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Vancouver winter Olympic games 2010 Official Logo. Source: http://olympic. ca/; and Vancouver 2010: Counter-symbols. Source: http://chakrigajula.com/?cat= 126.
Context in source publication
Context 1
... to convey symbols representing alternative trajectories opposing the official trajectory. In this sense, the city representation becomes a 'field' disputed by competing forces. The example of Vancouver 2010Winter Olympics (Black (2007 is instructive here. The Inuit 2 stone sculpture, which was supposed to be found in the Canadian arctic region (Fig. 1), was heavily criticized since actually there are no Inuit people in British Columbia. Local movements reinterpreted the cosmopolitan rhetoric used to produce the official branding ('Vancouver as a multicultural and global city') through the use of a different symbolism. They built their discourse using the same rhetorical language ...
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Citations
... For example, sports events can increase the popularity of a destination and promote brand influence (Puente-Diaz, 2018), yet it can also lead to negative sentiment, which is more closely aligned to the destination than the event (Morgan et al., 2021). Therefore, scholars put more effort to study brand events and their impacts (Gomez-Suarez and Yague, 2021;Maiello and Pasquinelli, 2015). ...
Purpose
Building on social media and destination brand-related literature, this study aims to explore World Heritage Sites’ (WHSs) brand diffusion and formation process from long-term and short-term perspectives, which includes brand diffusion, user-generated content (UGC), opinion leaders and brand events’ impact.
Design/methodology/approach
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Practical implications
This study is valuable for destination marketers to deeper understand brand diffusion and formation and provides valuable insights for developing effective destination marketing strategies.
Originality/value
Unlike previous studies that only concern a few parts of destination brand formation via social media (e.g. brand diffusion, brand events or opinion leaders’ impact), this study takes a more comprehensive perspective by systematically analyzing the brand formation process of WHSs on social media. By considering both long-term diffusion and short-term representative events, this study provides a more holistic understanding of the branding mechanism.
... It casts light on issues related to the congruity principle, as it suggests that "place marketers may erroneously believe that the place brand is controllable and fully manageable" (Medway et al., 2015, p. 66). Accordingly, the key point is that searching for congruity over the inevitably plural representations of places (Maiello and Pasquinelli, 2015) is not wrong but simply impossible. ...
... Analysis of the Olympic Games and FIFA World Cup events in Rio de Janeiro provided an opportunity to shed light on the relationship between the official and non-official branding mechanisms (Maiello and Pasquinelli, 2015). The Brazilian government saw sports mega-events as a master narrative to globally communicate about the rapidly transforming hosting cities (Zhang and Zhao, 2009), meant to give visibility to the emerging economy's growth path. ...
... As part of national strategic objectives to assure competitiveness, the number of mega-scale development projects and mega-events has increased considerably in recent decades [20][21][22]. Providing cross-border infrastructure links along Eurasia, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) represent a multinational platform [23]. Regional governments justify mega-events by stressing their Impacts can all be affected by the response [47]. ...
Spatial restructuring and regional economic development are closely associated with sustainability. Despite the considerable literature on urbanization’s impact on sustainable economic development and urban expansion, few studies have explored how FDI-led spatial restructuring affects the sustainability from a local people perspective. To fill this gap, in-depth interviews were conducted with 516 residents of Aras special economic zones in Iran to assess the impacts and responses to economic shifts and spatial restructuring resulting from the Belt and Road Initiative since 2013. Using the DPSIR framework and sustainability index as an evaluation tool, we assessed the degree of sustainability and viable uplift at the regional level. The Genetic Algorithm (GA) was also utilized to determine optimal values based on local approaches. Results indicate that regional heterogeneity, excessive state pressure, and development imbalances impact the study area. The findings enrich the theory of sustainability and can guide the formulation of spatial restructuring, decision-making, and policies at different stages of regional development. In addition to financial progress, people-centered development planning using local approaches should be a component of the development of special economic zones.
... Economic developments and their spatial manifestation on urban spatial structure are crucial to economic growth [36,37], especially with an increase in international events for competitiveness in the globalized economy [24,[38][39][40]. Regional authorities are increasingly arguing that giant events benefit the local community in order to justify costly megaprojects [39]. ...
... With the increase in competitiveness for international events in the globalized economy [38][39][40] and the increase in CBC, SEZs are important spatial carriers for BRI construction and drivers of inclusive cooperation [6]. The growth of SEZs requires proactive ties with local economies as well as increased local government control over important state institutions without compromising the legitimacy or mission of the state [22]. ...
