanical and thermal properties for outdoor applications.
... These results are in accordance with those of Meftah et al. [7], regarding tensile strength and flexural strength. Our results confirm also that the tensile strength of our composites has improved by the alkaline treatment of date palm fibers, and this is in accordance with the findings of Rahman et al. [18]and Haameem et al. [19]. ...
In order to improve the properties of unsaturated polyesters, this study discusses the possibilities of developing a natural waste, date palm leaf fiber DPLF, produced in the northern Algerian Sahara, associated with the polymer matrix of a thermosetting polyester resin UP. For this purpose, composite plates containing virgin fiber at rates of 6 and 10% were treated with an alkaline solution of 6% NaOH on the one hand, and a silane compound on the other. In this research, a mechanical study of strength and elongation at break was carried out. In addition, morphological behavior was followed by SEM scanning electron microscopy. ATG thermogravimetric analysis and energy flow were monitored by DSC differential scanning calorimetry. Also, a study of the water absorption capacity has been conducted. In addition, a dynamic mechanical analysis DMA was carried out. The findings of this study show that there is a favorable mechanical behavior for the composites containing the 6% and 10% DPLF fiber, with alkaline NaOH and Silane treatment. They also show that the chemical treatment with alkaline solution and silane gives composites certain thermal stability compared to those with untreated fiber. Findings also explore that the absorption of water by the various composites shows that the chemical treatment promotes some intermolecular associations with water. Findings also show that the storage modulus (E') increases when the composite contains 10% DPLF, treated and untreated, and the maximum value of the tangent moves towards the high temperature for the treated and untreated fiber composite.
... In the case of unsaturated polyester resins, there is no case when biological agents such as bacteria, fungi and their enzymes destroy the polymer; thus, its original form disappears. In order to increase the susceptibility of resins to microorganisms, many authors propose the use of biodegradable fillers [30][31][32]. That is why in our research resin composites with wood flour and composites with the addition of colloidal silver were used. ...
This paper presents the properties of the wood-resin composites. For improving their antibacterial character, silver nanoparticles were incorporated into their structures. The properties of the obtained materials were analyzed in vitro for their anti-biofilm potency in contact with aerobic Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis; and aerobic Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These pathogens are responsible for various infections, including those associated with healthcare. The effect of silver nanoparticles incorporation on mechanical and thermomechanical properties as well as gloss were investigated for the samples of composites before and after accelerating aging tests. The results show that bacteria can colonize in various wrinkles and cracks on the composites with wood flour but also the surface of the cross-linked unsaturated polyester resin. The addition of nanosilver causes the death of bacteria. It also positively influences mechanical and thermomechanical properties as well as gloss of the resin.
... The absorption bands at 3146, 3066, 1600, and 1062 cm −1 were assigned to asymmetrical C-H stretching vibration (CH2 = CH2), symmetrical C-H stretching vibration (CH2 = CH2), C = C stretching band, and C-O-C symmetrical stretching band, respectively [42]. The peaks at 1866 cm −1 and 1786 cm −1 were assigned to the C = O stretching vibration of maleic anhydride [43]. Figure 1f-i show the FT-IR spectra of TPRH48/12, TPS48/12, TPRH36/24, and TPS36/24 blends, respectively. ...
... The absorption bands at 3146, 3066, 1600, and 1062 cm −1 were assigned to asymmetrical C-H stretching vibration (CH 2 = CH 2 ), symmetrical C-H stretching vibration (CH 2 = CH 2 ), C = C stretching band, and C-O-C symmetrical stretching band, respectively [42]. The peaks at 1866 cm −1 and 1786 cm −1 were assigned to the C = O stretching vibration of maleic anhydride [43]. Figure 1f-i show the FT-IR spectra of TPRH48/12, TPS48/12, TPRH36/24, and TPS36/24 blends, respectively. ...
The fabrication of affordable biodegradable plastics remains a challenging issue for both the scientific community and industries as mechanical properties and biodegradability improve at the expense of the high cost of the material. Hence, the present work deals with fabrication and characterization of biodegradable polymer with 40% rice husk waste filler and 60% polymer-containing mixture of polybutylene succinate (PBS) and poly butylenes adipate-Co-terephthalate (PBAT) to achieve good mechanical properties, 92% biodegradation in six months, and competitive pricing. The challenge in incorporating high amounts of hydrophilic nature filler material into hydrophobic PBS/PBAT was addressed by adding plasticizers such as glycerol and calcium stearate. The compatibilizers such as maleic anhydride (MA) and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) was used to improve the miscibility between hydrophobic PBS/PBAT and hydrophilic filler material. The component with the formulation of 24:36:40 (PBS/PBAT/TPRH) possessed the tensile strength of 14.27 MPa, modulus of 200.43 MPa, and elongation at break of 12.99%, which was suitable for the production of molded products such as a tray, lunch box, and straw. The obtained composite polymer achieved 92% mass loss after six months of soil burial test confirming its biodegradability.
... Modification of wood with maleic anhydride improves its mechanical properties and induces stability while reducing water absorption [13]. The studies by Rahman et al. [14] show that the incorporation of maleic anhydride increases the flexural strength and flexural modulus of composites compared to the ungrafted ones. ...
The paper investigates the synthesis of green composites and their properties before and
after the laboratory accelerated aging tests. Materials were made of unsaturated polyester resins
(UPRs) based on recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and wood flour (WF). The effect of
dibenzylideneacetone (dba) addition on mechanical and thermomechanical properties was also
determined. Green composites were obtained using environment friendly polymeric cobalt as an
accelerator. Before and after exposition to the xenon lamp radiation, the UPRs physically modified
by WF were characterized only by a greater flexural modulus compared with the analogous
composites based on the pure resin. Addition of dba caused the increase of flexural modulus,
flexural strength, strain at break and mechanical loss factor compared to the non-modified material.
