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Vararia investiens: a) subicular hyphae, b) basidium, c) gloeocystidia, d) dichohyphi� dium, e) spores KraM F�48008. scale bar = 10 μm.
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The paper discusses three corticioid species of the genus Vararia P. Karst. Two species, Vararia gallica (Bourdot & Galzin) Boidin and Vararia ochroleuca (Bourdot & Galzin) Donk, are reported from Poland for the first time. The cosmopolitan species Vararia investiens P. Karst., previously known only from one Polish record, was rediscovered after ov...
Citations
... Karsten raised Xerocarpus subgen. Vararia to the generic rank (Karasinski 2010). The genus is characterized by the resupinate basidiomata, a dimitic hyphal structure with simple-septate or clamped generative hyphae and often dextrinoid dichohyphae in Melzer's reagent, the presence of gloeocystidia, and variously shaped smooth basidiospores with or without an amyloid reaction (Karnste 1898;Boidin and Lanquetin 1975;Boidin 1980;Bernicchia and Gorjón 2010). ...
Vararia is a species-rich genus in the family Peniophoraceae and has been shown to be polyphyletic. In this study, sequences of ITS and LSU rRNA markers of the studied samples were generated and phylogenetic analyses were performed with the maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. Seventeen lineages including six new species from China, i.e., V. fissurata , V. lincangensis , V. punctata , V. isabellina , V. sinensis , and V. yaoshanensis were recognized, in which V. fissurata is characterized by the brittle basidiomata with pruinose and cracking hymenophore having white to olivaceous buff hymenial surface, the clamped generative hyphae, presence of the two types gloeocystidia; V. lincangensis is characterized by the simple-septa generative hyphae, and thick-walled skeletal hyphae, and ellipsoid basidiospores; V. punctata is delimited by its thin to slightly thick-walled generative hyphae, and thick-walled skeletal hyphae, present thick-walled, clavate to cylindrical gloeocystidia; V. isabellina is characterized by having the cream to isabelline to slightly brown hymenial surface, thin to slightly thick-walled generative hyphae, and sub-fusiform to navicular basidiospores; V. sinensis is distinguishable by its white to slightly pink hymenial surface, thick-walled skeletal hyphae, and sub-fusiform to navicular basidiospores; V. yaoshanensis is characterized by cream to pinkish buff to cinnamon-buff hymenial surface, slightly thick-walled generative hyphae, the presence of two types gloeocystidia, and slightly thick-walled, ellipsoid basidiospores. Phylogram based on the ITS+nLSU rDNA gene regions included nine genera within the family Peniophoraceae as Amylostereum , Asterostroma , Baltazaria , Dichostereum , Michenera , Peniophora , Scytinostroma and Vararia , in which the six new wood-inhabiting fungi species were grouped into genus Vararia . The phylogenetic tree inferred from the combined ITS and LSU tree sequences highlighted that V. fissurata was found to be the sister to V. ellipsospora with strong supports. Additionally, V. lincangensis was clustered with V. fragilis . Furthermore, V. punctata was retrieved as a sister to V. ambigua . Moreover, V. sinensis was grouped with five taxa as V. breviphysa , V. pirispora , V. fusispora , V. abortiphysa and V. insolita . The new species V. isabellina formed a monophyletic lineage, in which it was then grouped closely with V. daweishanensis , and V. gracilispora . In addition, V. yaoshanensis was found to be the sister to V. gallica with strong supports. The present results increased the knowledge of Vararia species diversity and taxonomy of corticioid fungi in China. An identification key to 17 species of Vararia in China is provided.