Cross-border cooperation is critical for regional development capabilities. China and Iran are increasingly strengthening their partnership with the Belt and Road Initiative. This study constructs a regional socio-spatial development index system from the perspective of locals and establishes a DPSIR model with five layers: drivers, pressures, states, impacts, and responses. Bottom-up regional analyses (economic, social, and spatial) were performed to explore local perspectives on cross-border cooperation and assess the possible value system of development in a specific region. Based on 41 quantitative indicators and a genetic algorithm, causal links between economic changes and spatial restructuring were determined and verified. The findings show that cross-border cooperative growth is possible in the research region. Due to regional heterogeneity, excessive pressure on states, and evolving imbalances, we found imbalanced development inside and between sections. Additionally, foreign direct investment enhances cross-border cooperation, which can preserve and develop local economies. Additionally, this study provides suggestions and references for cross-border cooperation opportunities, challenges, and decision-making.
... I argue that residents of favelas in Rio were not integrated at all, rather they faced constant threats of eviction. To support my argument, I refer to conceptual articles that have proposed that the Olympic-led urban regeneration reinforces the principle of neoliberalism and denies the right to the city to marginalised groups (Hall 2006;Maiello and Pasquinelli 2015). Few empirical articles have applied the concept of the right to the city to marginalised residents (Ivester 2017;Kennelly and Watt 2011). ...
... Results of the current research confirm conceptual articles that have proposed that the Olympic-led urban regeneration reinforces the principles of neoliberalism and denies the right to the city to marginalised groups in the city (Hall 2006;Maiello and Pasquinelli 2015). Residents of Vila Autódromo reported that they have not had the right to participate in decisions about the urban space where they lived, nor have they had the right to keeping occupying a space that was already theirs. ...
The aim of this research was to explore and describe the long-term social impact the Rio 2016 Olympic gentrification had in Vila Autódromo from the perspective of former and current residents. Vila Autódromo is a small favela located next to the Rio 2016 Olympic Park. It was almost totally removed during the process of preparing the area to host the Games. In this research, I interviewed 13 residents who passed through the process of eviction threats and displacement. Five still live in Vila Autódromo, whilst eight moved to social apartments provided by the city hall. Interviews revealed that the legacy of Rio 2016 for Vila Autódromo residents can be understood from three broad themes: (1) disempowerment of the community, (2) resistance and resilience during the process, and (3) life after the Games. The residents see the city hall as the main culprit of their displacement, as they were denied their right to the city. However, they also mention the catalytic role of the Olympic Games during the process. They conclude that the legacy of Rio 2016 for them is a very sad story.
... Considering a mega-event context, most of the studies found to construct the theoretical references focused on aspects about visiting or revisiting the place and the effects of the event in the host city or in the host country in a separated way. Maiello and Pasquinelli (2015) did a qualitative research based on Internet content analysis that describes the representation of Rio de Janeiro preparatory stages for the sport mega-events. The study suggested a (re)construction of a global narrative of 'the city hosting mega-events', enriched by local meanings and symbols. ...
... These results are significant considering that Rio a destination which is part of the nation, what is not very common to be studied, in general, investigated the impact of the nation on minor destiny that compose it. Additionally, Rio is a very important destination for Brazil (Ferreira and Giraldi, 2020;Swart et al., 2018;Valduga et al., 2019;Maiello and Pasquinelli, 2015;Mariutti et al., 2013). ...
Purpose
This paper aims to verify the brand image effects of holding a sport mega-event by investigating the host city's influence on the country's branding, as a tourist destination.
Design/methodology/approach
This research considered the Rio 2016 Olympic Games and uses quantitative methods: exploratory factor analysis and regression. Data were collected by structured questionnaires with a sample of ( n = 274) international respondents with high international travel experience.
Findings
Rio de Janeiro's 2016 host city image positively predicted Brazil's tourist destination image. Both cognitive and affective image dimensions of Rio as a host city predicted Brazil's destination image, but the cognitive image dimensions demonstrated more impact.
Practical implications
Even in a mega-event context, city marketing strategies should be planned and executed with a focus on the country's destination image.
Originality/value
The study contributes by focusing on presenting the importance of the host city image dimensions to the host country destination image in a sports mega-event context. The study investigated a new approach, the impacts of affective and cognitive dimensions in the overall destination image considering two connected destinations and the hosting of a sport mega-event, a condition not found in the literature thus far.
