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Variables measured in the mandibular ramus. (A) Maximum ramus breadth. (B) Minimum ramus breadth. (C) Condylar height ⁄ maximum ramus height. (D) Projectve height of ramus. (E) Coronoid height.
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Background
Mandible is the largest and strongest bone of the face, is very durable, and hence
remains well preserved than many other bones. In cases of mass disasters where
an intact skull is not found, the mandible may play a vital role in sex determinaton
as it is the most dimorphic bone of the skull. Morphometric analysis of mandibular
ramus pro...
Citations
... When estimating gender, the form of the symphysis and the existence or lack of a mental eminence are important factors. Generally speaking, ladies have a more pointed and graceful appearance, whereas males have a square-shaped symphysis [22,23]. ...
... In forensic anthropology, accurate gender estimates are based on the unique physical differences between male and female mandibles. Although mandibular sexual dimorphism is a useful tool, there are a few things to be aware of [22]. Complexities in the study may arise due to population-specific variances and the possible influence of environmental factors. ...
... For precise sex estimation, researchers develop sex-specific criteria using statistical analysis and comparative investigations. PRH is also a useful tool for investigating morphological differences within and between populations in population studies and anthropological research [15]. ...
... The term "gonial angle" describes the angle created by two tangents drawn to the distal border of the ascending ramus and the lower border of the mandible [17,18]. Bone resorption and other aging-related processes lead to changes in the gonial angle. ...
Aim
This study aims to examine five mandibular parameters: coronoid ramus height, condylar ramus height, projective ramus height, minimum ramus breadth, and gonial angle, using orthopantomography (OPG).
Introduction
The mandible, a crucial part of the human skull, demonstrates sexual dimorphism, which makes it an important tool for determining sex in forensic and anthropological investigations. Its form and structure are relatively resistant to significant changes after death. Among all skeletal components, the mandible stands out as a primary indicator of sexual differences. In forensic investigations, establishing the age and sex of an individual is considered a crucial initial step. This process can be particularly challenging in scenarios involving mass casualties, natural calamities, or extensively fragmented remains. Due to its responsiveness to growth patterns, the mandible is adept at accurately determining both age and sex.
Materials and methods
This study employed a sample size of 500 individuals, split equally between males and females, with 250 participants each. The age bracket chosen for this cohort ranged from 20 to 30 years, considering that bone growth characteristics within this range can assist in sex determination. The height of the mandibular ramus was assessed using Planmeca software, and subsequent data analysis was conducted using SPSS.
Results
When estimating age, the condylar ramus height exhibited the smallest standard error (0.010), whereas the maximum standard error for the gonial angle was 0.028. Positive t values were observed for the gonial angle (1.182), minimum ramus breadth (0.114), and coronoid ramus height (0.733). In terms of determining sex, the gonial angle, coronoid ramus height, and projective ramus height demonstrated positive coefficient functions, specifically 0.676, 0.090, and 0.286, respectively. Conversely, both the minimum ramus breadth and the condylar ramus height displayed negative values of -0.385 and -0.126, respectively.
Conclusion
Among the parameters evaluated, condylar ramus height emerges as the most suitable choice for estimating age, while gonial angle, coronoid ramus height, and projective ramus height are preferable for determining sex.
Dental arch dimensions play a crucial role in orthodontic and prosthodontic treatments, defined by dental arch morphology and widely utilized across various fields. This study focuses on classifying gender based on dental arch dimensions among Sri Lankan individuals. The dataset includes arch dimensions of 573 individuals from different provinces, excluding the Eastern Province. Statistical tests, such as Student's t-test, Kruskal-Walli's test, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), were applied to assess the significance of arch dimensions concerning Gender and Ethnicity. Most dimensions showed significance. Various visualizations were employed, and classification methods, including K-nearest neighbours (KNN), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Naïve Bayes (NB) Classifier, Decision tree, and Random Forest (RF) Classifier, were used for gender prediction. Results revealed high accuracy, with the up-sampling SVM model achieving the highest accuracy. Sensitivity, specificity, and F1 scores were notable for up-sampling SVM models and the rose function RF classifier model, achieving the highest F1 score. In conclusion, up-sampling SVM and rose function RF classifier models effectively classify gender based on available dental arch dimensions.
Background
The jawline greatly influences facial shape and contributes to facial dimorphism. Analysis of lower facial shape and sexual dimorphic differences in contemporary attractive white faces can advance the goals of lower facial aesthetics and facial gender–affirming surgery (FGAS).
Methods
Full-face, front-view photos of 47 white female and 21 white male celebrities were included from a list generated using GQ magazine’s Highest Paid Models issue, People Magazine’s Beautiful issue (1991–2022), and celebrities featured on lifestyle websites. Facial landmarks were detected through a facial analysis program using Vision framework and MATLAB. After converting pixel distances to absolute distances, lower face measurements were compared between males and females.
Results
The mean lower facial height was 6.08 cm in females and 7.00 cm in males ( P value<0.001). The mean bigonial width was 11.21 cm in females and 12.30 cm in males ( P value<0.001). The ratio of facial height to lower facial height was 2.98 in females and 2.76 in males ( P value<0.001), signifying that symmetry in facial thirds is more prevalent in attractive female faces, while a longer lower face is more common in attractive male faces. The greatest differences in female and male facial contours were at gonial angles and chin.
Conclusions
Analysis of contemporary white celebrity faces demonstrated significantly wider and longer lower facial measurements in males. The overall contour of the female lower face was more tapered at the gonial angles and chin compared to males. These results are important when planning lower facial rejuvenation or FGAS, as lower face size and proportions influence perceived gender and attractiveness.
Introduction: This research seeks to develop population-specific standards for skeletal sex determination, focusing on the medieval Kurdish population of Girˆe Kortikˆe and the mandible, a skull component presenting the highest degree of sexual dimorphism. This is the first study of its kind for this population. The research’s primary ob- jectives were to conduct anthropometric evaluations of several mandibular characteristics within this population, assess sex-based variations, determine relationships between various mandibular sizes, and contrast these findings with other existing studies.
Materials and methods: A total of 121 mandibles (55 women, 66 men) were measured using 14 distinct anthro- pometric techniques, applying Pearson correlation coefficients, student’s t-test, and principal component analysis (PCA) for comparison.
Results: The study examined and discussed disparities between some chosen mandibular measurements and data from other populations. Statistically significant sex differences (p < 0.05) and correlations were identified in 12 of the anthropological measurements. The research found that the greater the height of the symphysis (GNI), the higher the foramen mentale height (FBB). Average measurements significantly deviated from the medieval Kurdish population when compared to populations in Santa Maria Xigui, Mexico (XIG), and Mexico City (MEX). Conclusion: No correlation was found between the height of the mandibular body (HML) and the mandible length (MLT). The study suggested distinct mandibular angle (MAN) sizes between sexes, indicating unique charac- teristics within the Girˆe Kortikˆe population, warranting further research for a more comprehensive evaluation. In conclusion, these findings emphasize the mandible’s anatomical, historical, and cultural relevance in sex determination within the Girˆe Kortikˆe population.
