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Variation of electrical conductivity of NaCl as a function of molar concentration. In Fig. 6 variation of electrical conductivity of NaCl electrolyte as a function of molar concentration (Mol./Lit) is presented. In this study concentration is increased from 0.025 Mol/Lit to 1 Mol/Lit for NaCl electrolyte. Similar to the previous case electrolyte concentration is varied and as can be seen in Fig. 6, electrical conductivity shows a notable increase by increasing the concentration of the electrolyte. For
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In this study one of the most important physical parameters identifying conductance of liquid solutions is investi-gated. Electrical conductivities of pure, distilled, municipal, industrial and river water liquids along with those of different electrolyte solutions are computed at room temperature (25 °C). Obtained results for ultra pure, pure dis-...
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... shows an increase by increas- ing the amount of the electrolyte concentration. For example for the same room temperature of (25 °C), the electrical conductivity for 0.025 Mol/Lit is about 20464.24 μS/cm, for 0.5 Mol/Lit is about 338747.68 μS/cm while it is increased to about 602230.85 μS/cm for the electrolyte concentration of 1 Mol/Lit. In Fig. 6 variation of electrical conductivity of NaCl electrolyte as a function of molar concentration (Mol./Lit) is presented. In this study concentration is increased from 0.025 Mol/Lit to 1 Mol/Lit for NaCl electrolyte. Similar to the previous case electrolyte concentration is varied and as can be seen in Fig. 6, electrical conductivity ...
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... concentration of 1 Mol/Lit. In Fig. 6 variation of electrical conductivity of NaCl electrolyte as a function of molar concentration (Mol./Lit) is presented. In this study concentration is increased from 0.025 Mol/Lit to 1 Mol/Lit for NaCl electrolyte. Similar to the previous case electrolyte concentration is varied and as can be seen in Fig. 6, electrical conductivity shows a notable increase by increasing the concentration of the electrolyte. For , at the same room temperature of (25 °C), the electrical conductivity for 0.025 Mol/Lit is about 2807.57 μS/cm, for 0.5 Mol/Lit is about 31677.92 μS/cm while it is increased to about 37242.09 μS/cm for the electrolyte ...
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... (H 2 SO 4 ) can be completely dissociated and its conductivity is directly proportional to its concen- tration. For this solution the H 2 SO 4 dissociates to form (H) + and (HSO4) -ions and for the given low concen- tration as shown in Fig. 5, a gradual increase of elec- trical conductivity with the concentration is noticed. As can be seen in Fig. 6, a similar pattern is noticed for the NaCl ...
Citations
... Furthermore, it is also possible to derive from A 1 the averaged molar conductivity of the ions present in PBS. Deviations from the Kohlrausch fit occur for salt concentrations below 10 −3 × PBS and σ < 10 µS cm −1 , respectively, because even distilled water has a non-zero conductivity due to the presence of H + and OH − ions, as well as the uptake of CO 2 from the environment [26,27]. ...
... The fit function (red line) is based on the Kohlrausch formula in Equation(1)= 0.999. Deviations from the fit occur at the lowest salt concentrations, where the conductiv close to the limit of distilled water (horizontal dashed line); see references[26,27] for refere ues. Each data point is the average of three independent measurements, and the error smaller than the symbol size. ...
... The fit function (red line) is based on the Kohlrausch formula in Equation(1), with R 2 = 0.999. Deviations from the fit occur at the lowest salt concentrations, where the conductivities are close to the limit of distilled water (horizontal dashed line); see references[26,27] for reference values. Each data point is the average of three independent measurements, and the error bars are smaller than the symbol size. ...
