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Values of C s , Energy density, Power density, and electrical conductivity of Free PANI, PANI/g-OCN, and PANI/g-POCN.
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Polyaniline (PANI) composites have gained momentum as supercapacitive materials due to their high energy density and power density. However, some drawbacks in their performance remain, such as the low stability after hundreds of charge-discharge cycles and limitations in the synthesis scalability. Herein, we report for the first time PANI-Graphitic...
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... seems to indicate that the polymerization assisted by free hematin does not contribute significantly to improving the intrinsic conductivity of the material. On the other hand, the PANI/g-OCN and PANI/g-POCN composites do not present notable differences in discharge time (Figure 9b,c), which is associated with the increased conductivity of the polymers (see Table 1) and their adequate nanostructure (as observed in XRD and microscopy). The two-dimensional substrate complemented this by increasing electron transfer and ionic diffusion, therefore, improving the performance of the electrolyte-electrode interface. ...Context 2
... discharge branch time is universally accepted for the calculation of the material's specific capacitance. Table 1 shows the specific capacitances (C s ) obtained for the three materials at different current densities. In general terms, the discharge time increases with the decrease in current. ...Context 3
... et al. [59], pointed out that the presence of two-dimensional materials (such as GO, RGO, and Graphene), in this case, g-OCN and g-POCN, increases the porosity and ionic diffusion through the PANI network and the support. Therefore, the electrical conductivity of the PANI/g-POCN composite increases in comparison to the non-nanostructure materials (Table 1). On the other hand, Free PANI exhibits a lower capacitance, as well as the lowest electrical conductivity of the three materials. ...Context 4
... these results, it can be inferred that the diffusion properties of the ions in the PANI/g-POCN electrode are strongly influenced by the characteristics of the two-dimensional polymer [40,64,65]. Additionally, Table S1 shown relevant studies recently reported and their comparison with the present work. ...Context 5
... seems to indicate that the polymerization assisted by free hematin does not contribute significantly to improving the intrinsic conductivity of the material. On the other hand, the PANI/g-OCN and PANI/g-POCN composites do not present notable differences in discharge time (Figure 9b,c), which is associated with the increased conductivity of the polymers (see Table 1) and their adequate nanostructure (as observed in XRD and microscopy). The two-dimensional substrate complemented this by increasing electron transfer and ionic diffusion, therefore, improving the performance of the electrolyte-electrode interface. ...Context 6
... discharge branch time is universally accepted for the calculation of the material's specific capacitance. Table 1 shows the specific capacitances (C s ) obtained for the three materials at different current densities. In general terms, the discharge time increases with the decrease in current. ...Context 7
... et al. [59], pointed out that the presence of two-dimensional materials (such as GO, RGO, and Graphene), in this case, g-OCN and g-POCN, increases the porosity and ionic diffusion through the PANI network and the support. Therefore, the electrical conductivity of the PANI/g-POCN composite increases in comparison to the non-nanostructure materials (Table 1). On the other hand, Free PANI exhibits a lower capacitance, as well as the lowest electrical conductivity of the three materials. ...Context 8
... these results, it can be inferred that the diffusion properties of the ions in the PANI/g-POCN electrode are strongly influenced by the characteristics of the two-dimensional polymer [40,64,65]. Additionally, Table S1 shown relevant studies recently reported and their comparison with the present work. ...Citations
... The electrolyte-electrode interaction can be significantly improved due to the short ionic migration routes and wide accessible surface area. However, when the current increases, the diffusion velocity of Pin/MnO 2 , Pin/GCN, and pure MnO 2 changes drastically, reducing their storage capacity loading [46]. ...
In this study, an in situ oxidation polymerization approach and a surface adsorption procedure were combined to create a polyindole/graphitic carbon nitride (GCN)/manganese dioxide (MnO2) (Pin/GCN/MnO2) nanocomposite. This nanocomposite was used as an electrode for a supercapacitor. Investigations were made on the nanomorphology and crystal structure of MnO2, Pin/MnO2, GCN/MnO2, and Pin/GCN/MnO2. The developed Pin/GCN/MnO2 electrode-based supercapacitor's electrochemical performance was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and AC impedance techniques in a 3 M KOH electrolyte. The Pin/GCN/MnO2 nanocomposite's average crystallite size is 40 nm. The Pin/GCN/MnO2 has a network of agglomerated GCN and Pin with extra spherical forms that are associated to MnO2 nanoparticles. Their absorption intensities improve with the development of the Pin/GCN/MnO2 nanocomposite. The specific capacitance of Pin/GCN/MnO2 in 3 M KOH was determined to be 1377 F/g at a current density of 5 A/g. The Pin/GCN/MnO2 electrode in KOH has average specific energy and specific power densities of 990 Wh kg⁻¹ and 3305 W kg⁻¹, respectively. Only 2% of the capacitance's initial value is lost after 10,000 cycles. The results illustrate the extraordinary stability and effective performance of the Pin/GCN/MnO2 electrode used in supercapacitors.