... Whether emerging from a colonial past (e.g., Brazil), a repressive regime (e.g., Poland), isolation and fragmentation (e.g., South Korea) or legislated racial and societal divisions (e.g., South Antonio et al., 2011Bondarik et al., 2020Coakley and Souza, 2013Duignan et al., 2022Fourie et al., 2011Gezici and Er, 2014Kobierecki and Pierzgalski, 2022Lee et al., 2013Moyo et al., 2020Rogerson, 2009Tichaawa and Bob, 2015Ziakas and Boukas, 2012 Environment (incl. sustainability) Ermolaeva and Lind, 2021Gulak-Lipka and Jagielski, 2020Kim and Grix, 2021Kim et al., 2006Lee, 2019Melo et al., 2014Spanos et al., 2022Talavera et al., 2019Yoon and Wilson, 2019 Image/ brand Allen et al., 2013Hemmonsbey and Tichaawa, 2018Knott et al., 2013Knott and Hemmonsbey, 2015Knott et al., 2015aKnott et al., 2016Lee et al., 2005Maiello and Pasquinelli, 2015Swart et al., 2019Infrastructure Azzali, 2016Azzali, 2019Bason et al., 2015Dendura, 2019Gezici and Er, 2014Kirby and Crabb, 2019Lee, 2021Lu and Lin, 2020Malhado et al., 2013Molloy and Chetty, 2015Domareski Ruiz et al., 2019Zawadzki, 2016 Political (Including security) Black, 2007Byun and Leopkey, 2020Cornelissen, 2007Cornelissen, 2011Cornelissen, 2012Curi et al., 2011Dowse and Fletcher, 2018Eisenhauer et al., 2014Filho et al., 2018Giulianotti and Klauser, 2010Kobierecki and Pierzgalski, 2022Majumdar, 2011Ntloko and Swart, 2016Pauschinger, 2020Samatas, 2011Sengupta, 2017Włoch, 2020Social Al-Emadi et al., 2017Al-Emadi et al., 2022Azzali, 2016Bob and Majola, 2011 (Continued) Graeff et al., 2020Gursoy et al., 2017Jaskulowski and Surmiak, 2016Knott et al., 2015bKolmakov, 2021Kossakowski, 2019Koutrou and Berber, 2021Lee et al., 2013Liu, 2016Ma and Kaplanidou, 2017a, Ma and Kaplanidou, 2017bMaharaj, 2015Ntloko and Swart, 2016Patreze et al., 2020Pillay and Bass, 2008Prouse, 2012Rocha et al., 2017Rocha, 2020Sullivan, 2018Talbot, 2021Tichaawa and Bob, 2015Vico et al., 2019Waardenburg et al., 2015Xing and Chalip, 2012Zawadzki, 2016Sport Bek et al., 2019Feng and Hong, 2013Kim and Kaplanidou, 2019dos Santos, 2019Reis et al., 2014Reis et al., 2021Ribeiro et al., 2021Rocha et al., 2021Sousa-Mast et al., 2013Swart et al., 2011Wodniak, 2021 Africa), MSE have been embraced for their social unifying effect for many historically or currently divided populations. This is sometimes referred to as "nation-building." ...
Large-scale and mega sport events (SMEs), such as Olympic Games and FIFA World Cups, have been more frequently hosted in emerging nations. Bidding and hosting SMEs is considered an object of policy for many emerging nations, with SMEs viewed as key factors in local and national development strategies. This has largely been driven by the assumption that their legacy provides solutions to economic, social, cultural, or political challenges. A variety of legacies have predominated the literature over the past two decades, however it is proposed that there is a difference in the types of legacies anticipated or realized within emerging nations. This exploratory study therefore aimed to determine the types of legacies anticipated or realized by emerging nations as a result of hosting sport events, and to determine if these differ from those of established nations. A systematic literature review followed the PRISMA approach to identify and select peer-reviewed articles that focused on legacies from major and mega-events hosted in emerging nations. A set of 97 publications were analyzed qualitatively to reveal the key legacy themes. The findings confirm legacy as a growing body of knowledge in emerging nations, aligned with increasing event hosting. The findings reveal insights on the extent of literature on this topic in emerging nations, including the major nations, events, authors and publications represented. While the paper cannot determine unique legacies for emerging nations, it identifies key legacy focus areas for these nations, primarily: social development; politics, soft-power and sport-for-peace; the economics of tourism, image and branding; infrastructure and urban development; and sport development. This paper proposes a conceptualization of key legacy areas for emerging nations and proposes future research themes. The paper is unique in its highlighting of the significance of legacy outcomes for emerging nations from the hosting of sport mega-events. It therefore contributes to a more nuanced understanding of and imperative for legacy from sport events globally.
... Appropriating critical human geographers' arguments (Philo and Kearns 1993), this emerging awareness has started challenging 'from within' many of traditional corporate marketing's pillars, by criticizing both the effectiveness (Deffner et al. 2020) and the legitimacy (Sevin 2011) of standard copy-andpaste marketing protocols when applied to spatially extended products (Kavaratzis and Ashworth 2005). Crucial disputes in this respect are the capacity to represent the needs and interests of the least powerful, namely local communities, residents, family-run businesses and other marginal socioeconomic actors that usually fall outside the main scope of grand city marketing projects such as Olympics-related initiatives (e.g., Maiello and Pasquinelli 2015). As a result of this critique, definitions of inclusive place marketing and branding have been recently emphasized by calling for more socially responsible marketing and branding research into territorial domains Giovanardi et al. 2018;Rebelo et al. 2020). ...