In this work, we present a compact, bifunctional chip-based sensor setup that measures the temperature and electrical conductivity of water samples, including specimens from rivers and channels, aquaculture, and the Atlantic Ocean. For conductivity measurements, we utilize the impedance amplitude recorded via interdigitated electrode structures at a single triggering frequency. The results are well in line with data obtained using a calibrated reference instrument. The new setup holds for conductivity values spanning almost two orders of magnitude (river versus ocean water) without the need for equivalent circuit modelling. Temperature measurements were performed in four-point geometry with an on-chip platinum RTD (resistance temperature detector) in the temperature range between 2 • C and 40 • C, showing no hysteresis effects between warming and cooling cycles. Although the meander was not shielded against the liquid, the temperature calibration provided equivalent results to low conductive Milli-Q and highly conductive ocean water. The sensor is therefore suitable for inline and online monitoring purposes in recirculating aquaculture systems.
... The measured values agreed with reported data for conductivity of salt water with different salinity (Culkin, 1986;Schmidt et al., 2018;Gadani et al., 2012;Peyman et al., 2007 ;Lewis, 1980). Distilled water with a measured electrical conductivity of 0.01 mS.cm −1 , in agreement with literature values (<0.02 mS.cm −1, 25 • C) (Ageev & Rybin, 2020;Golnabi et al., 2009), was also considered as a control solution. The results indicated a linear relationship between electrical conductivity and concentration of PBS solution; the higher the concentration of electrolyte solution, the greater electrical conductivity value (supplementary information, Figure S8). ...
Small extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a focal point of EV research due to their significant role in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes within living systems. However, uncertainties about the nature of these vesicles have added considerable complexity to the already difficult task of developing EV‐based diagnostics and therapeutics. Whereas small EVs have been shown to be negatively charged, their surface charge has not yet been properly quantified. This gap in knowledge has made it challenging to fully understand the nature of these particles and the way they interact with one another, and with other biological structures like cells. Most published studies have evaluated EV charge by focusing on zeta potential calculated using classical theoretical approaches. However, these approaches tend to underestimate zeta potential at the nanoscale. Moreover, zeta potential alone cannot provide a complete picture of the electrical properties of small EVs since it ignores the effect of ions that bind tightly to the surface of these particles. The absence of validated methods to accurately estimate the actual surface charge (electrical valence) and determine the zeta potential of EVs is a significant knowledge gap, as it limits the development of effective label‐free methods for EV isolation and detection. In this study, for the first time, we show how the electrical charge of small EVs can be more accurately determined by accounting for the impact of tightly bound ions. This was accomplished by measuring the electrophoretic mobility of EVs, and then analytically correlating the measured values to their charge in the form of zeta potential and electrical valence. In contrast to the currently used theoretical expressions, the employed analytical method in this study enabled a more accurate estimation of EV surface charge, which will facilitate the development of EV‐based diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
... 13,17 In addition, copper oxide and silicon oxide were also helpful in the CO 2 absorption. 18 The prepared desiccant con- water with ionic conductivity of 2.431 μs/cm was used as solvent. 19 The detail procedure for the preparation of desiccant material is presented in IPS pipe was used for the cooling purpose. ...
As the population and living standard of human beings rises, energy requirement also increases rapidly. In developing country like India, a major part of energy requirement is fulfilled by thermal power‐based plants. It generates pollutant gases and water vapor responsible for global warming and other environmental problems. To overcome these problems in controlled area, a continuous experimental investigation has been performed based on the hybrid solid–liquid desiccant (HSLD) containing CaCl2 (0.33 M), lithium chloride (0.66 M), titanium dioxide (0.026 M), silicon dioxide (0.316 M), copper oxide (0.067 M) for dehumidification, and CO2 removal from the atmospheric air. In addition, CO2 removal capacity of HSLD has been performed from CO2 + air mixture containing variable CO2 to air as 0.33–5.46 (wt ratio). Present study suggest relative humidity of air is reduced from 75% to ~40% at 21.5°C. Outlet air contain 36.41, 72.83, 127.45, 200.27, 291.31, 418.76 ppm, 655.45, 1238.07, 2075.57 ppm CO2 for inlet condition of 0.33 (400.66), 0.51 (619.20), 0.75 (910.60), 0.97 (1165.56), 1.18 (1420.53), 1.44 (1730.13), 1.80 (2167.22), 2.70 (3241.72), 3.85 (4625.83) g CO2/g dry air (ppm) respectively desiccant flow rate of 6 L/min. Overall proposed HSLD could be effective for dehumidification and CO2 absorption.