After aging only the last mentioned parameter took on lower values compared to the pure resin
analogues.
... For example, the maximum tensile strength (32.12 ± 1.8 MPa) and tensile modulus (689 ± 19.5 MPa) were obtained for C4 (reinforced with 10 wt% of treated date palm fiber). The obtained experimental results indicate that alkali treatment of date palm fibers improved tensile strength of composites in accordance with previous studies [24,25]. ...
The effects of alkali treatment and dune sand (DS) addition on the mechanical, morphological, thermal and water absorption behavior of date palm fiber (DPF) reinforced unsaturated polyester (UP) composites were investigated. The composites were synthesized by hand lay-up method with 10, 20, and 30 wt% of both treated and untreated date palm fiber (TDPF/DPF). Furthermore, composites having 10, 20 and 30 wt% of untreated date palm fiber and dune sand (both of them were in equal wt%) were also fabricated. Alkali treatment improved the tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength and flexural modulus of the resulting composites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the better interfacial interaction of treated date palm fibers/UP composites. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that thermal stability, and degradation temperature of treated DPF composites were best over the untreated DPF composites. Water absorption test indicated the decreasing of hydrophilic character of the filler after treatment with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Overall analysis represented that satisfactorily improved physical properties of UP for various engineered and hi-tech applications were obtained with 10 wt% fillers loading (5 wt% date palm fiber and 5 wt% dune sand particles).
... e polymerization technique has commonly been used to modify or impregnate the wood species through preparing the wood polymer composites (WPCs). In addition, small amount of nanoclay into the chemical mixture can further improve the different properties of the WPCs through the preparation of wood polymer nanocomposites (WPNCs) [8][9][10]. ...
The chemical modification or impregnation through preparing the wood polymer composites (WPCs) can effectively reduce the hygroscopicity as well as can improve the acoustic properties of wood. On the other hand, a small amount of nanoclay into the chemical mixture can further improve the different properties of the WPCs through the preparation of wood polymer nanocomposites (WPNCs). Kayu Malam wood species with styrene (St), vinyl acetate (VA), and montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay were used for the preparation of WPNCs. The acoustic properties such as specific dynamic Young’s modulus ( Ed / γ ), internal friction ( Q⁻¹ ), and acoustic conversion efficiency (ACE) of wood were examined using free-free flexural vibration. It was observed that the chemically impregnated wood composite showed a higher value of Ed / γ than raw wood and the nanoclay-loaded wood nanocomposite showed the highest value. The reverse trend was observed in the case of Q⁻¹ . On the other hand, chemical impregnation has a minor effect on ACE of wood for musical instruments. The results suggested that the chemically impregnated Kayu Malam wood polymer nanocomposite (WPNC) is suitable for making soundboards of violin and guitar instruments to be played longer without losing tone quality.
... The current literature gives information about the use of natural fibers as reinforcing agents in UPE composites. Natural fibers such as untreated and silane-treated woven banana fabric, 15 acrylic acid/ poly(methyl methacrylate) and acrylic acid / silane-treated wood fibers, 28 silanated olive nut flour, 2 alkali-treated Alfa fibers, 29 and wood flour 30 are some examples of fillers in UPE composites. As expected, alkali treatment of the fibers enhanced the interfacial adhesion between the fibers and matrix and consequently improvements in the mechanical properties, as well as reduction in water absorption were gained. ...
Different samples of unsaturated polyester composites containing various amounts of untreated and alkali- or silane-treated peanut shell powder were prepared. In order to investigate and understand the changes in the chemical structure of the filler that may occur after the treatments, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, and X-ray diffraction analyses were performed. The prepared composites were investigated in view of their thermal stability, mechanical strength, and water absorption. The results showed that the treatments of the filler enhanced the interfacial adhesion between the fibers and matrix and consequently improvements in the mechanical properties, as well as a reduction in water absorption were gained. These results were strengthened by scanning electron microscopic measurements of the fracture surface of the composites. It has also been found that the flexural strength values of the investigated composites exceed the minimum requirements for the flexural strength of panels for general purposes. Therefore, the prepared composites can be considered as excellent candidates for several potential applications.
... Plant-based natural fibers act as the reinforcing material for composites (Botelho et al. 2006;Lee et al. 2008;Takagi 2010;Kim and Ye 2012). These fibers have high strength and stiffness, combined with low cost, light weight, renewable, and biodegradable (Nunna et al. 2012;Hitoshi et al. 2014;Rahman et al. 2015). The future of natural fiber composites appears to be promising, with many advantages over glass fiber composites (Joshi et al. 2004). ...
Hybrid composites were fabricated with 4-methylcatechol-treated jute and bamboo fiber at different pH levels. The effects of different pH levels on the thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of jute-bamboo hybrid composites were investigated. Fabricated hybrid composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and adhesion test analysis. Additionally, surface morphology and tensile testing were reported. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed that the peak intensities at 1634 and 1643 cm⁻¹ disappeared in treated jute and bamboo fibers. This resulted from the removal of hydroxyl groups on the treated fibers. A higher pH (9 or 10) resulted in the effective modification of bamboo and jute fibers. The TGA results showed that the presence of hybrid fiber led to an earlier degradation of the hybrid composite. The DSC results showed that the crystallinity index declined by 7% to 8%, which improved the adhesion between the fiber and the polymer. According to these finding, the pH level contributed to an improvement in the mechanical properties of the composites. The pH 10-treated hybrid composites exhibited the highest tensile strength and modulus. The surface morphology revealed that at higher pH, the treated hybrid composites exhibited strong adhesion characteristics.