... Conducting polymers find wide-ranging applications in energy storage devices thanks to their unique electrical and electrochemical properties [19][20][21][22]. Among various conducting polymers like polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole, and poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), PANI is widely used in energy harvesting and photocatalysis applications due to its ease of processing, cost-effectiveness, and environmental stability [23][24][25][26][27]. PANI, being a redox-active material, enhances electrochemical reversibility during redox reactions and provides ion diffusion sites that significantly improve the electrochemical performance of energy storage devices [28,29]. ...
Conducting polymers have attained a lot of interest due to extraordinary conductivity, large pore size, and surprising stability. In this work, the conducting polymer polyaniline (PANI) and niobium sulfide (NbS) were synthesized by polymerization of aniline and hydrothermal method, respectively. The PANI@NbS nanocomposite electrode material had a specific capacity ( C s ) of 1050 C g ⁻¹ , which is larger than that of the reference sample (NbS = 300 C g ⁻¹ ). Besides, the hybrid device (PANI@NbS//PANI@AC) was designed and the electrochemical characteristics were determined. The hybrid device showed an excellent value of C s of 1207 C g ⁻¹ with higher energy density E d and power density P d . The device also exhibited remarkable stability, and 85 % of the initial capacity is retained after 1000 cycles.
In this study, an in-situ oxidation polymerization approach and a surface adsorption procedure were combined to create a polypyrrole/graphitic carbon nitride (GCN)/tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) (Ppy/GCN/Ta2O5) nanocomposite. This nanocomposite was used as an electrode for a supercapacitor. Investigations were made on the nanomorphology and crystal structure of Ppy, Ppy/GCN, Ppy/Ta2O5, and Ppy/GCN/Ta2O5. The developed Ppy/GCN/Ta2O5 electrode-based supercapacitor's electrochemical performance was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and AC impedance techniques in a 3 M KOH electrolyte. The Ppy/GCN/Ta2O5 nanocomposite's average crystallite size is 50 nm. The Ppy/GCN/Ta2O5 has a network of agglomerated GCN and Ta2O5 nanoparticles with extra spherical forms that are associated to Ppy. Their absorption intensities improve with the creation of the Ppy/GCN/Ta2O5 nanocomposite. The specific capacitance of Ppy/GCN/Ta2O5 in 3 M KOH was determined to be 1190 F/g at a current density of 5 A/g. The Ppy/GCN/Ta2O5 electrode in KOH has average specific energy and specific power densities of 857 Wh kg−1 and 7259 W kg−1, respectively. Only 2% of the capacitance's initial value is lost after 10000 cycles. The results demonstrate the high stability and effective performance of the Ppy/GCN/Ta2O5 electrode used in supercapacitors.
Graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) has been employed as a supercapacitor electrode because of its high carbon‐to‐nitrogen ratio and flexible structure. However, its low surface area and poor conductivity continue to be obstacles for practical usage. GCN's electrochemical characteristics are enhanced by the hybrid structure it forms with polypyrrole and Nb2O5. The synthesized polypyrrole (Ppy)/GCN/niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) (Ppy/GCN/Nb2O5) nanocomposite electrode was tested for supercapacitance by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Alternating current impedance techniques in 6 M Potassium hydroxide(KOH) electrolyte. The Ppy/GCN/Nb2O5 is linked to a network of agglomerated GCN and Nb2O5 nanoparticles with additional spherical shapes. The specific capacitance of Ppy/GCN/Nb2O5 was determined to be 1177 Fg⁻¹ at a current density of 5 Ag⁻¹. The Ppy/GCN/Nb2O5 electrode in KOH has average specific energy and specific power densities of 33 Wh kg⁻¹ and 2991 W kg⁻¹, respectively. The electrode showed excellent capacitance‐retention ability of 97% after 10,000 cycles. The results demonstrate the high stability and efficient performance of the Ppy/GCN/Nb2O5 electrode employed in supercapacitors. The performance of the Ppy/GCN/Nb2O5 electrode was found to be superior to those reported for other carbon‐based materials.
The fabrication of polymeric materials-based nanosupercapacitors with unique properties such as an ultra-fast charge–discharge rate and high specific capacitance for high-performance energy sources has advanced rapidly in recent years. Experiments on the performance, charge storage mechanisms, and capacitance of polymeric nanostructure-based supercapacitors, in particular, are gaining traction in electrochemical energy storage nanotechnologies. This chapter gives points to all aspects of synthesis methods, surface characterizations, performances, and energy storage mechanisms of polymeric materials-based supercapacitors. Furthermore, there has been great attention to the preparation and performance of resins, biopolymers, carbon nanofiber networks, nano-hybrid materials, nanocellulose-based materials, polymer/metal oxide nanocomposites, and conductive polymer/graphene/metal nanoparticles for supercapacitor applications. Finally, some new strategies for nanoplatforms, as well as a comprehensive understanding of the unique properties, current limitations, and future outlook of advanced nanostructure-based supercapacitors, were highlighted.KeywordsNanopolymersNanosupercapacitorsSynthesisSupercapacitor applicationsSupercapacitor performance