... The pH of these doughs is dominated by the gluten protein. The conductivity does seem to differ between the starch types, but is insignificant when considering the conductivity of the NaCl added, which is roughly 14,000 µS cm −1 for 1% NaCl in water [31]. Based on these measurements, the influence of pH and salt content does not seem to be a determining factor. ...
Starch is added to meat analogues for binding and water holding. In this study, we investigate whether starch can have an additional role as a structuring agent. Therefore, different types of starch were combined with wheat gluten at various amounts and sheared in a High Temperature Shear Cell to determine how starch influences the structuring behavior of gluten–starch blends. The starches were chosen based on their diverse amylose contents, leading to different technological properties. Remarkable differences were found between the starches investigated. The addition of Amioca starch (containing 1% amylose) had a strong negative influence on the ability of gluten to form fibers. Maize starch (25% amylose) and Hylon VII (68% amylose) formed fibrous materials up to high starch additions. The pre-gelatinizing of maize starch further increased the ability of gluten–starch mixtures to form fibrous structures. The influence of the different types of starch on the hardness, deformability, and stiffness of the sheared samples was also assessed, revealing a spectrum of achievable properties through the addition of starch. Most remarkable was the formation of a material with anisotropy in Young’s modules. This anisotropy is also found in chicken meat, but not in protein-based fibrous materials. Furthermore, it was observed that the pre-gelatinization of starch facilitated fiber formation. A similar effect of pre-gelatinizing the starch was found when using faba bean meal with added wheat gluten, where fibrous structures could even be formed in a recipe that previously failed to produce such structures without pre-treatment.
... When the sodium chloride concentration was increased at a fixed artificial sweat flow rate (Figure 2a-e), the peak current increased. The change is attributed to the increase in conductivity of the artificial sweat following the increase in sodium chloride concentration [31][32][33]. The time it took for the current peak to appear (i.e., the frequency of sweat drop formation) was not altered by the changes in sodium chloride concentration. ...
... It was observed that the peak current increased linearly with increasing sodium chloride concentration in a range of 1 to 200 mM. The robust linear relationship between the electrical conductivity of sodium chloride solution and actual sodium chloride concentration is consistent with previous studies [31][32][33]. This suggests that our device measured reasonable electric properties. ...
Temperature elevation due to global warming increases the risks of dehydration, which can induce heat-related illness. Proper rehydration with appropriate amounts of water and electrolytes is essential to aid body fluid homeostasis. Wearable sweat sensors which can monitor both the sweat rate and sweat electrolyte concentration may be an effective tool for determining appropriate rehydration. Here, we developed a novel potentially wearable sensor that can monitor both the local sweat rate and sweat electrolyte concentration continuously. The new device includes a system with a short microfluidic pathway that guides the sweat appearing on the skin to a small space in the device to form a quantifiable droplet. The sweat rate is assessed from the time for the droplet to appear and droplet volume, while an integrated electric sensor detects the sodium chloride concentration in each sweat droplet. We demonstrated that this new device could record both the flow rates of artificial sweat and its sodium chloride concentration in ranges of human sweating with an accuracy within ±10%. This is equivalent to the accuracy of commercially available sweat rate meters and sweat ion sensors. The present study provides a new perspective for the design of wearable sensors that can continuously monitor sweat rates and sweat electrolyte concentrations for potential application to a healthcare device.
... Another method to induce conductivity on a fiber surface may be the implementation of a salt-based system that ionizes under sufficient humidities [15]. It is well known that salt ions hold potential for increasing surface conductivity of objects and in solutions [16,17]. Here, we describe methods for fabricating monofilament microfibers (MFs) from wet spinning (Fig. 1 A) and nanofiber yarns (NFYs) from electrospinning ( Fig. 1 B) to create electrostatically flocked scaffolds utilizing a NaCl treatment system (Fig. 1C & D). ...
