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In this study, ultrasound extraction of bioactive compounds from tarragon was examined as a sustainable technology. Pure water, which is a green solvent, was used as solvent. Box–Behnken was used in the experimental design, and ultrasonic power, extraction time and solvent-to-sample ratio were determined to be independent variables. The physicochem...
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... These microbubbles grow through coalescence and collapse when the energy accumulation reaches a critical point. The implosions generate temperature and pressure fluctuations due to the conversion of acoustic energy into thermal and mechanical energy [90,[118][119][120]. ...
The escalating demand for health-conscious food choices among modern consumers has boosted substantial growth in the global pomegranate market. Recent projections indicate that by the year 2030, the market will reach an estimated value of USD 338.6 million. Approximately 54% of all raw materials in the pomegranate processing chain for juice production are converted into agri-food waste. Pomegranate peel, being the primary by-product, contains the highest concentration of phenolic compounds among fruit fractions. Beyond phenolic compounds, it can also yield pectin, protein, and lignocellulosic compounds. Utilizing pomegranate peel holistically enables more sustainable processes, produces marketable products, and optimizes energy usage. Green technologies based on cell permeabilization mechanisms, such as pulsed electric field (PEF), high-intensity ultrasound (HIUS), and microwave heating (MWH), offer faster and more efficient extraction processes compared to conventional methods. They reduce processing times, energy usage, and the need for toxic solvents while preserving thermosensitive compounds. Therefore, this review discussed the integration of PEF, HIUS, and MWH into the pomegranate peel by-products biorefinery for enhancing mass transfer in the extraction process through cell permeabilization, facilitating solvent accessibility to target compounds. These innovative technologies can be employed individually or in combination as pre-treatments for pomegranate peel, facilitating sequential extraction processes for obtaining valuable new ingredients for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.
... Therefore, it is important to determine the influence of the time of the ultrasound-assisted extraction procedure and to optimize this parameter, as unskillfully controlling such a process and increasing the time of the procedure may, consequently, lead to degradation of bioactive compounds induced by radiation generated using ultrasound [45]. Kutlu et al. [47] also highlighted the importance of ultrasound power for the extraction efficiency of phenolic compounds. The aforementioned researchers found that the amount of TPC extracted from Artemisia dracunculus increased by 15% with increasing ultrasonic power at the same analyzed sonication time and solvent-to-sample ratio. ...
... Similar observations were made by Garcia-Mendoza et al. [48] who extracted active compounds from Juglans regia. They found that TPC levels in the extracts increased by 12% when the process was carried out at increased ultrasonic power (from 180 to 220 W) [47]. ...
Given that ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction is gaining importance within “green technology” and to increase the efficiency of extracting bioactive compounds from Levisticum officinale root waste, optimization of its parameters was undertaken. Multi-objective (multi-criteria) optimization can be an extremely promising tool not only for designing and analyzing the extraction process, but also for making process-control decisions. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to develop and optimize an environmentally friendly ultrasound-assisted extraction methodology for the aqueous extraction of bioactive compounds from the roots of Levisticum officinale, which are considered a by-product. The focus was on determining the optimal extraction conditions of the independent variables, such as solid–liquid ratio, extraction time and ultrasound power, so that the optimized extracts present the highest bioactive potential expressed in terms of levels of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, sugars and antioxidant potential. Based on the Pareto-optimal solution sets, it was found that to maximize the criteria, aqueous extraction should be carried out at a Levisticum officinale biomass/solvent ratio of 0.0643 g/mL for a time of 8.1429 to 9.0000 min, with ultrasound assistance of 162.8571 to 201.4286 W. Among the compromise solutions, the so-called “best efficient solution” was indicated as the solution for which the Euclidean distance from the ideal point of Utopia was the smallest (among all analyzed points of the collection), which had coordinates x1comp = 0.0750 g/mL, x2comp = 9.0000 min and x3comp = 214.2857 W. The results obtained will provide a valuable tool to assist in the decision-making process of controlling such an extraction process.
... The lowest amount (7.97 mg QE/ 100 g) was obtained for water extract. Kutlu et al. [45] reported that the extraction from tarragon with choline-chloride:urea 1:2 was approximately 3 times lower than the value obtained with water extract. This low DES yield is thought to be due to the HBD difference. ...
In this study, it was aimed to examine the capacity of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with different contents to extract bioactive compounds from tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) plant. For this reason, the total phenolic-flavonoid substance, total proanthocyanidin content and antioxidant/antimicrobial activities of the prepared DES extracts were investigated, as well as the individual phenolic contents and individual amino acid contents. According to the results, DES10 had the highest efficiency in terms of its capacity to extract individual phenolics (approximately 59 mg/100g) and individual amino acids (approximately 2500 mg/kg), and also gave a higher yield compared to ethanol (approximately 44 mg/100g for individual phenolics and about 19810 mg/kg for individual amino acids) and methanol (approximately 58 mg/100g for individual phenolics and approximately 21430 mg/kg for individual amino acids). However, the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity values of DES extracts were determined between 59.09-77.50 mg GAE/100g, 28.68-45.55 mg GAE/100g and 42.96 mg TE/100g-146.86 mg TE/100g, respectively. Therefore, it can be recommended to use these green solvents, which are known as environmentally friendly, as an alternative to organic solvents in the process of preparing extracts of this important medicinal plant in different areas.
... were measured and recorded. The total color difference (ΔE) was then calculated using the following equation [47,48]: ...
... On the other hand, it was found that a higher L/S ratio had a negative effect on ΔE, as a higher L/S ratio resulted in a lower ΔE. These results are in agreement with the findings in the literature [48]. The lowest ΔE was observed at R11 (extracted at 30 • C, 40 min, and 40 mL/g), and the largest difference was observed at R5 (extracted at 70 • C, 40 min, and 10 mL/g). ...