... Based on the ITS phylogenetic analysis (Figure 6), the new species Vararia yingjiangensis is closely grouped with six taxa, namely V. ambigua, V. ellipsospora, V. fragilis, V. gallica, V. ochroleuca, and V. tropica. However, morphologically, V. ochroleuca is distinct from V. yingjiangensis by having the slightly thick-walled gloeocystidia, thin-walled generative hyphae, and both smaller gloeocystidia (16-34 × 4.5-7.5 µm) and basidiospores measuring as 2.6-3.8 × 2-3.2 µm [87]. The taxon V. gallica is distinct from V. yingjiangensis by having the longer basidiospores measuring as 9-12 × 3.5-5 µm [24]. ...
Four new wood-inhabiting fungi were found in Southwestern China within the genera Phanerochaete, Phlebiopsis, Asterostroma, and Vararia of the families Phanerochaetaceae and Peniophoraceae, belonging to the orders Polyporales and Russulales individually. Combined with their morphological characteristics and molecular biological evidence, the present study describes them as new fungal taxa. Asterostroma yunnanense is characterized by the resupinate, membranaceous to pellicular basidiomata with a cream to salmon-buff hymenial surface, hyphal system dimitic bearing simple-septa, thin- to thick-walled, yellowish brown asterosetae with acute tips, and thin-walled, echinulate, amyloid, globose basidiospores. Phanerochaete tongbiguanensis is characterized by the resupinate basidiomata with a white to cream hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with simple-septa generative hyphae, the presence of subclavate cystidia covered with a lot of crystals, and oblong ellipsoid basidiospores (6–9 × 3–4.5 µm). Phlebiopsis fissurata is characterized by the membranaceous, tuberculate basidiomata with a buff to slightly brown hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with simple-septa, conical cystidia, and broadly ellipsoid. Vararia yingjiangensis is characterized by a corky basidiomata with a pinkish buff to cinnamon-buff hymenial surface, cracking, yellowish dichohyphae with slightly curved tips, subulate gloeocystidia, and thick-walled, ellipsoid basidiospores (6.5–11.5 × 5–7 µm). The phylogenetic analyses of ITS + nLSU revealed that the two new species were nested into the genera Phanerochaete and Phlebiopsis within the family Phanerochaetaceae (Polyporales), in which Phanerochaete tongbiguanensis was sister to P. daliensis; Phlebiopsis fissurata was grouped with P. lamprocystidiata. Two new species were clustered into the genera Asterostroma and Vararia within the family Peniophoraceae (Russulales), in which Asterostroma yunnanense was sister to A. cervicolor; Vararia yingjiangensis formed a single branch.
... & Gilles resembles V. daweishanensis by having a smooth hymenial surface and clavate to cylindrical basidia. However, Vararia amphithallica is distinguished from V. daweishanensis by its fimbriate margin, 2-sterigmata basidia, and ellipsoid to cylindrical basidiospores (9-12 × 4-7 µm) [31]; V. bispora differs in V. daweishanensis by having the thick-walled gloeocystidia, with 2-sterigmata basidia, and larger, fusiform to cylindrical basidiospores (16-24 × 6-8 µm) [31]; V. montana is separated from V. daweishanensis by having the brittle basidiomata, longer gloeocystidia (50-100 × 4-9 µm), and broadly ellipsoid, larger basidiospores (16-24 × 8-14 µm) [31]; V. ochroleuca differs from V. daweishanensis by having cream-colored to pallid ochraceous hymenial surface, slightly thick-walled gloeocystidia, simple-septa generative hyphae, and broadly ellipsoid, to drop-shaped, smaller basidiospores (2.6-3.8 × 2-3.2 µm) [65]. V. rugosispora can be delimited from V. daweishanensis by its simple-septate generative hyphae and longer basidiospores (12-16 × 7-8 µm) [21]. ...