Electrostatic flocking is a textile technology that employs a Coulombic driving force to launch short fibers from a charging source towards an adhesive-covered substrate, resulting in a dense array of aligned fibers perpendicular to the substrate. However, electrostatic flocking of insulative polymeric fibers remains a challenge due to their insufficient charge accumulation. We report a facile method to flock electrostatically insulative poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) microfibers (MFs) and electrospun PCL nanofiber yarns (NFYs) by incorporating NaCl during pre-flock processing. Both MF and NFY were evaluated for flock functionality, mechanical properties, and biological responses. To demonstrate this platform's diverse applications, standalone flocked NFY and MF scaffolds were synthesized and evaluated as scaffold for cell growth. Employing the same methodology, scaffolds made from poly(glycolide-co-l-lactide) (PGLA) (90:10) MFs were evaluated for their wound healing capacity in a diabetic mouse model. Further, a flock-reinforced polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) disc was fabricated to create an anisotropic artificial vertebral disc (AVD) replacement potentially used as a treatment for lumbar degenerative disc disease. Overall, a salt-based flocking method is described with MFs and NFYs, with wound healing and AVD repair applications presented.
... This NaCl maybe one of the decomposed products of human remains from the cemetery locations. According to [47], the conductivity of a solution relates to the total dissolved solid and amount of suspended solids. The average concentrations of chloride ion in the water and control samples were 2.08±0.04 ...
Selected organic and inorganic contaminants in soil and water around burial sites in Mbaiorbo, Mbadim-Mbatiav, Gboko, Nigeria was studied using standard analytical methods. Results of analysis revealed variations in some physicochemical parameters, concentrations of heavy and organic pollutants. Five sampling locations were chosen for collection of soil and water samples and one sampling location, about 2 km away from the cemetery e4was chosen for control sample. The soil parameters for analytical and control samples estimated were, pH 4.80±0.06 (4.89±03), Electrical conductivity (μS/cm) 148.37±0.18 (79.00±0.02), Total organic carbon (%) 1.837±0.04 (1.585±0.05), Organic matter (%) 3.167±0.03 (2.732±0.04) and Bulk density (g/cm) 1.32±0.03 (1.44±0.02). The water parameters estimated were, Temperature (o C) 28.00±0.00 (28.00±0.00), pH 5.27±0.06 (6.00±0.00), Electrical conductivity (μS/cm) 114.35±0.23 (88.23±0.11), Chloride (mg/L) 2.08±.004 (0.95±0.02) and Nitrate (mg/L) 0.8899±0.05 (0.6116±0.00). The concentrations in ppm of heavy metals in the soil analytical and control samples estimated were, As (was not detected, ND, in both samples), Cd 0.167 (0.146), Cr 0.332 (0.032), Ni ND (ND), Pb 0.354 (0.592), Cu ND (ND) and the heavy metals pollutants in the water analytical and control samples estimated were, As ND (ND) Cd 0.008 (0.009), Cr 0.334 (0.349), Ni ND (ND), Pb 0.142 (0.141), Cu ND (0.049), The concentrations in ppm of organic pollutants estimated were, Formaldehyde 0.04213 (ND), Ethanol 0.02022 (0.24654), n-propane 0.04665 (ND) Iso-butanol 0.08366 (0.89675) and Methanol ND (ND). Contamination factor and geo-accumulation index models used to estimate the level of soil and water pollution by heavy metals and organic pollutants revealed that the soil and water samples were highly contaminated with Cr but the level of organic pollutants in water were low. Green burial practice and strict monitoring of water quality in dug wells and streams in the vicinity of the burial sites from the study area is recommended.
... Standard regulations also indicate the electrical conductivity measurement of high purity water due to pH measurement susceptibilities [2]. The following comparison displays why measuring both pH and conductivity: a solution of KCl 0.01 mol·L -1 exhibits quite a similar pH to the ultrapure water while its conductivity is about 15 mS·cm -1 [13]. Due to this important alarm, the conductivity measurements are mandatory and capable of locking the reactor operation. ...