The aim of this study is to develop an environmentally friendly and effective method for the extraction of nutritious date sugar using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (USAE). The careful design of a suitable NADES-USAE system was systematically supported by COSMO-RS screening, response surface method (RSM), and artificial neural network (ANN). Initially, 26 natural hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) were carefully screened for sugar affinity using COSMO-RS. The best performing HBDs were then used for the synthesis of 5 NADES using choline chloride (ChCl) as HBA. Among the synthesized NADES, the mixture of ChCl, citric acid (CA) and water (1:1:1 with 20 wt% water) resulted in the highest sugar yield of 78.30±3.91 g/100g, which is superior to conventional solvents such as water (29.92±1.50 g/100g). Further enhancements using RSM and ANN led to an even higher sugar recovery of 87.81±2.61 g/100g, at conditions of 30oC, 45 min and a solvent to DFP ratio of 40 mL/g. The method NADES-USAE was then compared with conventional hot water extraction (CHWE) (61.36±3.06) and showed 43.1% higher sugar yield. The developed process not only improves the recovery of the nutritious date sugar, but also preserves the heat-sensitive bioactive compounds in dates, making it an attractive alternative to CHWE for industrial utilization. Overall, this study shows a promising approach for the extraction of nutritive sugars from dates using environmentally friendly solvents and advanced technology. It also highlights the potential of this approach for valorizing underutilized fruits and preserving their bioactive compounds.
... Furthermore, R 2 values of pectin and TPC were 0.9953 and 0.9955, suggesting that >99 % of experimental data are explainable by these models. Therefore, the proposed models are proven to be perfectly sufficient to explain variable effects and experimental data, and there is no need for higher-order models [26]. The proposed models also suggest that all factors were effective on both yields, for pectin: pH (X 3 ) in the linear term, microwave power (X 1 2 ) in the square term, and interaction between pH and LSR (X 3 X 4 ) in the interaction term depicted the highest influence; also LSR (X 1 ), microwave power (X 1 2 ), and interaction between microwave power and pH (X 1 X 3 ) were found to have the highest impacts on TPC yield. ...
This study introduces a sustainable approach to simultaneously produce pectin and phenolic compounds from pistachio industrial waste and applies them in the formulation of low-phenylalanine cookies. The co-optimization process was performed using the microwave-assisted technique and a Box-Behnken design, considering four variables and two responses: pectin yield and total phenolic content (TPC). The co-optimized condition (microwave power of 700 W, irradiation time of 210 s, pH level of 1.02, and LSR of 20 mL/g) resulted in a pectin yield of 15.85 % and a TPC of 10.12 %. The pectin obtained under co-optimized condition was evaluated for its physicochemical, structural, and thermal properties and the phenolic extract for its antiradical activity. Characterization of the pectin sample revealed a high degree of esterification (44.21 %) and a galacturonic acid-rich composition (69.55 %). The average molecular weight of the pectin was determined to be 640.236 kDa. FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopies confirmed the structure of pectin, with an amorphous nature and high thermal stability observed through XRD and DSC analysis. Additionally, the extract exhibited significant antiradical activity comparable to butylated hydroxyanisole and ascorbic acid. The isolated ingredients were used to formulate low-protein, low-phenylalanine cookies for phenylketonuria patients. The addition of 0.5 % pectin and 1 mL/g extract led to increased moisture content (from 9.05 to 12.89 %) and specific volume (from 7.28 to 9.90 mL/g), decreased hardness (from 19.44 to 10.39 N × 102), and improved antioxidant properties (from 5.15 % to 44.60 % inhibition) of the cookies. Importantly, there was no significant increase observed in the phenylalanine content of the samples with pectin and extract addition. Furthermore, sensory evaluation scores demonstrated significantly higher scores for taste, odor, texture, and overall acceptability in cookies enriched with 0.5 % pectin and 1 mL/g extract, with scores of 4.53, 3.93, 4.40, and 4.60, respectively.
... To improve extraction variables, the response surface methodology (RSM) has been employed [20][21][22][23]. RSM is a factorial methodology that creates a mathematical model linking the responses/variables. ...
The heartening applications of betalains in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic sectors impose their strengthening by a suitable extraction protocol. Likewise, the antibacterial activity of beetroot betalains represents an option to develop the next-generation of antibacterial agents treating the wide bacterial infection spectrum. This study aimed to model and optimize the ethanloic extract of beetroot peels in betacyanin (Bc) and betaxanthin (Bx) and their activity against two foodborne pathogen bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica) by using RSM (response surface methodology) and ANN (artificial neural network). The input variables considered were sample-to-solvent ratio, temperature, and extraction time. The higher Bc (5.87 g/L) and Bx (10.18 g/L) contents, and anti-Staphylococcus aureus (17.52 mm) and anti-Salmonella enterica (15.14 mm) activities were recorded at: sample-to-solvent ratio of 1:36, temperature of 44.54 °C, and extraction time equal to 93.03 min. Statistical analyses indicated that the models derived using RSM and ANN can be used to predict each response. Based on the coefficient of determination and mean square error, ANN model was found to be superior compared to RSM in the prediction of all responses. Molecular docking simulation stipulated that Bc and Bx could target multiple bacterial pathways including membrane permeability disruption by inhibiting MepR and AcrB efflux pump of S. aureus and S. enterica respectively. Both bioactive molecules showed a conceivable impairment of pathogenic bacteria replication and transcription vital processes by impeding DNA and RNA polymerase activities. These findings indicated that beet peel extracts can provide an excellent source of betalains for the color industry.