Four new fungi of the family Peniophoraceae, viz., Peniophora roseoalba, P. yunnanensis, Vararia daweishanensis, and V. fragilis are herein proposed, based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. Peniophora roseoalba is characterized by resupinate, membranaceous basidiomata with a rose pink to pale pinkish grey hymenophore, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, the presence of cystidia, and ellipsoid basidiospores. However, P. yunnanensis differs in being tuberculate, with a pale cream to cream hymenial surface, small lamprocystidia (18–29 × 4.5–7 µm), and subcylindrical basidiospores. Vararia daweishanensis is characterized by resupinate, membranous basidiomata with a pale yellowish hymenial surface, a dimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, strongly dextrinoid dichohyphae, and allantoid basidiospores; V. fragilis is characterized by resupinate, brittle basidiomata, with a buff to ochraceous hymenial surface and small ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 3.5–5.5 × 2.5–3.5 µm. Sequences of the ITS and nLSU rRNA markers of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with the maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. The nLSU analysis revealed that the four new species can be clustered into the family Peniophoraceae (Russulales), in the genera Peniophora and Vararia. Further studies based on the ITS dataset showed that four fungi of the family Peniophoraceae were new to science.
... Our focus on larger trunks was based on the fact that large old trees play unique and diverse ecological roles (Lindenmayer et al. 2012) and their mycobiota has proved to be richer in comparison with smaller ones (Lindhe et al. 2004, Iršė naitė & Kutorga 2007. Simultaneously, the Białowieża Virgin Forest is a fungal diversity hotspot with unusually rich mycobiota containing numerous rare fungi and species preferring old-growth forests (for recent summaries, see Karasiński et al. 2009, 2010, Karasiński & Wołkowycki 2015, Karasiński 2016. For all these reasons, it is an ideal place for a case study on the ecology of fungi on decaying oak wood. ...
... Such a detailed approach was used only by Nordén et al. (2004) and partly Grosse-Brauckmann & Grosse-Brauckmann (1983). Another reason seems to be the high fungal richness of the Białowieża Virgin Forest (Karasiński et al. 2009, 2010, Karasiński & Wołkowycki 2015, Karasiński 2016, which represents a huge pool of spreading mycelia and spores of more than 1800 macrofungal species. ...
... Their occurrence on oak trunks in the Białowieża Forest is presumably enabled by the specific tree composition of hemiboreal forests, where spruce and oak have co-existed for thousands of years since the late Holocene (Milecka et al. 2009), and also by the long period without human intervention, which has led to an extraordinary number of various substrates for lignicolous fungi. Several species not listed for BNP by Karasiński et al. (2010) were also documented during our study. We will focus on them in a separate study in the future. ...
All groups of macrofungi were recorded on 32 large fallen trunks of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) in various decay stages in the strictly protected zone of Białowieża National Park, Poland. The total number of species was 187 with 4–38 species per trunk. The mycobiota of individual trunks was unique, consisting of a variable set of several frequent species, a high number of infrequent to rare ones, and a considerable proportion of mycorrhizal fungi and species preferring conifer wood. Relations between trunk parameters, surrounding vegetation and fungal occurrences were analysed using multivariate statistical methods. The number of fungal species per trunk was significantly correlated with trunk orientation, which reflects the heat load via forest canopy gap, trunk size parameters, percentage of bark cover and contact with the soil. The species-richest trunks were those covered by bark, of larger volume (thick, long), not exposed to heat from afternoon sun, but, simultaneously, with lower canopy cover. Orientation (azimuth) of the fallen trunks proved to be significant also for the fungal species composition of a particular trunk, which also reflected trunk size characteristics, its moss/bark cover and contact with the soil. Presence of some dominants (Ganoderma applanatum, Mycena inclinata, Kretzschmaria deusta, Xylobolus frustulatus) had a significant effect on fungal community composition. Some herbs requiring nutrient-rich soils occurred in the vicinity of trunks with a larger contact area with the soil and in later stages of decay. The process of oak trunk decay in relation to fungi and surrounding vegetation is outlined.
The Basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to the Ascomycota. The present work provides an overview of all validly published, currently used basidiomycete genera to date in a single document. An outline of all genera of Basidiomycota is provided, which includes 1928 currently used genera names, with 1263 synonyms, which are distributed in 241 families, 68 orders, 18 classes and four subphyla. We provide brief notes for each accepted genus including information on classification, number of accepted species, type species, life mode, habitat, distribution, and sequence information. Furthermore, three phylogenetic analyses with combined LSU, SSU, 5.8s, rpb1, rpb2, and ef1 datasets for the subphyla Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina are conducted, respectively. Divergence time estimates are provided to the family level with 632 species from 62 orders, 168 families and 605 genera. Our study indicates that the divergence times of the subphyla in Basidiomycota are 406–430 Mya, classes are 211–383 Mya, and orders are 99–323 Mya, which are largely consistent with previous studies. In this study, all phylogenetically supported families were dated, with the families of Agaricomycotina diverging from 27–178 Mya, Pucciniomycotina from 85–222 Mya, and Ustilaginomycotina from 79–177 Mya. Divergence times as additional criterion in ranking provide additional evidence to resolve taxonomic problems in the Basidiomycota taxonomic system, and also provide a better understanding of their phylogeny and evolution.
Description, report, images and drawings of Vararia ochroleuca (Basidiomycetes, Lachnocladiaceae)
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In the years 2012–2014 mycological inventory was performed in the Kampinos National Park. The subjects of the inventory were the macrofungi (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota). The inventory was made by the route method. The area checked for the presence of the macrofungi comprised the Kampinos National Park without the buffer zone, particular attention was paid to the areas under strict protection. During the inventory 12 012 new findings of macrofungi were noted. On the basis of the own studies (1407 taxa identified in the inventory) and literature data (about 425 taxa reported in papers from 1876–2012), a list of macrofungi present in the Park was made. At present, 1533 taxa of macrofungi are known to occur in the Park, in the rank of species, variety or form, of which 1108 have been found for the first time in the last inventory. The presence of 126 species earlier reported from the Park area has not been confirmed. The list of taxa presented in the paper comprises 1359 basidiomycetous fungi (Basidiomycota), representing 327 genera and 174 ascomycetous fungi (Ascomycota), representing 80 genera. Among them there are 20 species which are protected in Poland (7 under strict protection and 13 under partial protection) and 313 species from the red list of Polish threatened macrofungi, including 4 species categorized as extinct or probably extinct (Ex category), 111 species categorized as endangered (E category), 53 species categorized as vulnerable (V category), 129 species categorized as rare (R category) and 16 species categorized as indeterminate (I category). 94 species, varieties or forms of fungi have been noted in Poland for the first time. Characterisation of the fungi found to occur in the area of KNP is given, including the division into morphological groups: ascomycetous, agaricoid, boletoid, gasteroid, hydnoid, clavarioid, corticioid, polyporoid, tremelloid and auricularioid fungi. The factors ensuring or influencing the high diversity of fungi in the area studied were analysed and attempts were made to identify the refugia and sites of particular mycological worth. The paper discusses the specificity of fungi occurring on anthropogenic habitats and areas without forest cover as well as the importance of those areas for the preservation of full diversity of KNP mycobiota. The diversity of the Park’s mycobiota was compared with the data available from other national parks in Poland. The possible threats for the diversity of macrofungal species were pointed out and some recommendations have been made to protect this group of organisms. The paper is illustrated with 17 tables of photographs showing fructifications of 94 species in situ.
The new genus Lawrynomyces is proposed to accommodate Hyphoderma capitatum, a predominantly European species growing on decayed coniferous wood. The genus belongs to the Rickenella-clade in the order Hymenochaetales, and it includes species characterized by resupinate basidiomes, monomitic hyphal system with simple septate hyphae, presence of cystidia and hyphidia, suburniform to subcylindrical, pedunculate basidia, and subglobose to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores with slightly thickened walls not staining in Melzer’s reagent or Cotton Blue. Published molecular data support the recognition of a distinct genus for Hyphoderma capitatum.