Different parameters should be monitored at a nuclear facility. Among them, water used in a nuclear reactor must meet strict specifications. The research reactor Argonauta, located in Rio de Janeiro, uses light water as both moderator and coolant. Quality control is the set of measurements to ensure, at any time, products that meet the parameters and standards in force. Then, the water quality control of Argonauta encompasses physical-chemical and radiological tests that are performed periodically to monitor deviations in the water parameters specification. These tests include the measurement of pH, conductivity, and gamma spectroscopy. By means of these tests, it is possible to evaluate if the quality parameters of this water meet the requirements defined by the reactor manufacturer and the Radiation Protection standards. In this way, the safe operation of the Argonauta is guaranteed, besides avoiding unwanted exposures of operators and the environment to the ionizing radiation. This work presents the detailed assays performed in the water quality control of the Argonauta research reactor. In addition, the obtained results in 2018 measurements, and highlights of the improvements to be done are also addressed. Moreover, a comparison among other research reactors in Brazil concerning this monitoring is presented. The obtained results indicate that pH and conductivity meet the established limits of 5-6 and < 1 µS·cm-1 , respectively. Radiological measurements indicate that the fuel element is preserved.
... As conductance is directly proportional to the size of ions i.e. G / M. The conductivity in presence of Na + and Cl À ions will be higher than that for hydrogen (H + ) and hydroxyl (OH À ) ions and it will increase with rise in salinity (Golnabi et al., 2009;Xu et al., 2015). Also, the increase in NaCl concentration is an indication of increase in emulsification behavior because of the enhanced activity of surfactant molecules present at oilwater interface due to accumulation of NaCl (Na + and Cl À ions) at the surfactant molecules surface which helps in Interfacial Tension (IFT) reduction at oil drops (Leong et al., 2009). ...
Mobilization of crude oil from the subsurface porous media by emulsion injection is one of the Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (C-EOR) techniques. However, deterioration of emulsion by phase separation under harsh reservoir conditions like high salinity, acidic or alkaline nature and high temperature pose a challenge for the emulsion to be a successful EOR agent. Present study aims at formulation of Oil-in-Water (O/W) emulsion stabilized by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) using the optimum values of independent variables – salinity, pH and temperature. The influence of above parameters on the physiochemical properties of the emulsion such as average droplet size, zeta (ζ) potential, conductivity and rheological properties were investigated to optimize the properties. The influence of complex interactions of independent variables on emulsion characteristics were premeditated by experimental model obtained by Taguchi Orthogonal Array (TOA) method. Accuracy and significance of the experimental model was verified using Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA). Results indicated that the experimental models were significantly (p
... Note that pure water from Milli-Q water system was used in the preparation of PDA. Electrical conductivity of tap water is about 50-800 micro-Siemens per centimetre (μS/cm) whereas the same of purified water is about 0.055 (μS/cm) (Golnabi et al., 2009). Purified water does not contain minerals as it is a type of demineralised water that is produced through de-ionized and filtration system (Kosizek, 2005). ...
This paper should be cited as:
"N. A. M. Jamil, C. Gomes, Z. Kadir and A. Gomes, Impact of electrical stimulation on the growth of mycelium of lignosus rhinocerus (cooke) ryvarden, Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 1-8, 2020. DOI:10.1080/15368378.2020.1812080".
Corona discharge from multiple needles at an electrical potential of 5 kV generated by a Van de Graff generator increased the growth rate of the mycelium of tiger's milk mushroom by 10.3% at the end of the first eight days. A similar growth rate enhancement was observed for the next eight days as well. Mycelium of tiger's milk mushroom was cultured on agar media in Petri dish for five days prior to the exposure to various forms of electrical stimulations. The direct current injection (1.1-1.3 A) to the growing medium, application of an electric potential to the growing environment at low strength (30 V) and high strength (5 kV) with single and multiple needles showed varying degrees of success. This suggests that the mycelium of tiger's milk mushroom could positively be stimulated by specific electrical stimulation techniques with selected parameters. This will pave the way to a highly beneficial growth enhancement technique that can be up-scaled to apply in mass production of mushroom.