This paper extends existing research on inclusive place marketing by advancing methodological reflections on how to rework research instruments toward greater inclusivity. Our methodological reflections intend to encourage the dialogue between place marketing theory and practice, as well as reflections on the role that academic researchers take on while co-creating territorial development and promotion projects with a variety of non-academic stakeholders. This is done in the form of a self-reflective account of the multi-disciplinary tourism research team engaged in “RECOLOR” (Reviving and EnhanCing artwOrks and Landscapes Of the adRiatic). This is an INTERREG project funded by the European Commission that aims to enhance the tourist potential of secondary urban and natural resources in Croatia and Italy, with a view to generating sustainable development. Academics and consultants can replicate the research methods suggested in this paper when conducting participatory audits in other destinations.
... However, the right to the city framework has been narrowly applied in the context of sport mega-events. Conceptual articles have proposed that the Olympic-led urban regeneration reinforces the principles of neoliberalism and denies the right to the city to many different groups (Hall 2006;Maiello and Pasquinelli 2015). Few empirical articles have applied the concept to marginalised residents (Kennelly and Watt 2011), but none to other groups of stakeholders such as the small business owners. ...
The purpose of this study was to analyse the impacts of the urban regeneration on small businesses in preparation to host the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games and the reactions of owners of such businesses toward the changes. This research focused on the effects of urban regeneration on small business located in the Olympic Green cluster of Beijing 2022, which has been the one with major changes. Owners of small businesses were interviewed two years before the Games. Whilst owners revealed that they have not taken part in the process of planning the urban regeneration, they have been willing to sacrifice their profits as a sign of patriotism. Meanwhile, they expressed their frustration
with their no-right-to-the-city. The study applies the right-to-the-city theoretical framework to sport mega-event-led urban regeneration. The application of the theoretical framework transcends the case of Beijing 2022.
... Dinardi (2017, p. 3) pointed out that, for instance, in Buenos Aires, Argentina, "while the creation of the city brand has been institutionalized and its formal features and use are regulated, in practice the brand escapes formal, legal regulations". As for Maiello and Pasquinelli (2015), they found two contrasting city brands of Rio de Janeiro during mega-events, a positive official city brand created by governments and industries, and a realistic counter official city brand by social movements and other urban stakeholders claiming for rights. ...
... Aligned with Dinardi (2017), Maiello and Pasquinelli (2015) studied the cases of the 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2016 Olympics, finding two different interpretations of the image of Rio de Janeiro city -the official brand and the counter brand: (1) on the one hand, the official brand was led by the government and the industry, in which the city image was very positive and beautiful; ...
... Since there have been many stakeholders in urban governance, city and urban image can have different meanings, feelings, and purposes for the most different stakeholder groups. In the Mercosur context, institutional city brands have not been concrete for many urban stakeholders as well as the existence of official and counter-official city brandings has compromised city branding and urban image legitimacy (e.g., Dinardi, 2017;Maiello & Pasquinelli, 2015). For this reason, tangible and intangible aspects in urban image management should also be explored and well-exploited by urban governance. ...
Purpose: This research aims to analyze the knowledge structure related to the image of the cities as a tool for urban governance in Mercosur context.
Method: A research synthesis was applied to analyze and discuss (1) theoretical contributions, (2) urban image ontology and deontology, and (3) the challenges of urban image as a tool for urban governance in Mercosur context.
Originality / Relevance: We synthesized the theoretical contributions, the understanding of urban image ontology and deontology, and the urban image challenges in urban branding and city branding as a tool for urban governance in Mercosur context.
Results: Main findings on urban image in Mercosur context reveal that (1) regional research is aligned with seminal one, stating that socioeconomic inclusion, sustainability, smartness, stakeholder convergence and satisfaction, and city attractiveness are essential parts of urban image as an urban governance tool for sustainable urban development; (2) urban image has been considered a tool for promoting the urban development, management, and governance, which has diversified understandings for diverse urban stakeholders; and (3) the main regional challenges were identified.
Theoretical / Methodological Contributions: We endorse seminal research arguments on the role of urban image in urban governance through research synthesis on urban image in Mercosur context, considering regional challenges and perspectives.
Social / Managerial Contributions: Regional and local communities have their needs met, and bottom-up approach, sustainable development, and democracy are encouraged in urban governance.
